抗人AFP－R－LCA McAb在裸鼠人肝癌模型中放免显像及治疗

放射性核素^（１３１）Ｉ标记的抗人小扁豆凝集素结合型甲胎蛋白异质体（ＡＦＰ－Ｒ－ＬＣＡ）ＭｃＡｂ，注入荷瘤裸鼠腹腔后，能在裸鼠人肝癌模型肿瘤区积聚，其放射性核素浓度是裸鼠肝脏的５．２倍；而^（１３１）Ｉ标记的正常小鼠ＩｇＧ（ｍＩｇＧ）及游离^（１３１）Ｉ却无肿瘤区积聚，且在荷瘤裸鼠体内呈均匀分布。^（１３１）Ｉ－ＡＦＰ－Ｒ－ＬＣＡＭｃＡｂ组γ照像均显示出裸鼠人肝癌的阳性定位。用^（１３１）Ｉ－ＡＦＰ－Ｒ－ＬＣＡＭｃＡｂ治疗裸鼠人肝癌，肿瘤生长受到明显抑制（８５．０％），优于^（１３１）Ｉ－ｍＩｇＧ及游离^（１３１）Ｉ（４６．０％、２０；１％，Ｐ＜０．０５）．结果表明：ＡＦＰ－Ｒ－ＬＣＡＭｃＡｂ对人肝癌细胞有较强的亲和力和特异性，有希望成为肝癌导向研究的理想载体。

抗人C1q McAb轻链可变区基因结构特点

运用计算机进行基因序列分析在分子生物学研究中起重要作用，已被越来越多地用于研究大量累积的序列数据，获得许多重要发现。对抗人Ｃ１ｑ轻链可变基因（Ｃ１ｑＶ_Ｌ）的分析结果表明：Ｃ１ｑＶＬ属鼠ＩｇＶＫ基因家族，但与其它种属的Ｉｇ基因也显示较高同源性。它的另─个显著特点是与自身抗体编码基因高度同源。研究结果对我们进─步认识抗－Ｃ１ｑ抗体生理、病理作用具有─定价值。

PROLIFERATION OF ANTI－CD_3 McAb AND IL－2 INDUCED SPLENOCYTES AND ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF THEIR CULTURE SUPERNATANTS

The proliferation of splenocytes from health adults was induced by anti-CD3 McAb and IL-2.The proliferative potential of the splenocytes and antitumor activity of their culture supernatants of splenocytes were studied.The results showed that anti-CD3 McAb not only enhanced the proliferation of the splenocytes directly,but also enhanceil that of induced by IL-2.Their enhancing effect was more significant when the incubation time in vitro was prolonged.The culture supernatants of anti-CD3 and IL-2 induced splenocytes also had the antitumor activity and enhancing capability to the antitumor activity of LAK tells.The results suggested that LAK cells could secret lymphokine,and this effect would be synergically promoted when anti-CD3 and IL-2 were simultaneously used.

Physico－chemical characterization of the S－ and R－ lipid A derived from the natural endotoxin（lipopolysaccharide） preparation

The natural Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin(lipopolysaccharide) preparation was fractionated with organic solvents into smooth (S-) and rough(R-) fractions to prepare their corresponding lipid A moieties. The lipid A obtained from S-fraction(S-lip A) wa

RARRES2 regulates lipid metabolic reprogramming to mediate the development of brain metastasis in triple negative breast cancer

Background Triple negative breast cancer(TNBC),the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer,is characterized by a high incidence of brain metastasis(BrM)and a poor prognosis.As the most lethal form of breast cancer,BrM remains a major clinical challenge due to its rising incidence and lack of effective treatment strategies.Recent evidence suggested a potential role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBrM),but the underlying mechanisms are far from being fully elucidated.Methods Through analysis of BCBrM transcriptome data from mice and patients,and immunohistochemical validation on patient tissues,we identified and verified the specific down-regulation of retinoic acid receptor responder 2(RARRES2),a multifunctional adipokine and chemokine,in BrM of TNBC.We investigated the effect of aberrant RARRES2 expression of BrM in both in vitro and in vivo studies.Key signaling pathway components were evaluated using multi-omics approaches.Lipidomics were performed to elucidate the regulation of lipid metabolic reprogramming of RARRES2.Results We found that downregulation of RARRES2 is specifically associated with BCBrM,and that RARRES2 deficiency promoted BCBrM through lipid metabolic reprogramming.Mechanistically,reduced expression of RARRES2 in brain metastatic potential TNBC cells resulted in increased levels of glycerophospholipid and decreased levels of triacylglycerols by regulating phosphatase and tensin homologue(PTEN)-mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(SREBP1)signaling pathway to facilitate the survival of breast cancer cells in the unique brain microenvironment.Conclusions Our work uncovers an essential role of RARRES2 in linking lipid metabolic reprogramming and the development of BrM.RARRES2-dependent metabolic functions may serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for BCBrM.

Astrocytic endothelin-1 overexpression impairs learning and memory ability in ischemic stroke via altered hippocampal neurogenesis and lipid metabolism

Vascular etiology is the second most prevalent cause of cognitive impairment globally.Endothelin-1,which is produced and secreted by endothelial cells and astrocytes,is implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke.However,the way in which changes in astrocytic endothelin-1 lead to poststroke cognitive deficits following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion is not well understood.Here,using mice in which astrocytic endothelin-1 was overexpressed,we found that the selective overexpression of endothelin-1 by astrocytic cells led to ischemic stroke-related dementia(1 hour of ischemia;7 days,28 days,or 3 months of reperfusion).We also revealed that astrocytic endothelin-1 overexpression contributed to the role of neural stem cell proliferation but impaired neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus after middle cerebral artery occlusion.Comprehensive proteome profiles and western blot analysis confirmed that levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and peroxiredoxin 6,which were differentially expressed in the brain,were significantly increased in mice with astrocytic endothelin-1 overexpression in comparison with wild-type mice 28 days after ischemic stroke.Moreover,the levels of the enriched differentially expressed proteins were closely related to lipid metabolism,as indicated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry nontargeted metabolite profiling of brain tissues showed that astrocytic endothelin-1 overexpression altered lipid metabolism products such as glycerol phosphatidylcholine,sphingomyelin,and phosphatidic acid.Overall,this study demonstrates that astrocytic endothelin-1 overexpression can impair hippocampal neurogenesis and that it is correlated with lipid metabolism in poststroke cognitive dysfunction.

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia among Patients Received at the Biochemistry Unit of the Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital in Ouagadougou

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease represents a major public health burden worldwide. Research and management of risk factors contribute to the prevention of these diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in the biochemistry unit of the Charles De Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital (CHUP-CDG) in Ouagadougou. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022. Patients of all ages who performed a lipid panel in the CHUP-CDG biochemistry unit during the study period have been included. Results: A total of 2872 patients have been included. The mean age of the study population was 27.72 ± 19.51 years and the M/F sex ratio was 0.81. Among the patients, 22.84% had at least one dyslipidemia. The prevalences of hypercholesterolemia, hypo-HDL cholesterolemia and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia were 11.57%, 49.19% and 57.50% respectively. Hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia were present in 9.04% and 2.08% of patients. Hypercholesterolemia was significantly more frequent in the female sex (p = 0.0077);hyper-LDL cholesterolemia (p = 0.0255) and mixed hyperlipidemia (p Conclusion: The relatively high prevalence of dyslipidemia in the study indicates a worrying situation. It would therefore appear essential to extend the search for risk factors nationwide, particularly those that can be modified, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality linked to cardiovascular disease.

Lipid droplets in the nervous system:involvement in cell metabolic homeostasis

Lipid droplets serve as primary storage organelles for neutral lipids in neurons,glial cells,and other cells in the nervous system.Lipid droplet formation begins with the synthesis of neutral lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum.Previously,lipid droplets were recognized for their role in maintaining lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis;however,recent research has shown that lipid droplets are highly adaptive organelles with diverse functions in the nervous system.In addition to their role in regulating cell metabolism,lipid droplets play a protective role in various cellular stress responses.Furthermore,lipid droplets exhibit specific functions in neurons and glial cells.Dysregulation of lipid droplet formation leads to cellular dysfunction,metabolic abnormalities,and nervous system diseases.This review aims to provide an overview of the role of lipid droplets in the nervous system,covering topics such as biogenesis,cellular specificity,and functions.Additionally,it will explore the association between lipid droplets and neurodegenerative disorders.Understanding the involvement of lipid droplets in cell metabolic homeostasis related to the nervous system is crucial to determine the underlying causes and in exploring potential therapeutic approaches for these diseases.

Cosmetic or Dietary Vegetable Oils Sampled in the Cameroonian Market May Not Expose Consumers to Lipid Oxidation Products Generating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Vegetable oils are a source of energy, essential fatty acids, antioxidants and fat-soluble vitamins useful for human health care and development. These oils also contribute to organoleptic quality of their products’ derivatives. However, their chemical and physical properties can be modified by the mode of their extraction, storage and distribution. These modifications might negatively affect the nutritional quality of the oils. The goals of this study were to: sample different vegetable oils for cosmetic or dietary use marketed in Cameroon, and verify purity and oxidation states of each kind of oil through determination of its acidity, iodine, peroxide, saponification, refractive indexes and the conformity of the labeling. The carotene content, the level of polar components and specific absorbance were also determined. As the result, six oils namely palm, palm kernel, coconut, black cumin, peanut and shea butter were collected. Apart from labeling, chemicals and physicals parameters analyzed were generally in accordance with the Cameroonian and Codex Alimentarius standard. This study suggests that vegetable oils sampled in the Cameroonian market may not expose consumers to lipid oxidation products generating pathological oxidative stress and inflammation. However, efforts in application of existing standard need to be done as far as labeling are concerned.

Ferroptosis regulating lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world,and its occurrence and development involve complex biological processes.Iron death,as a new cell death mode,has attracted wide attention in recent years.However,the regulatory mechanism of iron death in gastric cancer and its effect on lipid peroxidation metabolism remain unclear.AIM To explore the role of iron death in the development of gastric cancer,reveal its relationship with lipid peroxidation,and provide a new theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.METHODS The process of iron death in gastric cancer cells was simulated by cell culture model,and the occurrence of iron death was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.The changes of gene expression related to iron death and lipid peroxidation metabolism were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology.In addition,a mouse model of gastric cancer was established,and the role of iron death in vivo was studied by histology and immunohistochemistry,and the level of lipid peroxidation was detected.These methods comprehensively and deeply reveal the regulatory mechanism of iron death on lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.RESULTS Iron death was significantly activated in gastric cancer cells,and at the same time,associated lipid peroxidation levels increased significantly.Through high-throughput sequencing analysis,it was found that iron death regulated the expression of several genes related to lipid metabolism.In vivo experiments demonstrated that increased iron death in gastric cancer mice was accompanied by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation.CONCLUSION This study confirmed the important role of iron death in regulating lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.The activation of iron death significantly increased lipid peroxidation levels,revealing its regulatory mechanism inside the cell.

Research progress of ferroptosis regulating lipid peroxidation and metabolism in occurrence and development of primary liver cancer

As a highly aggressive tumor,the pathophysiological mechanism of primary liver cancer has attracted much attention.In recent years,factors such as ferroptosis regulation,lipid peroxidation and metabolic abnormalities have emerged in the study of liver cancer,providing a new perspective for understanding the development of liver cancer.Ferroptosis regulation,lipid peroxidation and metabolic abnormalities play important roles in the occurrence and development of liver cancer.The regulation of ferroptosis is involved in apoptosis and necrosis,affecting cell survival and death.Lipid peroxidation promotes oxidative damage and promotes the invasion of liver cancer cells.Metabolic abnormalities,especially the disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism,directly affect the proliferation and growth of liver cancer cells.Studies of ferroptosis regulation and lipid peroxidation may help to discover new therapeutic targets and improve therapeutic outcomes.The understanding of metabolic abnormalities can provide new ideas for the prevention of liver cancer,and reduce the risk of disease by adjusting the metabolic process.This review focuses on the key roles of ferroptosis regulation,lipid peroxidation and metabolic abnormalities in this process.

Multifunctional glycolipids as multi-targeting therapeutics for neural regeneration

Many patients with neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer’s(AD)and Parkinson’s(PD)diseases suffer from disease progression without any satisfying clinical intervention,likely due to our lack of knowledge on how normal aging impacts the pathogenic mechanisms of these debilitating diseases.A growing body of literature has emerged in recent years that clearly demonstrates the involvement of glycolipids in the protein-oligomerization of neurodegenerative disorders.We hypothesize that changes in glycolipids composition are a common mechanism underlying the shift from healthy brain aging to the neuropathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases.

Effect of Maternal DEHP Exposure on Lipid Metabolism in Adult Male Rats and the Antagonistic Effect of Genistein

Lipid metabolism refers to the biochemical processes involved in synthesising,storing,utilising,and breaking down lipids in living organisms.Lipids are essential for various physiological functions,including energy storage,insulation,protection of organs,and the formation of cell membranes.Aberrations in lipid metabolism can lead to a number of health issues,such as atherosclerosis,obesity,and type 2 diabetes,etc.[1].Environmental factors,genetics,and lifestyle factors are some of the factors that can contribute to the development of dyslipidemia.Currently,there is a growing academic interest in the impact of environmental factors.

Dyslipidemia in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in a Rural Community in Ganadougou, Mali: A Cross-Sectional Study

Dyslipidemia is a disorder where abnormally lipid concentrations circulate in the bloodstream. The disorder is common in type 2 diabetics (T2D) and is linked with T2D comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia in T2D is typically characterized by elevated plasma triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. There is a significant gap in the literature regarding dyslipidemia in rural parts of Africa, where lipid profiles may not be captured through routine surveillance. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and demo-graphic profile of dyslipidemia in T2D in the rural community of Ganadougou, Mali. We performed a cross-sectional study of 104 subjects with T2D in Ganadougou between November 2021 and March 2022. Demographic and lipid profiles were collected through cross-sectional surveys and serological analyses. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in T2D patients was 87.5% (91/104), which did not differ by sex (P = .368). High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was the most common lipid abnormality (78.9%, [82/104]). Dyslipidemia was associated with age and hypertension status (P = .013 and.036, respectively). High total and high LDL-C parameters were significantly associated with hypertension (P = .029 and .006, respectively). In low-resource settings such as rural Mali, there is a critical need to improve infrastructure for routine dyslipidemia screening to guide its prevention and intervention approaches. The high rates of dyslipidemia observed in Gandadougou, consistent with concomitant increases in cardiovascular diseases in Africa suggest that lipid profile assessments should be incorporated into routine medical care for T2D patients in African rural settings.

Assessment of post-myocardial infarction lipid levels and management:Results from a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan

BACKGROUND Lipid treatment practices and levels in post-acute myocardial infarction(AMI)patients,which are crucial for secondary prevention.AIM To evaluate the lipid treatment practices and lipid levels in post-myocardial infarction(MI)patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.METHODS In this cross-sectional study,we analyzed patients who had experienced their first AMI event in the past 3 years.We assessed fasting and non-fasting lipid profiles,reviewed statin therapy prescriptions,and examined patient compliance.The recommended dose was defined as rosuvastatin≥20 mg or atorvastatin≥40 mg,with target total cholesterol levels set at<160 mg/dL and target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)at<55 mg/dL.RESULTS Among 195 patients,71.3%were male,and the mean age was 57.1±10.2 years.The median duration since AMI was 36(interquartile range:10-48)months and 60% were diagnosed with ST-segment elevation MI.Only 13.8% of patients were advised to undergo lipid profile testing after AMI,88.7% of patients were on the recommended statin therapy,and 91.8% of patients were compliant with statin therapy.Only 11.5% had LDL-C within the target range and 71.7% had total cholesterol within the target range.Hospital admission in the past 12 months was reported by 14.4%,and the readmission rate was significantly higher among non-compliant patients(37.5%vs 5.6%).Subsequent AMI event rate was also significantly higher among non-compliant patients(43.8%vs 11.7%).CONCLUSION Our study highlights that while most post-AMI patients received the recommended minimum statin therapy dose,the inadequate practice of lipid assessment may compromise therapy optimization and raise the risk of subsequent events.

Supplementation of alanine improves biomass accumulation and lipid production of Chlorella pyrenoidosa by increasing the respiratory and metabolic processes

The function of exogenous alanine(Ala)in regulating biomass accumulation,lipid production,photosynthesis,and respiration in Chlorella pyrenoidosa was studied.Result shows that the supplementation of Ala increased C.pyrenoidosa biomass and lipid production in an 8-d batch culture.The concentration of 10 mmol/L of Ala was optimum and increased the microalgal cell biomass and lipid content by 39.3%and 21.4%,respectively,compared with that in the control(0-mmol/L Ala).Ala supplementation reduced photosynthetic activity while boosting respiratory activity and pyruvate levels,indicating that C.pyrenoidosa used exogenous Ala for biomass accumulation through the respiratory metabolic process.The accelerated respiratory metabolism due to Ala supplementation elevated the substrate pool and improved the lipogenic gene expression,promoting lipid production at last.This study provided a novel method for increasing biomass accumulation and lipid production and elucidated the role of Ala in regulating lipid production.

Lipid concentration and composition in xylem sap of woody angiosperms from a tropical savanna and a seasonal rainforest

Lipids may play an important role in preventing gas embolisms by coating nanobubbles in xylem sap.Few studies on xylem sap lipids have been reported for temperate plants,and it remain unclear whether sap lipids have adaptational significance in tropical plants.In this study,we quantify the lipid composition of xylem sap for angiosperm species from a tropical savanna(seven species)and a seasonal rainforest(five species)using mass spectrometry.We found that all twelve species studied contained lipids in their xylem sap,including galactolipids,phospholipids and triacylglycerol,with a total lipid concentration ranging from 0.09 to 0.26 nmol/L.There was no difference in lipid concentration or composition between plants from the two sites,and the lipid concentration was negatively related to species’open vessel volume.Furthermore,savanna species showed little variation in lipid composition between the dry and the rainy season.These results support the hypothesis that xylem sap lipids are derived from the cytoplasm of individual conduit cells,remain trapped inside individual conduits,and undergo few changes in composition over consecutive seasons.A xylem sap lipidomic data set,which includes 12 tropical tree species from this study and 11 temperate tree species from literature,revealed no phylogenetic signals in lipid composition for these species.This study fills a knowledge gap in the lipid content of xylem sap in tropical trees and provides additional support for their common distribution in xylem sap of woody angiosperms.It appears that xylem sap lipids have no adaptive significance.

Effects of Poria cocos polysaccharide on growth performance,physiological parameters,and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus

The aquaculture industry has developed significantly over the past few decades and has had a substantial impact on the global food supply and marine fisheries resources.However,some problems arise behind the scenes due to excessive intensive farming,such as slow animal growth,frequent disease,and lipid metabolism disorders.These problems have limited the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry,and a continuable solution is required.The use of fungal polysaccharide appears to provide a solution to these problems.Therefore,different supplemented levels of Poria cocos polysaccharide(PCP)(0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,and 2.0 g/kg,respectively)were fed to spotted sea bass(Lateolabrax maculatus)in similar size(30.28±0.18 g)in current study.The effects of PCP on growth,physiological parameters,and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass were investigated after a 4-week rearing period.Results showed,fish with PCP intake presented a significantly higher weight gain,specific growth rate,and a significantly lower feed conversion ratio.Significantly higher trypsin activity in liver and intestine were observed in fish with PCP intake.The superoxide dismutase activity in serum and liver of fish with PCP intake were significantly improved,while significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity and hepatic catalase activity were also observed.However,no significant differences in lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activity were evident among groups.Fish with PCP intake showed a significantly lower total cholesterol,but no noteworthy change in triglyceride and lipid-metabolismrelated genes expression were observed among groups.Results indicated that intake of PCP has a positive effect on growth and antioxidant capacity of spotted sea bass,but seems to have a limited effect on the non-specific immunity and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass.Based on the regression analysis results,1.4 g/kg of PCP is the optimal dose for spotted sea bass in size(30.28±0.18 g).

Molecular dynamics simulations on the interactions between nucleic acids and a phospholipid bilayer

Recently,lipid nanoparticles(LNPs)have been extensively investigated as non-viral carriers of nucleic acid vaccines due to their high transport efficiency,safety,and straightforward production and scalability.However,the molecular mechanism underlying the interactions between nucleic acids and phospholipid bilayers within LNPs remains elusive.In this study,we employed the all-atom molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the interactions between single-stranded nucleic acids and a phospholipid bilayer.Our findings revealed that hydrophilic bases,specifically G in single-stranded RNA(ssRNA)and single-stranded DNA(ssDNA),displayed a higher propensity to form hydrogen bonds with phospholipid head groups.Notably,ssRNA exhibited stronger binding energy than ssDNA.Furthermore,divalent ions,particularly Ca2+,facilitated the binding of ssRNA to phospholipids due to their higher binding energy and lower dissociation rate from phospholipids.Overall,our study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nucleic acidphospholipid interactions,with potential implications for the nucleic acids in biotherapies,particularly in the context of lipid carriers.

Barley Protein LFBEP-C1 from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum dy-1 Fermented Barley Extracts by Inhibiting Lipid Accumulation in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Objective This study aimed to investigate the lipid-lowering activity of LFBEP-C1 in high glucose-fed Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans).Methods In this study,the fermented barley protein LFBEP-C1 was prepared and tested for its potential anti-obesity effects on C.elegans.The worms were fed Escherichia coli OP50(E.coli OP50),glucose,and different concentrations of LFBEP-C1.Body size,lifespan,movement,triglyceride content,and gene expression were analyzed.The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test.Results Compared with the model group,the head-swing frequency of C.elegans in the group of LFBEP-C1 at 20μg/mL increased by 33.88%,and the body-bending frequency increased by 27.09%.This indicated that LFBEP-C1 improved the locomotive ability of C.elegans.The average lifespan of C.elegans reached 13.55 days,and the body length and width of the C.elegans decreased after LFBEP-C1 intake.Additionally,LFBEP-C1 reduced the content of lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels.The expression levels of sbp-1,daf-2,and mdt-15 significantly decreased,while those of daf-16,tph-1,mod-1,and ser-4 significantly increased after LFBEP-C1 intake.Changes in these genes explain the signaling pathways that regulate lipid metabolism.Conclusion LFBEP-C1 significantly reduced lipid deposition in C.elegans fed a high-glucose diet and alleviated the adverse effects of a high-glucose diet on the development,lifespan,and exercise behavior of C.elegans.In addition,LFBEP-C1 regulated lipid metabolism mainly by mediating the expression of genes in the sterol regulatory element-binding protein,insulin,and 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling pathways.