Simultaneous fluorescence and Compton scattering computed tomography based on linear polarization X-ray

Purpose To propose a method for simultaneous fluorescence and Compton scattering computed tomography by using linearly polarized X-rays.Methods Monte Carlo simulations were adopted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.In the simulations,the phantom is a polytetrafluoroethylene cylinder inside which are cylindrical columns containing aluminum,water,and gold(Au)-loaded water solutions with Au concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 4.0 wt%,and a parallel-hole collimator imaging geometry was adopted.The light source was modeled based on a Thomson scattering X-ray source.The phantom images for both imaging modalities were reconstructed using a maximumlikelihood expectation maximization algorithm.Results Both the X-ray fluorescence computed tomography(XFCT)and Compton scattering computed tomography(CSCT)images of the phantom were accurately reconstructed.A similar attenuation contrast problem for the different cylindrical columns in the phantom can be resolved in the XFCT and CSCT images.The interplay between XFCT and CSCT was analyzed,and the contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)of the reconstruction was improved by correcting for the mutual influence between the two imaging modalities.Compared with K-edge subtraction imaging,XFCT exhibits a CNR advantage for the phantom.Conclusion Simultaneous XFCT and CSCT can be realized by using linearly polarized X-rays.The synergy between the two imaging modalities would have an important application in cancer radiation therapy.

Linear polarization holography

Polarization holography is a newly researched field,that has gained traction with the development of tensor theory.It primarily focuses on the interaction between polarization waves and photosensitive materials.The extraordinary capabil-ities in modulating the amplitude,phase,and polarization of light have resulted in several new applications,such as holo-graphic storage technology,multichannel polarization multiplexing,vector beams,and optical functional devices.In this paper,fundamental research on polarization holography with linear polarized wave,a component of the theory of polariz-ation holography,has been reviewed.Primarily,the effect of various polarization changes on the linear and nonlinear po-larization characteristics of reconstructed wave under continuous exposure and during holographic recording and recon-struction have been focused upon.The polarization modulation realized using these polarization characteristics exhibits unusual functionalities,rendering polarization holography as an attractive research topic in many fields of applications.This paper aims to provide readers with new insights and broaden the application of polarization holography in more sci-entific and technological research fields.

Linear polarization output performance of Nd:YAG laser at 946 nm considering the energy-transfer upconversion

A theoretical model of quasi-three-level laser system is developed, in which both the thermally induced depolarization loss and the effect of energy-transfer upconversion are taken into account. Based on the theoretical investigation of the influences of output transmission and incident pump power on thermally induced depolarization loss, the output performance of 946 nm linearly polarized Nd：YAG laser is experimentally studied. By optimizing the transmission of output coupler, a 946 nm linearly polarized continuous-wave single-transverse-mode laser with an output power of 4.2 W and an optical-optical conversion efficiency of 16.8% is obtained, and the measured beam quality factors are M2 = 1.13 and My2 = 1.21. The theoretical prediction is in good agreement with the experimental result.

Ultrabroadband chiral metasurface for linear polarization conversion and asymmetric transmission based on enhanced interference theory

In this paper,we propose an ultrabroadband chiral metasurface(CMS)composed of S-shaped resonator structures situated between two twisted subwavelength gratings and dielectric substrate.This innovative structure enables ultrabroadband and high-efficiency linear polarization(LP)conversion,as well as asymmetric transmission(AT)effect in the microwave region.The enhanced interference effect of the Fabry-Perot-like resonance cavity greatly expands the bandwidth and efficiency of LP conversion and AT effect.Through numerical simulations,it has been revealed that the cross-polarization transmission coefficients for normal forward(-z)and backward(+z)incidence exceed 0.8 in the frequency range of 4.13 to 17.34 GHz,accompanied by a polarization conversion ratio of over 99%.Furthermore,our microwave experimental results validate the consistency among simulation,theory,and measurement.Additionally,we elucidate the distinct characteristics of ultrabroadband LP conversion and significant AT effect through analysis of polarization azimuth rotation and ellipticity angles,total transmittance,AT coefficient,and electric field distribution.The proposed CMS structure shows excellent polarization conversion properties via AT effect and has potential applications in areas such as radar,remote sensing,and satellite communication.

All-fiber linear polarization and orbital angular momentum modes amplifier based on few-mode erbium-doped fiber and long period fiber grating

A few-mode erbium-doped fiber（FM-EDF） is fabricated using modified chemical vapor deposition in combination with liquid solution. The core and cladding diameters of the fiber are approximately 19.44 and 124.12 μm,respectively. The refractive index difference is 0.98%, numerical aperture（NA） is 0.17, and normalized cut-off frequency at 1550 nm is 6.81. Therefore, it is a five-mode fiber, and can be used as a higher-order mode gain medium. Furthermore, a long period fiber grating（LPFG） is fabricated, which can convert LP〈01 mode to LP11 mode, and its conversion efficiency is up to 99%. The first-order orbital angular momentum（OAM） is also generated by combining the LPFG and polarization controller（PC）. Then, an all-fiber amplification system based on the FM-EDF and LPFG, for LP11 mode and first-order OAM beams, is built up. Its on-off gain of the LP11 mode beam is 37.2 d B at 1521.2 nm. The variation, whose transverse mode field intensity of first-order OAM is increased with the increase of pumping power, is obvious. These show that both the LP11 mode and first-order OAM beams are amplified in the all-fiber amplification system. This is a novel all-fiber amplification scheme,which can be used in the optical communication fields.

STUDY ON APPLICATIONS OF C-BAND DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR IN METEOROLOGY

Theoretical study and development of a dual linear polarization weather radar in China are briefly presented. Also discussed are the potential uses of the new radar system in improving the accuracy of areal rainfall measure- ments and analysing the spacial structure of storms and distribution of hydrometecrs in clouds based on the radar observational data from the field experimcnts during the summers of 1987—1989. The results indicate that a C-band dual polarization weather radar, after considering the microwave attenuation correction, may be employed to quantitatively measure rainfall and to monitor heavy rain and flood events and becomes an impor- rant means to study storm structure.

Linear polarization conversion of transmitted terahertz wave with double-layer meta-grating surfaces

In this Letter, we demonstrate a linear polarization conversion of transmitted terahertz wave with double-layer meta-grating surfaces, which integrated the frequency selectivity of a split ring resonator metasurface and the polarization selectivity of a metallic grating surface. Since the double-layer can reduce the loss, and the Fabry- Perot like resonant effect between the two layers can improve the conversion efficiency, this converter can rotate the incident y-polarized terahertz wave into an x-polarized transmitted wave with relatively low loss and high efficiency. Experimental results show that an average conversion efficiency exceeding 75% from 0.25 to 0.65 THz with the highest efficiency of 90% at 0.43 THz with onlv -2 dB loss has been achieved.

E-shaped wideband plasmonic nantennas with linear and dual-linear polarizations

In this paper we present a novel nanoantenna(nantenna) design for energy harvesting. The nantenna has an 'E'shape and is placed on a Si O2 substrate. Its operation is based on the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons through the gold arms of the E shape. By varying the lengths and widths of the arms, two overlapping working bandwidths can be achieved. This results in a wideband behavior characterized by a full width at half-maximum of about 2.2 μm centered around 3.6 μm. Two orthogonal E nantennas are placed perpendicular to each other to realize a dual-polarized nantenna. This nantenna can receive the two incident polarizations at two separate gap locations with very high isolation. The proposed structure can be used in several energy harvesting applications, such as scavenging the infrared heat from the Earth and other hot objects, in addition to optical communications.

Comparative Study on Polarization Spectral Parameters of Fruit in Southern Xinjiang Based on Roujean Model

Based on the study of phase angle and wavelength in pBRDF (Polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function), roujean model was proposed to describe Orient (Polarization phase angle) quantitatively. The Roujean model was used to quantitatively describe different fruits intensity components (F00) and polarization phase angle (Orient), and the simulation results were analyzed and compared using statistical analysis and comparison methods to realize the prediction from the regular model to the outdoor fruit tree canopy to the canopy of outdoor fruit tree canopy random distribution. The experimental results showed that: 1) when the phase angle of jujube was 52.19°, 66.51° and 88.26°, the R2 and average errors of F00 parameters described by Roujean model are 0.9982, 0.9963, 0.9912 and 3.80%, 4.17%, 6.40%, respectively; and the R2 and average error of Orient parameters described by Roujean model are 0.9056, 0.9223, 0.9260 and 6.23%, 3.32%, 8.05%, respectively;It can be seen that roujean model can quantitatively describe the Orient parameter of jujube;2) When the phase angle of apricot was 70.99°, 71.28° and 67.91°, the R2 and average errors of F00 parameters described by Roujean model is 0.9862, 0.9823, 0.9792 and 3.40%, 4.82%, 5.19%, respectively; And the R2 and average error of Orient parameters described by Roujean model are 0.9382, 0.8947, 0.8849 and 7.19%, 9.28%, 9.47%, respectively. Roujean model can also quantitatively describe the Orient parameter of white apricot. In summary, the Roujean model can provide a good quantitative description of f00 and a good quantitative description of Orient, which in turn can predict the pBRDF parameter for more fruits with different incidence and detection directions. It can correct the influence of angle factor in the nondestructive testing of outdoor fruits.

Generation of Linear Isolated Sub-60 Attosecond Pulses by Combining a Circularly Polarized Pulse with an Elliptically Polarized Pulse

The two-color circularly polarized pulses scheme was proposed to generate isolated attosecond pulses in our previous work [Phys. Rev. A 87 （2013） 043406], while the polarization of the attosecond pulse was not investigated. We show a supplementary explanation of this scheme and present another scheme to generate linear isolated attosecond pulses by combining a circularly polarized pulse with an elliptically polarized pulse. High-order harmonic generation and quantum path control are investigated to compare these two schemes. Both schemes can obtain supercontinuum spectra plateau from about 200eV to 550eV, which belong to the water window region. It is found that the latter scheme can clearly eliminate the short quantum path and extend the harmonic plateau. A linear isolated attosecond pulse with a duration of sub-6Oas can be generated by superposing a bandwidth of 70eV.

Nd:YAG linearly polarized laser based on polarization eigenmodes

In this paper,the frequency difference of the eigen polarization modes of the Nd:YAG crystal laser at different polarization ratios is experimentally studied,and to the best of our knowledge,the correlation between the frequency difference of the eigenmodes and the output polarization degree is reported for the first time.Combined with the analysis of the polarization beam profile,it is proved that the polarized laser produced by the isotropic crystal is due to the frequency locking of the eigen polarization modes.The weak birefringence in the crystal causes the round-trip phase difference of the orthogonal polarization modes,which leads to the frequency difference between the polarization modes.By the adjustment of the cavity mirror,the anisotropic loss will interact with the round-trip phase difference.The eigen polarization modes can reach frequency degeneration,and then be coherently combined to produce linearly polarized laser output.This work provides a useful reference for understanding the physical mechanism of polarized lasers realized by isotropic crystals.

Influence of chloride ion concentration on initial corrosion of AZ63 magnesium alloy

The initial corrosion behavior of AZ63 magnesium alloy was investigated in 1,3,5 and 7 wt.%NaCl solutions by means of corrosion potential,linear polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and polarization measurements,during exposure in the corrosion media.Results show that the increase in chloride concentration provokes an increase in the corrosion rate.Based on the obtained kinetics parameters the mechanisms of anodic dissolution and hydrogen evolution reactions were discussed,and kinetic models were proposed.It is concluded that anodic dissolution proceeds under Temkin conditions and hydrogen evolution reaction depends on the surface coverage of Mg(OH);species.

High-power linear-polarization burst-mode all-fibre laser and generation of frequency-adjustable microwave signal

Narrowband microwave generation with tuneable frequency is demonstrated by illuminating a photoconductive semiconductor switch(PCSS)with a burst-mode fibre laser.The whole system is composed of a high-power linearly polarized burst-mode pulsed fibre laser and a linear-state PCSS.To obtain a high-performance microwave signal,a desired envelope of burst is necessary and a pulse pre-compensation technique is adopted to avoid envelope distortion induced by the gain-saturation effect.Resulting from the technique,homogenous peak power distribution in each burst is ensured.The maximum energy of the laser burst pulse reaches 200μJ with a burst duration of 100 ns at the average power of 10 W,corresponding to a peak power of 4 kW.When the PCSS is illuminated by the burst-mode fibre laser,narrowband microwave generation with tuneable frequency(0.80-1.12 GHz)is obtained with a power up to 300 W.To the best of the authors’knowledge,it is the first demonstration of frequency-tuneable narrowband microwave generation based on a fibre laser.The high-power burst-mode fibre laser reported here has great potential for generating high-power arbitrary microwave signals for a great deal of applicable demands such as smart adaptive radar and intelligent high-power microwave systems.

Study of an Ionic Fluid on the Electrochemical Test of A36 Carbon Steel Ingot

An ionic fluid based on aromatic heterocyclic family constituted by 1,3-diazole groups was investigated. The purpose is to describe their electrochemical characteristics in order to identify the strategy to avoid the A36 carbon steel surface degradation by using electrochemical measurements. We found that the linear polarization resistance reveals an increasing value when the organic unsaturated cyclic ionic fluid was added to the corrosive electrolyte. The polarization curves and Tafel Extrapolation obtained to know the slopes tafel and the inhibitor efficiency from current density (icorr) shows a high efficiency inhibition value.

Gap-surface-plasmon induced polarization photoresponse for MoS_(2)-based photodetector

Polarization-sensitive photodetectors based on two-dimensional(2D)materials have shown more attractive application prospects compared to traditional thin-film photodetectors due to their atomic thickness,tunable bandgap,high mobility and strong light-matter interactions.Among them,2D molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))has drawn numerous attentions in photodetection due to its wide spectral range,remarkable photoresponsivity and fast photo-switching rate.However,the isotropic crystal structure of MoS_(2)hampers its application in the polarization-sensitive detection,which is highly desired in military and civilian applications.In this paper,we demonstrated an integration of plasmonic nanocavity with monolayer MoS_(2)to achieve high photoresponsivity and polarization-sensitive photodetector.With the significant enhancement of electromagnetic field provided by the gap-surfaceplasmon(GSP),we achieved a significant photoluminescence(PL)enhancement of 24-fold.Relying on the enhanced light absorption by our plasmonic nanocavity,which generally facilitates photo-generation of electron-hole pairs in MoS_(2),we achieved a high photoresponsivity of 1.88 A/W and degree of linear polarization(DOLP)of 0.8 at the excitation wavelength of 633 nm.Our work provides a feasible and universal solution to realize polarization-sensitive photodetector of MoS_(2)for high-performance and polarization-sensitive photodetectors.

Monolithic high-average-power linearly polarized nanosecond pulsed fiber laser with near-diffraction-limited beam quality

An all-fiberized high-average-power narrow linewidth ns pulsed laser with linear polarization is demonstrated. The laser system utilizes a typical master oscillator power amplifier(MOPA) configuration. The stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS) is effectively suppressed due to the short fiber length and large mode area in the main amplifier, combined with the narrow pulse duration smaller than the phonon lifetime of SBS effect. A maximal output power of 466 W is obtained with a narrow linewidth of ～203.6 MHz, and the corresponding slope efficiency is ～80.3%. The pulse duration is condensed to be ～4 ns after the amplification, corresponding to the peak power of 8.8 kW and the pulse energy of 46.6 μJ. Neardiffraction-limited beam quality with an M2 factor of 1.32 is obtained at the output power of 442 W and the mode instability(MI) is observed at the maximal output power. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest average output power of the all-fiberized narrow linewidth ns pulsed fiber laser with linear polarization and high beam quality, which is a promising source for the nonlinear frequency conversion, laser lidar, and so on.

Polarization-sensitive and wide-spectrum photovoltaic detector based on quasi-1D ZrGeTe_(4)nanoribbon

Low-dimensional semiconductors with in-plane anisotropy and narrow bandgap have been extensively applied to polarized detection in the near-infrared(NIR)region.However,the narrow bandgap can cause noise owing to the high dark current in photodetectors.This article reports quasi-1D ZrGeTe_(4)nanoribbonbased photodetectors with low dark current and broadband polarization detection.The photodetector was fabricated by evaporating 50-nm-thick Au electrodes on a ZrGeTe_(4)nanoribbon.Benefiting from the photovoltaic characteristics in the ZrGeTe_(4)nanoribbon and Au electrodes,these photodetectors can operate without bias voltage,with decreased dark current,and improved device performance.Furthermore,the quasi-1D ZrGeTe_(4)nanoribbon-based photodetectors demonstrate a polarization sensitivity in a broadband from visible(VIS)to the NIR region,such as a high photoresponsivity of 625.65 mA W1,large external quantum efficiency of 145.9%at 532 nm,and photocurrent anisotropy ratio of 2.04 at 1064 nm.They exhibit a novel perpendicular optical reversal of 90in polarization-sensitive photodetection,angle-resolved absorption spectra,and azimuth-dependent reflectance difference microscopy(ADRDM)from VIS to the NIR region,as opposed to other nanoribbon-based polarization-sensitive photodetectors.This work paves the way for utilizing photovoltaic photodetectors based on low-dimensional materials for broad-spectrum polarized photodetection.

High power linearly polarized fiber laser：Generation, manipulation and application

Linearly-polarized(LP) fiber lasers, which could find wide potential applications such as coherent detection, coherent/spectral beam combining, nonlinear frequency conversion, have been a research focus in recent years. In this paper, we will present a general review on the achievements of various kinds of high power LP fiber laser and its applications for the first time. The recent progress in high power LP fiber oscillator, including fiber oscillator based on active fiber, Raman fiber laser and Random distributed feedback fiber laser are summarized. Power scaling of LP fiber laser by using active-fiber based power amplifier, passive-fiber based Raman amplifier, and active/passive fiber based hybrid fiber amplifier has been achieved. Polarization-maintained active fiber based power amplifier and non-polarization-maintained active fiber based power amplifier incorporating active polarization control are specially introduced in detail. High power LP fiber laser with diversified property, such as narrow-linewidth, wavelength-tunable and ultrashort pulse operation, are summarized. Various kinds application of high power LP fiber laser, including beam combining,supercontinumm generation, mid-infrared lasing, structured light field and ultrasonic generation, are presented at the end of this paper.

Flat Absorber Phosphorous Black Nickel Coatings for Space Applications

A new process of flat absorber black nickel alloy coating tion from a bath containing nickel, zinc and ammonium was developed on stainless steel by electrodeposi- sulphates; thiocyanate and sodium hypophosphite for space applications. Coating process was optimized by investigating the effects of plating parameters, viz concentration of bath constituents, current density, temperature, pH and plating time on the optical properties of the black deposits. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the inclusion of about 6% phosphorous in the coating. The scanning electron microscopy studies revealed the amorphous nature of the coating. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and linear polarization （LP） techniques. The results revealed that, phosphorous addition confers better corro- sion resistance in comparison to conventional black nickel coatings. The black nickel coating obtained from hypophosphite bath provides high solar absorptance （αs） and infrared emittance （εIR） of the order of 0.93. Environmental stability to space applications was established by the humidity and thermal cycling tests.

Different Effects of Fly Ash and Slag on Anti-Rebar Corrosion Ability of Concrete with Chloride Ion

In this paper, we have studied the anti-rebar corrosion ability of high-strength concrete （HSC）, which were made by one or two mixed fly ash and slag. The different effects of fly ash and slag on concrete anti-rebar corrosion ability were discussed in chloride ion-contaminated condition. The results indicate that the effects of slag on concrete anti-chloride ion penetration ability are more excellent than that of fly ash at the same content. When the content of fly ash is 10%, the corrosion-inhibition action is not obvious; when the content is higher than 25%, this effect is remarkable. Corrosion-inhibition action of slag is better than that of fly ash. Slag is not like fly ash that has obvious effect on anode curves Tafer slope, so its contribution to restraining rebar in concrete corrosion is the result of high concrete anti-chloride ion penetration ability and binding chloride ion. Their ＂superimposition effect＂ can be realized only at reasonable content and proportion condition.