PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PULSE COMPRESSION USING PHASE-CODED SIGNALS FOR SPARSE-ARRAY SYNTHETIC IMPULSE AND APERTURE RADAR

Sparse-array Synthetic Impulse and Aperture Radar (SIAR) can isotropically radiate by employing multiple frequencies (synthetic pulse) and multiple antennas (synthetic antenna). According to Ambiguity Function(AF), its range resolution depends only on bandwidth of transmitted signals, however, the distance grating lobes emerge when increasing the time-bandwidth product of transmitted signals. The performance of pulse compression is analyzed with the transmitted signals modulated by phase-coded sequences. It is seen that greater ratio of pulse compression and suppression of range sidelobe in SIAR can be obtained, and its effective range and range resolution is increased as well.

Rapid detection to long ship wake in synthetic aperture radar satellite imagery

The maritime administrative department employs synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite remote sensing technology to obtain evidence of illegal discharge of ships. If the ship is discharged during navigation, it forms a long dark wake on the SAR image due to the suppression of the Bragg wave by the oil fi lm. This study investigates key techniques for rapid detection of long ship wakes, thereby providing law enforcement agencies with candidate ships for possible discharge. This paper presents a rapid long ship wake detection method that uses satellite imaging parameters and the axial direction of the ship in images to determine the potential detection area of the wake. Then, the threshold of long ship wake detection is determined using statistical analysis, the area is binarized, and isolated points are removed using a morphological filter operator. The method was tested with ENVISAT Synthetic Aperture Radar and GF-3 SAR data, and results showed that the method was eff ective, and the overall accuracy of the decision reaches 71%. We present two innovations;one is a method that draws a Doppler shift curve, and uses the SAR imaging parameters to determine the detection area of the long wake to achieve rapid detection and reduce the image detection area. The other is where a classical linear fitting method is used to quickly and accurately determine whether the detected dark area is a long ship wake and realizes the twisted long ship wake detection caused by the sea surface flow field, which is otherwise diffi cult to detect by the traditional Radon and Hough transform methods. This method has good suppression performance for the dark spot false alarm formed by low speed wind region or upward flow. The method is developed for maritime ship monitoring system and will promote the operational application of maritime ship monitoring system.

Exploration on 2D DOA Estimation of Linear Array Motion:Uniform Linear Motion

Generally,due to the limitation of the dimension of the array aperture,linear arrays cannot achieve two-dimensional(2D)direction of arrival(DOA)estimation.But the emergence of array motion provides a chance for that.In this paper,a generalized motion scheme and a novel method of 2D DOA estimation are proposed by exploring the linear array motion.To be specific,the linear arrays are controlled to move along an arbitrary direction at a constant velocity and snap per fixed time delay.All the received signals are processed to synthesize the comprehensive observation vector for an extended 2D virtual aperture.Subsequently,since most of 2D DOA estimation methods are not universal to our proposed motion scheme and the reduced-dimensional(RD)method fails to handle the case of the coupled parameters,a decoupled reduced-complexity multiple signals classification(DRC MUSIC)algorithm is designed specifically.Simulation results demonstrate that:a)our proposed scheme can achieve underdetermined 2D DOA estimation just by the linear arrays;b)our designed DRC MUSIC algorithm has the good properties of high accuracy and low complexity;c)our proposed motion scheme with the DRC method has better universality in the motion direction.

A New Dual Polarized Aperture-Coupled Printed Array for SAR Applications

This paper presents a new design of dual polarized aperture coupled printed antenna array. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis of an aperture coupled microstrip element is performed, and the effects of antenna parameters on its characteristics are obtained to guide the design of the printed array. Then an 8×2 dual polarized array design in X band is introduced with configuration plots. In order to improve its isolation and cross polarization, an outphase displacement feeding technique is adopted in the feed network. Also, the round bends are used instead of conventional right angle bends so as to achieve better VSWR performance. Experimental results are presented, indicating the validity of the design. This dual polarized array can be applied as a sub array of spaceborne SAR systems.

基于准线性近似方法的SAR图像海浪参数反演研究

本文根据相干斑噪声的时间快变特征和非海浪纹理现象的时间缓变特征,基于交叉谱提出了一种对相干斑噪声和大尺度非海浪纹理的抑制的方法,进而结合SAR图像谱和海浪谱之间的准线性映射关系,基于SAR数据对海浪参数进行了反演。在反演过程中,首先仿真分析了不同海况下准线性近似法的海浪反演能力,结果表明:风浪引起的方位向截断效应会显著影响反演精度,因此该方法在低风速时的涌浪反演精度更高。通过将基于Sentinel-1卫星2020年的波模式SAR数据的反演结果与欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)提供的再分析数据进行对比,发现高海况海浪有效波高反演结果明显偏低,而且该反演误差与风速、方位向截断波长之间存在显著相关性。为了提高有效波高的反演精度,本文进一步给出了海浪有效波高反演误差与风速、方位向截断波长之间的经验校正函数模型,结果显示,通过该模型修正后的海浪有效波高反演结果与ECMWF数据和浮标测量数据具有良好一致性。

基于卷积神经网络的SAR图像舰船分类

针对合成孔径雷达图像中斑点噪声导致图像分类准确率低的问题,提出一种基于改进VGG16的分类算法。在卷积层中加入一层注意力层,专注于重要特征,抑制不重要特征,从而抑制斑点噪声。在目标函数中引入Fisher损失函数,用该函数对特征的类内距离和类间距离进行约束,从而使得由于斑点噪声所造成的分类错误减少。通过实验可知,相比于改进前的网络,分类准确率提高了5.63百分点,有效改善了因为斑点噪声所造成的分类准确率低的问题。

非盲源KPCA剩余噪声比阈值层析SAR成像方法

合成孔径雷达(SAR)层析成像技术是基于干涉SAR测量技术发展而来的先进三维成像技术。层析SAR通过第三维反演技术将叠掩在同一距离-方位分辨单元的散射体进行分离而实现SAR的三维成像。因此,叠掩在同一距离-方位分辨单元的散射体分离是层析成像的关键。文中提出了一种非盲源散射体分离算法,结合核主成分分析和剩余噪声比阈值,估计同一距离-方位分辨单元内散射体的个数,并反演其位置。在满足完整度的同时,尽可能抑制噪声。该方法利用核主成分分析,人为增加核矩阵维度,从而减少系统的导向向量偏差;并且加入剩余成分中噪声强度比的计算作为算法的约束条件,从而降低了噪声信号误判的可能性。实验结果表明,所提方法在各个方面都优于传统的层析反演方法,并且高度重建精度得到一定程度的提高。

Decomposing InSAR LOS displacement into co-seismic dislocation with a linear in-terpolation model: A case study of the Kunlun Mountain M_s=8.1 earthquake

It has always been a difficult problem to extract horizontal and vertical displacement components from the InSAR LOS （Line of Sight） displacement since the advent of monitoring ground surface deformation with InSAR technique. Having tried to fit the firsthand field investigation data with a least squares model and obtained a preliminary result, this paper, based on the previous field data and the InSAR data, presents a linear cubic interpolation model which well fits the feature of earthquake fracture zone. This model inherits the precision of investigation data; moreover make use of some advantages of the InSAR technique, such as quasi-real time observation, continuous recording and all-weather measurement. Accordingly, by means of the model this paper presents a method to decompose the InSAR slant range co-seismic displacement （i.e. LOS change） into horizontal and vertical displacement components. Approaching the real motion step by step, finally a serial of curves representing the co-seismic horizontal and vertical displacement component along the main earthquake fracture zone are approximately obtained.

High-FM-linearity wideband chirp generator

An S-band wideband chirp generator using specially designed fast lock phase lock loop（FL-PLL） was demonstrated.To realize high linearity,structure of direct digital synthesizer（DDS） plus FL-PLL was used.DDS gives ideal linearity while FL-PLL retains the linearity and provides radio frequency.The system block diagrams were showed and the timing relationships of the components were provided.Two important considerations of the system,wideband loop and wideband voltage control oscillator（VCO）,were discussed;meanwhile,after analyzing the considerations,corresponding solutions were presented.Measurement results show that the generated 2560MHz to 2960MHz chirp reaches a high FM linearity of 0.003%.

HIGH RESOLUTION RANGE PROFILE FORMATION BASED ON LFM SIGNAL FUSION OF MULTIPLE RADARS

This paper presents a new method of High Resolution Range (HRR) profile formation based on Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) signal fusion of multiple radars with multiple frequency bands. The principle of the multiple radars signal fusion improving the range resolution is analyzed. With the analysis of return signals received by two radars,it is derived that the phase difference between the echoes varies almost linearly with respect to the frequency if the distance between two radars is neg-ligible compared with the radar observation distance. To compensate the phase difference,an en-tropy-minimization principle based compensation algorithm is proposed. During the fusion process,the B-splines interpolation method is applied to resample the signals for Fourier transform imaging. The theoretical analysis and simulations results show the proposed method can effectively increase signal bandwidth and provide a high resolution range profile.

Array-error estimation method for multi-channel SAR systems in azimuth

For multi-channel synthetic aperture radar（SAR） systems, since the minimum antenna area constraint is eliminated,wide swath and high resolution SAR image can be achieved.However, the unavoidable array errors, consisting of channel gainphase mismatch and position uncertainty, significantly degrade the performance of such systems. An iteration-free method is proposed to simultaneously estimate position and gain-phase errors.In our research, the steering vectors corresponding to a pair of Doppler bins within the same range bin are studied in terms of their rotational relationships. The method is based on the fact that the rotational matrix only depends on the position errors and the frequency spacing between the paired Doppler bins but is independent of gain-phase error. Upon combining the projection matrices corresponding to the paired Doppler bins, the position errors are directly obtained in terms of extracting the rotational matrix in a least squares framework. The proposed method, when used in conjunction with the self-calibration algorithm, performs stably as well as has less computational load, compared with the conventional methods. Simulations reveal that the proposed method behaves better than the conventional methods even when the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR） is low.

Sparse three-dimensional imaging for forward-looking array SAR using spatial continuity

For forward-looking array synthetic aperture radar(FASAR),the scattering intensity of ground scatterers fluctuates greatly since there are kinds of vegetations and topography on the surface of the ground,and thus the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of its echo signals corresponding to different vegetations and topography also varies obviously.Owing to the reason known to all,the performance of the sparse reconstruction of compressed sensing(CS)becomes worse in the case of lower SNR,and the quality of the sparse three-dimensional imaging for FASAR would be affected significantly in the practical application.In this paper,the spatial continuity of the ground scatterers is introduced to the sparse recovery algorithm of CS in the threedimensional imaging for FASAR,in which the weighted least square method of the cubic interpolation is used to filter out the bad and isolated scatterer.The simulation results show that the proposed method can realize the sparse three-dimensional imaging of FASAR more effectively in the case of low SNR.

CROSS-TRACK THREE APERTURES MILLIMETER WAVE SAR SIDE-LOOKING THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING

The airborne cross-track three apertures MilliMeter Wave (MMW) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) side-looking three-Dimensional (3D) imaging is investigated in this paper. Three apertures are distributed along the cross-track direction, and three virtual phase centers will be obtained through one-input and three-output. These three virtual phase centers form a sparse array which can be used to obtain the cross-track resolution. Because the cross-track array is short, the cross-track resolution is low. When the system works in side-looking mode, the cross-track resolution and height resolution will be coupling, and the low cross-track resolution will partly be transformed into the height uncertainty. The beam pattern of the real aperture is used as a weight to improve the Peak to SideLobe Ratio (PSLR) and Integrated SideLobe Ratio (ISLR) of the cross-track sparse array. In order to suppress the high cross-track sidelobes, a weighting preprocessing method is proposed. The 3D images of a point target and a simulation scene are achieved to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. And the imaging result of the real data obtained by the cross-track three-baseline MMW InSAR prototype is presented as a beneficial attempt.

BEAM BROADENING SYNTHESIS FOR SAR ANTENNA ARRAY BASED ON PROJECTION MATRIX ALGORITHM

A new beam broadening synthesis technique for Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) antenna array, namely Projection Matrix Algorithm(PMA) is presented. The theory of PMA is introduced firstly, and then the iterative renewed manner is improved to resolve the unbalance problem under amplitude and phase control. In order to validate the algorithm correct and effective, an actual engineering application example is investigated. The beam synthesis results of 1.0~4.5 times broadening under the phase only control and the amplitude and phase control using improved PMA are given. The results show that the beam directivity, the beam broadening, and the side-lobe level requirements were met. It is demonstrated that the improved PMA was effective and feasible for SAR application.

地基大视场SAR形变监测的非均匀大气相位校正方法

大气变化是地基干涉合成孔径雷达(GB-InSAR)形变监测的主要干扰因素。由于监测环境的地形复杂,水汽、湿度和温度的空间异质性,基于均匀大气介质假设的校正方法可能导致大气校正精度较低。该文提出了一种两阶段半经验模型,用于估计和校正复杂大气条件下特大滑坡GB-InSAR监测过程中出现的大气相位误差。该方法兼顾线性大气相位和非线性大气相位,首先根据测区的范围和高程对观测到的大气相位进行建模,校正与地形相关的线性大气相位。然后,考虑复杂大气条件和方位向大视场角度场景下出现的空间域非均匀大气情况,选取稳定永久散射体(PS)通过插值的方式获取所有PS点的大气相位,校正非线性大气相位。采用该方法对三峡库区新铺和藕塘特大滑坡的地基大视场雷达图像进行处理,相比于常规方法减小大气相位误差最大约2 mm。能有效校正特大滑坡监测场景下出现的非均匀大气相位,满足特大滑坡广域范围监测需求。

基于多普勒中心频率估计值的RFrFT-RD成像算法研究

针对多普勒中心频率估计值对合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像信号能量聚焦性能的影响,文中首先确立距离向分数阶傅里叶变换(FrFT)域能量聚焦轴,然后推导分析距离向分数阶傅里叶变换域能量聚焦轴与多普勒中心频率的关系式,接着构建距离向FrFT域成像算法(RFrFT-RD),最后利用星载SAR实测数据进行地物目标成像。实验结果表明,当多普勒中心频率估计值误差由0逐步增大到5%时,所提RFrFT-RD算法具有较好的成像性能稳定性。与传统的距离多普勒(RD)算法相比,所提算法距离向分辨率绝对值平均提高约7.69 m,而距离向峰值旁瓣比(PSLR)平均降低约1.88 dB,距离向积分旁瓣比(ISLR)平均降低约2.89 dB。

调频连续波SAR非线性处理方法研究

合成孔径雷达系统畸变引入的幅相误差严重影响了雷达的成像效果,必须予以校正才能获得高质量的图像。该文针对调频连续波SAR系统频率响应非理想特性引入的幅相误差以及信号扫频非线性误差对系统性能的影响,分析建立了存在系统误差的调频连续波SAR系统回波信号模型,研究了系统误差估计与校正的问题,并考虑小型化调频连续波SAR实时成像处理的需求,提出了一种改进的适合实时成像处理的调频连续波SAR的高精度非线性距离-多普勒成像处理算法。最后,通过理论推导和仿真分析,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。

基于变分模型的阵列三维SAR最优DEM重建方法

由于具备了下视3维成像能力,阵列3维SAR在地形测绘、灾害监测等领域具有广泛的应用前景。但是,载机平台尺寸的限制使得其阵列方向分辨率远远低于距离向和航迹向,严重制约了阵列3维SAR系统整体性能的提升。目前研究主要针对3维SAR图像的"稀疏性",采用稀疏重建方法提高其在阵列方向的分辨率。稀疏重建模型在求解过程中丢失了数字高程图(DEM)所具有的"单值性"、"连续性"等特征。为了克服稀疏重建模型存在的问题,该文提出了基于变分模型的阵列3维SAR最优DEM重建方法,该方法直接将DEM图作为最优化目标,通过寻找最优化DEM图和对应的散射系数,实现最小二乘意义下的最优DEM重建。仿真结果表明,该方法可以实现各种地形(山区、城市)的稳健DEM增强,其性能远优于OMP算法和正则化方法。

SAR方位向多普勒调制干扰

从分析合成孔径雷达(SAR)的回波信号特点以及线性调频信号方位向时延和多普勒频移的耦合特性出发,提出了基于多普勒调制的SAR方位向干扰方法。根据多普勒调制方式的不同,新的干扰可获得距离向处理增益和部分方位向处理增益,形成方位向的虚假单点目标、多点目标、线条目标、多段线条目标等干扰效果,因干扰回波具有动态特征,也可有效对抗合成孔径雷达-地面运动目标指示,是一种灵活多样的SAR方位向欺骗式干扰方法。

基于级数反演的斜视FMCW SAR成像算法研究

在斜视调频连续波(FMCW)合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像中,斜距的三次项不仅会对相位产生影响,同时对包络也会有影响.如果不进行有效校正,将会影响到SAR图像的聚焦效果.针对这个问题,本文利用级数反演的方法推导出斜距展开到三次项时回波信号的距离多普勒频谱表达式,并在距离多普勒域上对三次项进行包络和相位滤波处理.此外,考虑到时域走动校正带来方位空变性问题,本文利用方位非线性变标算法(NCS)解决其沿方位空变性问题并给出结合运动补偿的实测数据处理的算法流程图.最后通过对多个点目标的场景进行仿真实验以及实测数据处理来验证本文成像算法的可行性和有效性.