A New Understanding of the Sedimentary Environment of the Laiyang Group in the Lower Cretaceous of Lingshan Island,Shandong Province,East China

The sedimentary background and sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous of Lingshan Island,Shandong,remain unclear.There is considerable controversy as to whether the sedimentary environment was marine or continental.In this study,analyses were conducted with respect to indicators of paleosalinity,the chemical composition of clay,paleobiota,the characteristics of strata exhibiting salinization in eastern China during the Early Cretaceous,and the relationship between paleosalinity and paleoclimate.The results indicate that the sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group of Lingshan Island was that of a salified lake rather than a marine environment.This study not only provides a reference for determining the sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group of Lingshan Island but also offers a new perspective for the study of Cretaceous strata with salinization characteristics in eastern China.

A new discovery of The Early Cretaceous Supercritical Hyperpycnal Flow Deposits on Lingshan Island,East China

Objective Understanding the dynamics of sediment gravity flows is of great importance to correctly interpret their related deposits. The discovery of supercritical sediment gravity flows provides some new viewpoints for the explanation of controversial sediment gravity flow deposits. However, the dynamics, formation, evolution processes of supercritical sediment gravity flows and their recognition criteria from their associated deposits are still worldwide controversial. The supercritical hyperpycnal flow deposits recognized in the upper part of Early Cretaceous Lingshandao Formation provide a rare opporttmity to understand their sedimentary characteristics. This work is aimed at documenting the typical sedimentary structures associated with the supercritical hyperpycnal flow, and discussing the vertical stacking and its relationship with flow evolution.

A Comparative Study on the Development of Coastal Tourism Cities in China and Foreign Countries:A Case Study of Qingdao and Hawaii Island

Coastal tourism has become a pillar industry in the economic and social development of China’s coastal areas and an important part of the national Marine strategy.It has a huge development potential and broad space for improvement.There is still a big gap between the development of domestic coastal tourism cities and that of foreign countries.This paper made a comparison between Qingdao and Hawaii Island based on the analysis of Qingdao and Hawaii Island in economy,industry,location,tourism,culture,management system and marketing methods,aiming to provide theoretical suggestions for the development of urban tourism in China.

Characteristics and sedimentary processes of lamina-controlled sand-particle imbricate structure in deposits on Lingshan Island, Qingdao, China

Imbricate structure is a common sedimentary structure and is well developed in sandy sediments.Here,we report a laminacontrolled fine-sand-particle imbricate structure in a set of very fine grained sedimentary rocks(fine sandstone,siltstone,and mudstone)at the Dockyard and Qianceng Cliff areas of Lingshan Island,Qingdao,Shandong,China.Sets of up to 300 laminae are found in stratigraphic profiles in these areas.The laminae are generally less than 1 mm thick,with most being 0.3–0.4 mm thick and the thinnest being<0.1 mm.The dip angle of the imbricate structure varies widely,between 0°and 90°,with an average dip angle of about 40°–50°,which is higher than that of imbricate riverbed gravels(about 34°).The dip angle is a function of the shape and sorting of the particles,as well as the hydrodynamic conditions under which these fine-grained sediments were deposited.Several profiles show well-developed multiscale,soft-sediment deformation structures.Flute casts,load casts,and groove casts are also common.Fragments of carbon remains occur widely and commonly constitute stringers several millimeters thick and up to 10 cm long,together with fine clasts.Vitrain lenticles are also common.Based on the imbricate structure of the Lingshan Island deposits,it is shown that in addition to paleocurrent analysis,the imbricate structure can be used to infer information about fluid properties,transport characteristics,and sedimentary processes of the depositional environment.A near-bottom underflow,either of authigenic origin or derived from cold river water in winter in a delta interdistributary bay or delta-front environment,is inferred to have provided the hydrodynamic setting in which this imbricate structure formed.The imbricate structure,together with other sedimentary structures and features,shows that the sedimentary rocks on Lingshan Island were deposited in an inland,shallow-water environment,such as a delta,and not in a deep-water or submarine continental-slope environment.

Soft-sediment deformation structures related to volcanic earthquakes of the Lower Cretaceous Qingshan Group in Lingshan Island, Shandong Province, East China

The study on soft-sediment deformation structures(SSDS) of Lingshan Island has been one of the hot topics of sedimentology researches in China in recent years,and SSDS developed in turbidite system in the Laiyang Group are widely known by domestic researchers.However,few studies were conducted on the SSDS in fan delta system in the Qingshan Group,Lingshan Island.This study analyzes the classification and characteristics of SSDS especially their lithofacies association and tithologic characteristics through field outcrops investigation and thin section analysis as well.A conclusion was acquired that the paleoenvironment was a fan delta system with occurrence of several volcanic eruptions,where the water became gradually shallower.The SSDS types in the Qingshan Group includes load and flame structure,ball and pillow structure,waterescape structure,hydroplastic deformation structure,plastic sandstone breccia structure,volcanic drop stone and V-shaped ground fissure mainly caused by volcanic earthquakes of three types:(1)seismic waves,(2)gravity and inertia effect of pyroclastic flows,(3)instant differential air pressure;which is different from slumping and tectonic earthquakes occurred in the Laiyang Group.In addition,with the lithofacies association analysis between pyroclastic flow and SSDS beds,a distribution model of SSDS related to volcanic earthquakes can be established:SSDS types changed gradually with their distance further away from the volcanic activity core.Brittle deformation which was common in the proximal zone disappeared gradually;liquefied and plastic SSDS continued to dominate in the medial zone;and slightly liquefied SSDS were developed in the distal zone.Meanwhile,the scale and size of SSDS is negatively correlated with the distance of SSDS depositional locations from the volcanic vent.

Late Mesozoic rifting and its deep dynamic mechanisms in the central Sulu orogenic belt: Records from Lingshan Island

The Lingshan Island scientific drill confirms that two episodes(Laiyang period and Qingshan period) of rifting developed in the central Sulu orogenic belt(SOB) in Late Mesozoic. With a set of methods including fieldwork, drilling, core logging, zircon U-Pb dating and whole rock geochemistry applied, the age, the depositional sequence and the deep dynamic mechanisms of rift evolution were unraveled. The stratigraphic sequence of the Laiyang-Qingshan Groups on Lingshan Island was composed of two different rifting sequences:(1) Laiyang Group(147–125 Ma), which consists of deep-water gravity flow deposits with interlayers of intermediate volcanic rocks;and(2) Lower Qingshan Group(125–119 Ma), which unconformably overlies the former sequence and contains subaerial volcanic deposits and terrestrial deposits. The tectonic environment changed during the evolution of these two episodes of rifting: the rift was in a NNW-SSE extensional environment in the Laiyang period and showed the typical passive rifting character that “lithospheric extension and rifting preceded volcanism”. The passive rifting period was ended by a short WNW-ESE compression at about 125 Ma. After that, the tectonic environment transferred to a strong NW-SE extensional environment and the rifting evolved into a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period. The igneous rocks are shoshonitic to high-K calc-alkaline trachyandesites to trachytes with a few intercalated lamprophyres and a rhyolite.The geochemical characteristics of the igneous rocks indicate that they are mantle-derived melts with a metasomatized mantle source and/or crustal contamination. In addition, an increased thinning of the lithosphere happened during the rifting episodes.The low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate in the Jurassic weakened the thickened SOB lithospheric mantle. The rollback of the subducting plate started in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, and the SOB lithospheric mantle was delaminated synchronously because of the gravity collapse. Thus, this caused passive rifting in the Laiyang period. Thereafter, the rollback and trench retreat of the high-angle subducting Paleo-Pacific plate would have achieved its climax, resulting in the strong regional extension. Passive rifting was ended by the crustal uplift caused by asthenospheric upwelling beneath the rift. The lower crust was heated by the upwelling asthenosphere and partially melted to form felsic melts, which were emplaced upwards and erupted explosively. The rift evolved into a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period and showed some characteristics of active rifting. Above all, a passive rifting in the Laiyang period and a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period developed successively in the Lingshan Island area(the central SOB). This records the transfer of the study area from the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain to the circum-Pacific tectonic domain. The delamination of SOB lithospheric mantle and the upwelling of asthenospheric material were the deep dynamic mechanisms driving the development and evolution of two rift episodes. Additionally, the rift development was controlled remotely by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate.

山东青岛灵山岛褶皱样式及力学特征分析

灵山岛褶皱构造发育,类型表现出多种形式,其成因类型还存在争论。通过地质填图工作,在对灵山岛褶皱构造要素进行观察、测量以及构造应力场分析的基础上,讨论了灵山岛褶皱构造的成因。灵山岛褶皱枢纽产状的一致性,共轭节理和褶皱轴面所反映的主应力方向的一致性,大褶皱与小褶皱之间的几何关系,明显具有构造成因的轴面劈理、窗棱构造、布丁构造等面理和线理构造,这些特征反映了灵山岛褶皱属于构造成因。综合区域资料分析认为,灵山岛褶皱构造是在NW-SE向挤压构造应力场的作用下结果,是古太平洋板块与亚洲陆缘俯冲碰撞的响应。

基于层次分析法变权函数的青岛市灵山岛地质遗迹定量评价研究

地质遗迹评价和区划是地质遗迹资源科学保护与合理开发的基础,对地质遗迹保护区划及科学开发意义重大。本文通过层次分析法分级定等,针对该评价方法权重值各指标值大小在不同评价单元内始终不便的弊端,创新性地引入了变权思路,建立了变权理论的地质遗迹评价系统。以青岛市灵山岛为研究对象,对已经发现的30处地质遗迹进行了等级评价,权评价结果和变权修正,发现变权评价模型能在一定程度上克服指标内部差异性带来的不良影响,评价值离散性更好,有利于等级划分,评价结果更符合灵山岛实际特点。

基于自然解决方案的滨海城市雨洪规划策略研究

近年来成为研究热点的基于自然的解决方案(Nature-BasedSolutions,NBS),在发挥市政管网等灰色基础设施作用的同时,突出“师法自然”的理念,倡导对生态系统的无干预或最小干预,强调充分发挥生态系统的服务功能,为滨海城市雨洪规划提供了有益启示。首先,明晰了NBS的核心内涵,阐述了基于NBS城市雨洪规划的主要特点;其次,结合我国滨海城市的实际情况,提出了以“生态系统解译—雨洪风险评估—基于NBS的城市雨洪规划—规划效果评估”为逻辑主线的规划方法,以及基于NBS的滨海城市雨洪规划策略;最后,以广东省明珠湾起步区灵山岛为实证研究对象,提出基于NBS的灵山岛雨洪规划,论证了方案的可行性。旨在为滨海城市雨洪规划提供新的参考。

山东省青岛市灵山岛下白垩统中发现鱼类和叶肢介化石

山东省青岛市灵山岛下白垩统沉积岩地层首次发现鱼类和叶肢介化石。鱼类化石为Lecoptera sinensis Woodward(中华狼鳍鱼);叶肢介化石为Yanjiestheria Chen(延吉叶肢介属),分为4个种。该鱼化石属于热河生物群的典型分子,和该叶肢介属在胶莱盆地中广泛分布,属于早白垩世陆相河湖动物群。两类化石同层保存,化石保存完整,属于原地埋藏,所以含这些化石的地层应属于陆相沉积,而与海相沉积关系不大。这套地层因岩性和沉积环境与胶莱盆地南部地区的莱阳群法家茔组(K_1f)非常接近,建议使用法家茔组之名,而不使用因被认为是海相浊流沉积而命名的"灵山岛组"。

青岛灵山岛下白垩统风暴岩与风暴沉积的发现及意义

青岛灵山岛中生界下白垩统碎屑岩中发育了很好的风暴岩与风暴沉积,其特点是：（1）丘状、洼状构造及丘状、洼状交错层理经常可见;丘状交错层理呈对称或近对称丘状,一般发育在三角洲前缘暗色薄层状砂泥岩互层中,薄层一般厚1-2cm,有时也可以更厚;砂岩中常有平行层理或低角度交错层理,也可以发育丘状交错层理;细层较厚,多在1-2cm,甚至3-4cm;但砂岩多数呈块状;洼状交错层理相对较少,多不完善;洼状构造则相对多见。（2）冲刷侵蚀面非常发育。多波状起伏或凹凸不平,起伏可达20-30cm,甚至更大;内部的冲刷侵蚀面常不连续,但底部的冲刷侵蚀面连续性很好。（3）中厚层状砂岩内部的冲刷侵蚀面可以分为多个次级层,但常因冲刷面的不连续而上下合并在一起。（4）砂岩中常含有内碎屑,以暗色泥砾为主,小者直径多在1-2cm,大者可达10cm以上,形态多变;长轴多顺层分布;有时集中在砂岩的顶部。（5）以中细砂岩为主,没有真正的砾岩;砂岩的分选性可以较好。（6）发育了大量的多尺度、多类型软沉积物的变形构造。（7）有时候含有炭屑。灵山岛风暴岩和风暴沉积的发现,揭示了这套沉积是在一个相对较浅水的湖泊条件下形成的,而非海洋深水;此外,风暴形成的砂岩下移到三角洲前缘相中,使其更加靠近烃源岩,优化了生储关系,有利于油气成藏。

山东省灵山岛早白垩世软沉积物变形构造特征

利用野外露头和镜下薄片等资料、地质统计等方法,对山东省灵山岛老虎嘴剖面和船厂滑塌剖面软沉积物变形构造分布特征和形成期次进行了研究。船厂剖面发育滑塌褶皱、负载构造、阶梯断层、布丁构造、球—枕构造等典型的软沉积物变形构造;老虎嘴剖面发育层内褶皱、微阶梯断层、层内角砾岩等。根据形成时间、发育部位和形态特征,将船厂剖面变形划分为滑塌前变形和滑塌中变形,滑塌前变形又可以细分滑塌体下部变形和滑塌体内部变形。滑塌褶皱具有多级别、多尺度的特点;以厚岩层组成的滑塌褶皱为主,尺寸为米级;岩层内部纹层形成的次级褶皱为辅,尺寸为毫米级。滑塌过程中岩层不同部位应力不同,伴生其他变形构造,如拉张形成的布丁构造和挤压形成剪切褶皱等。滑塌前已经形成的负载构造等在滑塌过程中保持原来形态,不因地层变形而变形。这些古地震触发形成的软沉积变形构造证明灵山岛在早白垩世古地震活动频繁。

灵山岛早白垩世构造应力解析及区域地质意义

通过对灵山岛野外地质考察及总结前人资料,并利用节理、岩墙和褶皱等应力感应构造的测量分析,得出研究区早白垩世可能存在四期构造作用:莱阳期NW向伸展形成近海盆地,莱阳期末期NW向挤压反转作用,青山期NW向伸展裂谷作用和早白垩世末期NW向挤压反转。灵山岛早白垩世两期伸展作用可能是分别对华北地区增厚地壳或岩石圈重力垮塌和岩石圈拆沉的响应,而两期挤压反转作用可能是研究区由伊泽奈崎板块NW向俯冲消减向太平洋板块NW向俯冲过渡的结果。

山东省灵山岛下白垩统青山群火山地震软沉积物变形构造特征及成因机制

近年来,针对山东省灵山岛地区软沉积物变形构造的研究呈现热潮,但研究层位主要集中于下白垩统莱阳群的浊积岩,对下白垩统青山群未见详述。利用野外露头与镜下薄片资料,详细描述了灵山岛地区下白垩统青山群的岩性特征、岩相组合、软沉积物变形构造类型与特征,指出研究区青山群软沉积物变形构造主要宿主岩层为陆相扇三角洲沉积,其沉积水体逐渐变浅,并伴随多次火山爆发。软沉积物变形构造类型主要有负载构造、球—枕构造、泄水构造、挤入构造、水塑性褶皱、塑性砂岩团块包卷构造、火山地震落石构造和"V"型地裂缝等,形成原因主要为火山爆发引起的古火山地震作用,成因机制主要分为地震波、火山碎屑物重力及惯性作用与瞬时差异气压效应3种,这与莱阳群浊积岩层位的软沉积物变形构造主要为滑塌与构造古地震机制不同。通过分析火山碎屑流堆积层位与软沉积物变形构造发育层位的关系,建立了青山群软沉积物变形构造的分布模式,即随着与火山口距离的变化,近源易见的脆性变形逐渐消失,中源以液化软沉积物变形与塑性变形为主体,远源呈现弱的液化软沉积物变形,且软沉积物变形构造的规模与距离呈负相关。

山东灵山岛晚中生代滑塌沉积层的发现及区域构造意义初探

灵山岛位于青岛胶南市东南黄海近岸海域中,为中国北方第一高岛,构造上属于苏鲁造山带,但岛上很多重要的地质现象尚未在地质文献中披露过。本文作者对灵山岛进行了初步地质考察,在被看做早白垩世莱阳期的地层中发现远源浊积岩及其内部大量的滑塌沉积层,孢粉鉴定初步结果显示该地层的时代很可能为侏罗纪。滑塌构造以同沉积滑塌褶皱为主,而在滑塌体内部还发现有很多同沉积变形构造,如:同沉积布丁构造、同沉积拉伸线理、同沉积双重构造等。同沉积滑塌褶皱体的排列方向揭示了其物源来自南东方向,韵律层中弱粒序层单元颗粒为细砂到粉砂,反映出远源浊积岩的特征。根据滑塌体运移方向判断盆地的古地理特征为东南侧水体变浅而西北侧水体变深。滑塌沉积发育时,盆地为介于扬子板块和华北板块之间的残余洋盆。发育于砂质单元中的早期平面X剪节理指示了该套浊积岩在褶皱之前受到了SE—NW向的动态挤压,而后期的不对称褶皱构造记录了扬子板块自南东向北西侧的华北板块俯冲的历史。灵山岛中生代滑塌沉积层的发现不仅揭示了中国东部存在着晚中生代海相沉积,更为扬子板块与华北板块在郯庐断裂以东碰撞缝合的演化历史研究提供了珍贵的实际材料。

青岛主要海岛成因分类及其地质环境分析

论文在阐述了青岛海岛分布区区域地质特征基础上,根据青岛海岛的岩性、地质构造特征和影响海岛形成的主导性地质作用,将青岛主要海岛划分为构造作用成岛型(Ⅰ型)、岩浆作用成岛型(Ⅱ型)和变质作用成岛型(Ⅲ型)并对青岛主要海岛的地质环境进行分析。

中国软沉积物变形构造及地震岩研究简评

近30年(1987—2016)来,中国的软沉积物变形构造、地震岩、震积岩及古地震研究,取得了很大的进展和成绩。但是,在国内中文期刊中已发表的约140篇文章和已出版的一些专著中,几乎都把具软沉积物变形构造的岩层当作地震岩。可喜的是,中国石油大学(华东)的老师们和学生们,对山东青岛灵山岛下白垩统中的软沉积物变形构造的研究,却有多种不同的观点,呈现出了一种活跃的学术气氛。笔者等的看法是:(1)软沉积物变形构造是一种沉积构造,它有多种成因,它是一个很好的沉积学和地质学术语,应继续地和更广泛地使用下去。(2)地震岩是专指由地震引起的具软沉积物变形构造的岩层,它是具多成因的软沉积物变形构造的岩层的一种,不能把所有的具软沉积构造的岩层都当作地震岩。有的地质学家建议废弃地震岩这一术语。(3)震积岩是"seismites"(地震岩)的误译,不宜再继续使用。(4)由于地震岩和震积岩这两个术语在国内外已使用多年,要废弃它们或不再继续使用它们,应得到国内外的多数地质学家的同意才行。

青岛市海岛旅游主体功能分区

考虑到海岛环境的特殊性、资源承载的有限性、空间开发功能的衍生性,从海岛旅游开发适宜性和海岛可持续保护的角度,与国家主体功能区规划和全国海岛保护与开发规划相衔接,构建海岛旅游功能分区评价指标体系,确定海岛旅游资源开发的适宜性评价因子及评价标准,并引入模糊多级综合评判理论,构建基于层次分析法的模糊综合评判模型。根据旅游资源开发适宜性综合评分结果以及海岛旅游开发的实际情况,合理确定不同区域海岛旅游开发功能的区划标准,以制定青岛市海岛旅游资源开发功能的区划方案。将青岛市海岛划分为旅游资源优先开发区、适度开发区、限制开发区、禁止开发区,根据区划方案进行海岛旅游开发功能空间定位和评价分析,为青岛市海岛旅游资源可持续开发利用提供理论和决策依据。

山东灵山岛莱阳群水下非构造裂缝特征及意义

收缩裂缝在前寒武纪到显生宙各个地质时代都有发现,其成因一直存在争议。作者在灵山岛莱阳群泥岩和砂岩中都发现了大量的非构造裂缝,除了收缩裂缝外还有应力脆性裂缝和混合裂缝。这些裂缝通常在单层内发育,极少量延伸到邻层,具有多形态、多尺度、多充填方式、多期次和多级别的特征,与干燥泥裂和后期构造裂缝区别明显,结合地层中无暴露标志,认为是在水下环境形成。总结水下裂缝的关键特征并对比Pratt提出的地震收缩裂缝特征,推测灵山岛裂缝亦是地震触发而形成。灵山岛已经识别出了大量地震成因的软沉积变形构造,证明当时本区域地震活动频繁,具有裂缝地震成因的要素。前人总结收缩裂缝特点发现裂陷盆地明显多于被动大陆边缘挤压盆地,作者认为收缩裂缝在裂陷盆地拉张环境下容易形成和保存。灵山岛裂缝解释为水下环境地震成因具有更多的地质意义:可以解决沉积时水体深度问题;记录了古地震能量与频次,有效反映古地震的节律;是灵山岛莱阳群属于裂陷盆地沉积的有利证据。

山东省灵山岛早白垩世莱阳群沉积特征及演化模式

通过精细观察和描述山东灵山岛科学钻探井灵科1井1300余米岩心,系统研究该井沉积岩地层岩石和沉积相的类型、特征和演化,结合前人对灵山岛露头沉积特征的认识成果,梳理和总结该区早白垩世莱阳群沉积特征与演化模式。结果表明:灵山岛早白垩世莱阳群沉积地层自下而上发育扇三角洲—水下扇—浊积扇—三角洲沉积,构成完整的裂陷盆地沉积充填序列;其中扇三角洲发育于盆地裂陷初期,由3个退积旋回组成;水下扇发育于盆地扩张深陷期,由下部3个退积旋回和顶部1个进积旋回构成;浊积扇发育于深陷稳定期,由两个不明显的退积旋回和两个加积旋回组成;三角洲则发育于莱阳期末盆地抬升期。