Linear extrapolation for prediction of tensile creep compliance of polyvinyl chloride

The universal creep equation is successful in relating the creep （ε） to the aging time （t） , coefficient of retardation time （β） , and intrinsic time （ to ）. This relation was used to treat the creep experimental data for polyvinyl chloride （ PVC ） specimens at a given stress and different aging times. The βgs found by the “polynomial fitting” method in this work instead of the “middle - point” method reported in the literature. The unified master line was constructed with the treated data and curves according to the universal equation. The master line can be used to predict the long- term creed behavior and lifetime by extrapolating.

Comparative Methodical Assessment of Established MOSFET Threshold Voltage Extraction Methods at 10-nm Technology Node

Threshold voltage (VTH) is the most evocative aspect of MOSFET operation. It is the crucial device constraint to model on-off transition characteristics. Precise VTH value of the device is extracted and evaluated by several estimation techniques. However, these assessed values of VTH diverge from the exact values due to various short channel effects (SCEs) and non-idealities present in the device. Numerous prevalent VTH extraction methods are discussed. All the results are verified by extensive 2-D TCAD simulation and confirmed through analytical results at 10-nm technology node. Aim of this research paper is to explore and present a comparative study of largely applied threshold extraction methods for bulk driven nano-MOSFETs especially at 10-nm technology node along with various sub 45-nm technology nodes. Application of the threshold extraction methods to implement noise analysis is briefly presented to infer the most appropriate extraction method at nanometer technology nodes.

Effect of Wing Kinematics Modulation on Aerodynamic Force Generation in Hovering Insect-mimicking Flapping-wing Micro Air Vehicle

We investigated the effect of wing kinematics modulation, which was achieved by adjusting the location of trailing-edge constraint at the wing-root, i.e., by adjusting the wing-root offset, on the generation of aerodynamic forces in a hovering in- sect-mimicking Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle （FW-MAV） by numerical and experimental studies. Three-dimensional wing kinematics measured using three synchronized high-speed cameras revealed a clear difference in the wing rotation angle of a wing section for different wing-root offsets. The extrapolated wing kinematics were in good agreement with the measured ones for various wing-root offsets. The Unsteady Blade Element Theory （UBET） was used to estimate the forces generated by the flapping wings and validated by comparison with results of measurements performed using a load cell. Although the thrust produced by a flapping wing with a wing-root offset of 0.20 c was about 4% less, its force-to-input-power ratio was about 30% and 10% higher than those with the offsets of 0.10 c and 0.15 c, respectively. This result could be explained by analyzing the effective Angle of Attack （AoA） and the force components computed by the UBET. Thus, a flapping wing with a wing-root offset of 0.20 c can be regarded as an optimal twist configuration for the development of the FW-MAV.