Arginine Intake and Carbohydrate to Lipid Ratios Affect Gene Expression of Anabolic Hormones in Largemouth Bass, Micropterus Sahnoides

Nutritional factors influence regulation of growth hormone （GH）, insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ （IGF-Ⅰ） and insulin （INS） in fish. But so far there are no published studies describing how single indispensable amino acids and different carbohydrate to lipid ratios influence those systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate whether arginine （Arg） intake and carbohydrate to lipid ratios would affect expression of GH, IGF-Ⅰ and INS in largemouth bass.

Causal associations between intermediate very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-to-total lipids ratio and peptic ulcer:A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Previous epidemiologic investigations have consistently demonstrated a strong association between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium very-lowdensity lipoprotein(VLDL)and the occurrence of peptic ulcers(PU).However,the precise causal relationship between these factors remains ambiguous.Consequently,this study aims to elucidate the potential correlation between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL and the incidence of peptic ulcer.AIM To investigate the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium very-low-density lipoprotein(VLDL)association with PU via genetic methods,guiding future clinical research.METHODS Genome-wide association study(GWAS)datasets for the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL and peptic ulcer were retrieved from the IEU OpenGWAS project(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk).For the forward Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis,72 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified as instrumental variables.These SNPs were selected based on their association with the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL,with peptic ulcer as the outcome variable.Conversely,for the inverse MR analysis,no SNPs were identified with peptic ulcer as the exposure variable and the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL as the outcome.All MR analyses utilized inverse variance weighted(IVW)as the primary analytical method.Additionally,weighted median and MR-Egger methods were employed as supplementary analytical approaches to assess causal effects.Egger regression was used as a supplementary method to evaluate potential directional pleiotropy.Heterogeneity and multiplicity tests were conducted using the leave-one-out method to evaluate result stability and mitigate biases associated with multiple testing.RESULTS The genetically predicted ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL was significantly associated with an elevated risk of peptic ulcer(IVW:OR=2.557,95%CI=1.274-5.132,P=0.008).However,no causal association of peptic ulcer with the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL was observed in the inverse Mendelian randomization analysis.CONCLUSION In conclusion,our study reveals a significant association between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL and an elevated risk of peptic ulcers.However,further validation through laboratory investigations and larger-scale studies is warranted to strengthen the evidence and confirm the causal relationship between these factors.

Effect of Different Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on the Growth,Body Composition,and Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activities of Juvenile Yellow Drum Nibea albiflora(Richardson)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein-to-lipid ratio for juvenile Nibea albiflora with an initial weight of(11.76 ± 0.20) g.Nine experimental diets containing different concentrations of protein(40%,47%,or 54%) and lipids(5%,9%,or 13%) in a 3 × 3 factorial experimental design were tested in triplicate groups of fish,while the protein-to-energy(P/E) ratios of the diets varied in the range of 19.74–28.32 mg k J^(-1).Results showed that fish fed diets containing 9% or 13% lipids with 54% protein exhibited significantly higher weight gains and specific growth rates than those fed other diets.The feed conversion rate of fish fed the diet with 40% protein and 5% lipids was significantly poorer than that of fish fed other diets.The protein efficiency rate of fish fed diets with 5% lipids was significantly lower than that of fish fed 9% or 13% lipid diets.Carcass lipid and energy contents were positively correlated with dietary lipid level regardless of protein level.Fish fed a 54% protein diet showed the highest trypsin activity.The intestinal lipase activity of fish fed the diet containing 13% lipids was significantly higher than that of fish fed 5% or 9% lipid diets.These results demonstrate the high protein dietary requirements of N.albiflora.A diet containing 54% protein and 9%–13% lipids with a P/E ratio of 26.2–27.81 mg protein k J^(-1) can be considered optimal for juvenile N.albiflora.

Association of glycosylated hemoglobin level with lipid ratio and individual lipids in type 2 diabetic patients

Objective:To study the correlation of lipid ratios and individual lipid indexes of patients with type 2 diabetes with glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA_(1c)).Methods:Samples were collected from 128 type 2 diabetic patients(aged 19-90 years;male 72,female 56).The sera were analyzed for HbA_(1c),total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C).According to the HbA_(1e) level,the patients were divided into three groups,group A(HbA_(?)<7%,n=31),group B(7%<HbA_(1c)<10%,n=48),and group C(HbA_(1c)>10%,n=49).The correlation of HbA_(1c)with lipid ratios & individual lipid indexes were analyzed.Results:With the increased level of HbA(1c),LDL-C had a significantly increasing trend(P<0.05);whereas TC went up with the increased HbA(1c),without any significant differences between three groups.There was no significant correlation between HbA_(1c) and TG or HDL-C. With the increased level of HbA_(1c),TC/HDL-C,LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were gradually increased, with significant differences among groups(P<0.05).The lipid ratios,especially LDL-C/HDL-C ratio was more susceptible to impaired lipid metabolism in T2DM patients than individual lipid. Conclusions:LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is helpful in assessing and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by impaired lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients.

Effects of different protein and lipid levels on the growth performance and intestinal microflora of loach(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth per-formance and homeostasis of the intestinal flora in Paramisgurnus dabryanus.An 8-week 3×3 two-factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between dietary crude protein(CP:30%,35%,40%)and ether extract(EE:6%,10%,14%)on the growth rate and the intestinal microflora of P.dabryanus.A total of 2,160 fish(5.19±0.01 g)were randomly allotted to 36 aquariums each with 60 fish.Fish were fed the experimental diet twice daily.Results revealed that weight gain rate(WGR),specific growth rate(SGR),protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization significantly increased when increasing protein levels from 30%to 40%(P<0.05).Both WGR and SGR enhanced first but reduced thereafter with maximum value at 10%lipid level as dietary lipid increased from 6%to 14%(P<0.05).Significant interactions between protein and lipid were found with feed conversion rate,lipid efficiency ratio and net lipid utilization(P<0.05).At the phylum level,Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacteria;at the genus level,Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia was the dominant bacteria.Fish fed the diet containing 10%lipid had a higher abundance of Proteobacteria and unclassi-fied_f_Eenterobacteriaceae than those fed the 14%lipid diet,and a higher abundance of Rhodobacter than those fed the 6%lipid diet(P<0.05).Analysis of the predicted functions showed that metabolism in the intestine of fish in the CP40EE10 group was more active than that in CP30EE14 group.Polynomial regression analysis found that a diet containing 40.87%protein and 9.88%lipid can be considered optimal for P.dabryanus.