Primary acinic cell carcinoma of the breast: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND In the current World Health Organization classification,acinic cell carcinoma(AcCC)of the breast is considered a rare histological subtype of triple-negative breast cancer.Because of the few reports in the literature,data concerning clinical outcomes are limited.Here,we report a case of AcCC of the breast in a 48-year-old woman.A 48-year-old woman with a mass in her right breast came to our hospital for further diagnosis.Mammography and an ultrasound(US)scan showed a mass in the upper inner side of the right breast.She then underwent surgery to resect the mass in her right breast.Postoperative pathological examination revealed that the tumor had abundant acinar-like structures formed by tumor cells with prominent eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm,consistent with acinar cell carcinoma.The results of immunohistochemical analysis supported the diagnosis of breast acinar cell carcinoma.Two months later,she underwent breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy.The pTNM stage was T2N0M0.After surgery,the patient received 30 radiotherapy sessions.The patient was followed up for a period of one year,and no recurrence was found.AcCC of the breast is a rare type of malignant tumor.Because it is usually asym-ptomatic and can be detected by imaging studies,routine breast US or mamm-ograms are important.However,there are no characteristic diagnostic imaging findings or clinical manifestations,so immunohistochemical examination is critical for an accurate diagnosis of AcCC of the breast.

Polo-like kinase 1 as a biomarker predicts the prognosis and immunotherapy of breast invasive carcinoma patients

Invasive breast carcinoma(BRCA)is associated with poor prognosis and high risk of mortality.Therefore,it is critical to identify novel biomarkers for the prognostic assessment of BRCA.Methods:The expression data of polo-like kinase 1(PLK1)in BRCA and the corresponding clinical information were extracted from TCGA and GEO databases.PLK1 expression was validated in diverse breast cancer cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and western blotting.Single sample gene set enrichment analysis(ssGSEA)was performed to evaluate immune infiltration in the BRCA microenvironment,and the random forest(RF)and support vector machine(SVM)algorithms were used to screen for the hub infiltrating cells and calculate the immunophenoscore(IPS).The RF algorithm and COX regression model were applied to calculate survival risk scores based on the PLK1 expression and immune cell infiltration.Finally,a prognostic nomogram was constructed with the risk score and pathological stage,and its clinical potential was evaluated by plotting calibration charts and DCA curves.The application of the nomogram was further validated in an immunotherapy cohort.Results:PLK1 expression was significantly higher in the tumor samples in TCGA-BRCA cohort.Furthermore,PLK1 expression level,age and stage were identified as independent prognostic factors of BRCA.While the IPS was unaffected by PLK1 expression,the TMB and MATH scores were higher in the PLK1-high group,and the TIDE scores were higher for the PLK1-low patients.We also identified 6 immune cell types with high infiltration,along with 11 immune cell types with low infiltration in the PLK1-high tumors.A risk score was devised using PLK1 expression and hub immune cells,which predicted the prognosis of BRCA patients.In addition,a nomogram was constructed based on the risk score and pathological staging,and showed good predictive performance.Conclusions:PLK1 expression and immune cell infiltration can predict post-immunotherapy prognosis of BRCA patients.

Invasive breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells:A case report

BACKGROUND Invasive breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells(OGCs) is an extremely rare morphology of breast carcinomas.To the best of our knowledge,the most recent case report describing this rare pathology was published six years ago.The mechanism controlling the development of this unique histological formation is still unknown.Further,the prognosis of patients with OGC involvement is also controversial.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 48-year-old woman,who presented to the outpatient department with a palpable,growing,painless mass in her left breast for about one year.Sonography and mammography revealed a 26.5 mm ×18.8 mm asymmetric,lobular mass with circumscribed margin and the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System was category 4C.Sono-guided aspiration biopsy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma.The patient underwent breast conserving surgery and was diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma with OGCs,grade Ⅱ,with intermediate grade of ductal carcinoma in situ(ER:80%,3+,PR:80%,3+,HER-2:negative,Ki 67:30%).Adjuvant chemotherapy and post-operation radiotherapy were initiated thereafter.CONCLUSION As a rare morphology of breast cancer,breast carcinoma with OGC occurs most often in relatively young women,has less lymph node involvement,and its occurrence is not racedependent.

Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma is classified as a rare type of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast by the 2012 WHO pathological and genetic classification criteria for breast tumors,which takes hyperplastic spindle cells as the main component and is often misdiagnosed as benign stromal proliferative lesions or benign mesenchymal tumors of the breast because of its mild morphology.Here,we collected the clinical data of 2 cases of fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast and performed pathomorphological observation and immunohistochemical staining of the surgically resected specimens.According to the clinical features,imaging features,immunophenotype,diagnosis and differential diagnosis of 2 cases of fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast,it was further differentiated.CASE SUMMARY Case 1:A 56-year-old postmenopausal female was admitted due to"right breast mass for over 1 year and local ulceration for over 1 mo".Physical examination showed a mass with a diameter of 4.5 cm×5.5 cm palpable at 2.5 cm from the nipple at 1 o'clock in the right breast.The skin on the surface of the mass ruptured about 3 cm,with a small amount of exudation and bleeding,less clear boundary,hard texture,fair activity,without obvious tenderness.No obvious abnormality was palpable in the left breast.No enlarged lymph nodes were palpable in the bilateral axillae and bilateral supraclavicular region.After removing the mass tissue,it was promptly sent to the pathology department for examination.Case 2:Female,52-years-old,premenopausal,admitted due to"right breast mass for more than 3 mo".Physical examination showed a 4.0 cm×4.0 cm diameter mass palpable at 2.0 cm of the nipple in the lower outer 7 o'clock direction of the right breast,with less clear boundary,hard texture,fair activity,no significant tenderness,no palpable significant abnormalities in the left breast,and no palpable enlarged lymph nodes in the bilateral axillae and bilateral supraclavicular region.The mass was resected and sent for pathological examination.Postoperative pathological examination revealed fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast in both patient 1 and patient 2.No systemic therapy and local radiotherapy were performed after surgery,and no tumor recurrence or metastasis was observed.CONCLUSION Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype of metaplastic carcinoma that is often misdiagnosed,and the diagnosis relies on medical history collection,complete sampling,and full use of immunohistochemical assessment.The risk of lymph node and distant metastasis is low,and the current treatment is based on complete surgical resection.The efficacy of systemic radiotherapy and chemotherapy is not clear.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma with synchronous breast metastasis:A case report

BACKGROUND Recent reports have described cases of metachronous breast metastasis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.However,no similar cases of synchronous breast metastasis have been reported,and evidence that can be used to support the clinical diagnosis of stage IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma in patients with concurrent breast metastasis remains lacking.Therefore,additional evidence is required to elucidate the clinical characteristics of this condition and aid in the development of optimal management strategies.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 46-year-old woman who visited our hospital with a right breast mass as the first symptom.The first pathological biopsy report suggested triple-negative breast invasive carcinoma.Subsequent imaging revealed a nasopharyngeal mass.Further puncture biopsy of the nasopharyngeal mass,molecular pathological Epstein–Barr virus in situ hybridization,and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with breast metastasis.The patient did not undergo a mastectomy and achieved complete remission after chemotherapy and radiotherapy.She continued to receive oral chemotherapy as maintenance therapy and experienced no recurrence or metastasis during the 6-month follow-up period.CONCLUSION This case report suggests that breast specialists should carefully rule out secondary breast cancers when diagnosing and treating breast masses.Furthermore,clinicians should aim to identify the pathological type of the tumor to obtain the most accurate diagnosis and prevent excessive diagnosis and treatment.

Bilateral Breast Cancer with a Unilateral Lipid-rich Carcinoma:A Case Report

Case ReportA 38-year old female patient was hospitalized on the 10th of December, 2006 as she had noted a lump in her right breast for 3 months. Her past medi. cal history indicated that, because of a left-breast carcinoma complex, she had undergone a radical operation for a left-sided mastocarcinoma on the 20th, October, 2002, in Xiangya Hospital, Chasha. She received 5-course postoperative chemotherapy （i.e. CAF regimen）, and one course of radiotherpy on the left supraclavicular and left parasternal region. There was no medical record of breast cancer in her familv.

The Immuno-fluorescence Quantity Analysis of α-Tubulin and γ-Tubulin Protein in Precancerous Lesion and Carcinoma of the Breast and Its Significance

OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes and values of the expression of α-tubulin and γ-tubulin in atypical ductal hyperplasia （ADH）, ductal carcinoma in situ （DCIS） and invasive ductal carcinoma （IDC） of the breast. The relationship between centrosome abnormalities and breast tumor development was further discussed. METHODS There were three groups including ADH, DCIS and IDC with 30 cases in each group. They were analyzed by immuno-fiuorescence quantity analysis. The expression levels of α-tubulin and γ-tubulin protein in these tissues were detected by flow cytometry immuno-fiuorescence analysis and compared with the results from normal tissues. Immunohistochemistry was also performed in this research. RESULTS The results showed significant differences of the average of the positive （FITC labeled） cells （P=0.000） among the four groups. The level of the IDC group was the highest, while normal breast tissue showed the lowest level. The results suggested that the expression levels of α-tubulin and γ-tubulin both increased as the grade of cellular proliferation and differentiation increased. The expressions showed significant differences among all the groups, except between the ADH and DCIS. There were no significant differences between α-tubulin and γ-tubulin expression in each group （P〈0.05）, as there was agreement in the immuno-fluorescence and immunohistochemical analysis for protein expression. CONCLUSION There is abnormal expression of centrosome tubulin as an early event in the development of breast tumor. Furthermore these aberrations may play a key role during oncogenesis and promote cellular transformation to malignancy. The immuno-fiuorescence quantitive analysis and immunohistochemistry can complement each other.

Expression of Presenilin-2 and Glutathione S Transferase π and Their Clinical Significance in Breast Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma

To investigate the expressions of presenilin-2 (PS2) and glutathione Stransferase π (GSTπ) and their roles in prognosis and therapy of breast infiltrating ductalcarcinoma. Methods: The paraffin-embedded specimens of 210 patients with breast infiltrating ductalcarcinoma were examined by using LSAB immunohistochemistry for the expression of PS2 and GSTπ.Results: The expression rate of PS2 and GSTπ was 49.5% (104/210) and 48.1% (101/210) respectively.The 5-year and 10-year postoperative survival rates in 4 groups, from high to low, were group 1 (PS2positive expression/GSTπ negative expression), group 2 (PS2 positive expression/GSTπ positiveexpression), group 3 (PS2 negative expression/GSTπ negative expression) and group 4 (PS2 negativeexpression/GSTπ positive expression) in turn. Conclusion: The prognosis of the group 1 was thebest, followed by the group 2, group 3 and group 4 in turn. These results suggested that thereasonable use of endocrinotherapy and chemotherapy for patients with breast infiltrating ductalcarcinoma is necessary.

Clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics of 44 patients with pure secretory breast carcinoma

Objective: Secretory breast carcinoma(SBC) is a rare type of breast malignancy, accounting for less than 0.02% of all infiltrating breast malignancies. The pure SBC, a type of SBC without another type of breast malignant neoplasm, is particularly rare. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic and molecular features of pure SBC.Methods: The main pathological parameters such as estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor(PR), and human epithelial growth factor receptor 2(C-erbB-2) were detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC), and the clinicopathologic and prognostic difference were compared with invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC). Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to identify the ETV6-NTRK3 rearrangement of SBC.Results: We found that the positivity rates of ER, PR, C-erbB-2, p53, and S-100 were 47.7%(21/44), 52.3%(23/44), 36.4%(16/44), 27.3%(12/44), and 95.5%(42/44), respectively, which were higher than those reported in previous studies. Special periodic acid-Schiff analysis was performed in 36 patients, and the value of the Ki-67 index ranged from 1% to 50%(mean value:10%). Interestingly, most patients with pure SBC harbored an ETV6-NTRK3 rearrangement with an 88.6%(39/44) expression rate. Compared with IDC, the tumor size of most patients with SBC was larger than 2 cm(P = 0.024). Ultrasound showed benign lesions, and the total misdiagnosis rate was higher(P = 0.020). Although the pathological classification was mostly triple-negative breast cancers(P = 0.036), there was less metastasis(P = 0.029), and the overall prognosis was better than that of the IDC group.Conclusions: Although axillary lymph node metastasis, local recurrence, or distant metastasis may occur, SBC is also considered an indolent neoplasm with a good prognosis. Once diagnosed, surgical treatment should be performed as soon as possible,followed by appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy, irradiation, and endocrine therapies.

Diffusion-tensor imaging as an adjunct to dynamic contrastenhanced MRI for improved accuracy of differential diagnosis between breast ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast carcinoma

Objective： To determine the value of diffusion-tensor imaging （DTI） as an adjunct to dynamic contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging （DCE-MRI） for improved accuracy of differential diagnosis between breast ductal carcinoma in situ （DCIS） and invasive breast carcinoma （IBC）. Methods： The MRI data of 63 patients pathologically confirmed as breast cancer were analyzed. The conventional MRI analysis metrics included enhancement style, initial enhancement characteristic, maximum slope of increase, time to peak, time signal intensity curve （TIC） pattern, and signal intensity on FS- T2WI. The values of apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC）, directionally-averaged mean diffusivity （D^vg）, exponential attenuation （EA）, fractional anisotropy （FA）, volume ratio （VR） and relative anisotropy （RA） were calculated and compared between DCIS and IBC. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent factors for distinguishing IBC and DCIS. The diagnostic performance of the diagnosis equation was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve. The diagnostic efficacies of DCE- MRI, DWI and DTI were compared independently or combined. Results： EA value, lesion enhancement style and TIC pattern were identified as independent factor for differential diagnosis of IBC and DCIS. The combination diagnosis showed higher diagnostic efficacy than a single use of DCE-MRI （P=0.02）, and the area of the curve was improved from 0.84 （95% CI, 0.67-0.99） to 0.94 （95% CI, 0.85-1.00）. Conclusions： Quantitative DTI measurement as an adjunct to DCE-MRI could improve the diagnostic performance of differential diagnosis between DCIS and IBC compared to a single use of DCE-MRI.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of breast: Recent advances

Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC) of the breast is a rare special subtype of breast cancer characterized by the presence of a dual cell population of luminal and basaloid cells arranged in specific growth patterns. Most breast cancers with triple-negative, basal-like breast features(i.e., tumors that are devoid of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression, and express basal cell markers) are generally high-grade tumors with an aggressive clinical course. Conversely, while ACCs also display a triple-negative, basal-like phenotype, they are usually low-grade and exhibit an indolent clinical behavior. Many discoveries regarding the molecular and genetic features of the ACC, including a specific chromosomal translocation t(6;9) that results in a MYB-NFIB fusion gene, have been made in recent years. This comprehensive review provides our experience with ACC of the breast, as well as an overview of clinical, histopathological, and molecular genetic features.

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the breast presenting as breast abscess

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma(LELC) is a rare type of neoplasm in which only twenty cases have been reported in the breast. This type of tumor can be difficult to distinguish from other breast tumors particularly medullary carcinoma and lymphoma in the breast. We present a case of LELC of the breast presenting as an abscess along with a review of the literature. This is the 21 st reported case of LELC of the breast and the first case to present as an abscess. Her clinical picture could have been mistaken for other infectious or inflammatory diseases. Given the potential for favorable outcome, early detection and general knowledge of this neoplasm are essential to expedite treatment for this rare tumor type.

Pure Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast:a Clinicopathologic Analysis with 56 Patients

Objective To assess recent trends and prognostic features in the treatment of pure mucinous carcinoma(PMC) of the breast.Methods Fifty-six patients diagnosed with PMC of the breast in our hospital from December 1982 to June 2008 were included.We evaluated the general information and tumor characteristics of the patients,examined the relationship between these factors and prognosis.Fisher's exact test was applied to analyze tumor characteristics.Results The mean age of the patients was 53.7 years.The majority of the patients presented with early stage disease.Tumor size was found not a significant prognostic factor in this study.Mean follow-up period was 39 months and no breast cancer-related deaths were identified in the patient cohort.Conclusions PMC of the breast has a favorable prognosis.Tumor size does not appear to significantly impact survival.

Breast-conserving therapy and modified radical mastectomy for primary breast carcinoma:a matched comparative study

Background- To compare two types of therapy for primary breast carcinoma, breast-conserving therapy （BCT） and modified radical mastectomy （MRM）, in a matched cohort study. Methods： A series of 1,746 patients with primary breast cancer treated with BCT or MRM in a single Chinese institute between January 2000 and February 2009 were analyzed retrospectively to compare their outcomes with respect to the incidence of local recurrence （LR）, distant metastasis, and survival. The patients were matched with regard to age at diagnosis, spreading to axillary lymph nodes, hormone receptor status, the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and maximal tumor diameter. The match ratio was 1：1, and each arm included 873 patients. Results： The median follow-up period was 71 months. The 6-year disease-free survival （DFS） and 6-year distant disease-free survival （DDFS） rates differed significantly between two groups. The 6-year local recurrence-free survival （LRFS） rates were 98.2% [95% confidence interval （CI）： 0.973-0.989] in the BCT group and 98.7% （95% CI： 0.980-0.994） in the MRM group （P=0.182）, respectively. DFS rates in BCT and MRM groups were 91.3% （95% CI： 0.894-0.932） and 86.3% （95% CI： 0.840-0.886） （P〈0.001）, respectively, whereas the DDFS rates in BCT and MRM groups were 93.6% （95% CI： 0.922-0.950） and 87.7% （95% CI： 0.854-0.900） （P〈0.001）, respectively. Conclusions： BCT in eligible patients is as effective as MRM with respect to local tumor control, DFS and DDFS, and may result in a better outcome than MRM in Chinese primary breast cancer patients.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of Breast

Objective： To detect the expression of VEGF and MVD count in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast to clarify the association of VEGF expression and MVD count with the clinicopathologic features. Methods： The expressions of VEGF, ER, PR, C-erbB-2 and MVD count in 88 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of breast were examined by immunohistochemistry staining （SP-method）. Results： Sixty-two out of the eighty-eight specimens of breast carcinoma （70.45%） showed positive expression of VEGF. The positive rate of VEGF in cases with lymph node metastasis was higher than that without lymph node metastasis （P〈0.05）. The positive rate of VEGF in stage IIb-Ⅲ was higher than that in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱa （P〈0.05）. The positive rate of VEGF in C-erbB-2 positive group was higher than that in C-erbB-2 negative group （P〈0.05）. Higher expression of VEGF was observed in cases with higher tissue differentiation degree （P〈0.05）. Also, significant higher MVD count was observed in cases with higher tissue differentiation degree （P〈0.01）. The MVD count increased significantly with the increase of the expression of VEGF （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： The result of this study suggested that in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast, angiogenesis and metastasis were mediated mainly by VEGF. The expression of VEGF and MVD might be reference predictors for the biological behavior of breast carcinoma. The antiangiogenic therapy which used VEGF as a target would become a new method to treat patients who were C-erbB-2 positive in the future.

Papillary carcinoma of breast: Minireview

The term "intracystic papillary ductal carcinoma in situ " constitutes only 0.5% to 1% of all breast cancers.It is usually seen in postmenopausal age group.Herein,we are presenting a minireview about this unusual breast malignancy usually difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds and highlighting modalities of diagnosis and management.

18β-glycyrrhetinic Acid-induced Apoptosis and Relation with Intracellular Ca^2＋ Release in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells

Objective:To study the effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on proliferation inhibition, apop totic induction, and the relationship between GA-induced apoptosis and intracellular Ca2+ concentration in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Methods: After MCF-7 cells were treated with GA at the concentrations from 50 μmol/L to 250 μmol/L for 24 h, cell viability of proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. After the cells were treated with 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L, and 200 μmol/L GA for 24 h, the rates of cell apoptosis were examined by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling method and flow cytometry with Annexin V/propidium iodide fluorescent stain. After the cells treated with 150 μmol/L GA for 24 h, intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured by Fure-2 fluorescein load method. Results: After the cells were treated with GA at the concentrations from 100 μmol/L to 250 μmol/L, the rates of proliferative inhibition were increased significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.01) in a dose dependent fashion. IC50 of the proliferation inhibition was 234.33 μmol/L. Treated with 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L, and 200 μmol/L, the rates of cell apoptosis were increased significantly (P<0.01). Intracellular Ca2+ concentration after treatment with GA was higher evidently than that of control (P<0.05). Conclusion: 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid has the effects of the proliferation inhibition and the apoptotic induction on MCF-7 cells. The rise of intracellular Ca2+ level may be depended on apoptosis induced by GA in MCF-7 cells.

MicroRNA and histopathological characterization of pure mucinous breast carcinoma

Objective: Pure mucinous breast carcinoma (PMBC) is an uncommon histological type of breast cancer characterized by a large amount of mucin production. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a large class of small noncoding RNA of about 22 nt involved in the regulation of various biological processes. This study aims to identify the miRNA expression profile in PMBC. Methods: MiRNA expression profiles in 11 PMBCs were analyzed by miRNA-microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty-one PMBCs and 27 invasive ductal carcinoma of no special types (IDC-NSTs) were assessed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against ER, PR-progesterone receptor, HER2, Ki-67, Bcl-2, p53, PCNA, and CK5 and 6. Results: We analyzed the miRNA expression in 11 PMBCs and corresponding normal tissues using miRNA-microarray and real-time PCR, and found that miR-143 and miR-224-5p were significantly downregulated in mucinous carcinoma tissue. Compared with IDC-NSTs, PMBC showed a significantly higher ER positive rate, lower HER-2 positive rate, and lower cell proliferation rates. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the miRNA expression profile of PMBC, and our findings may lead to further understanding of this type of breast cancer.

Establishment of VX2 breast carcinoma model in rabbit by injecting tumor mass suspension

Objective: To establish a stable model of VX2 breast carcinoma in rabbit and select the optimal way. Methods: Thirty female New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 in each. Tumor cell suspensions or tumor mass suspensions were injected into breast tissues of rabbits of group A and B, respectively. Tumor blocks were surgically implanted in rabbit breasts of group C. Tumor formation rate, tumor growth rate, and tumor-bearing survival time was compared, and the histological feature of tumor was observed. Results: Models were established conveniently and successfully in rabbits received injection of tumor mass suspensions. Tumor proliferated rapidly with the biological feature of squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: VX2 breast carcinoma model in rabbit was established successfully. Intramammary injection of tumor mass suspension is the best method.

Tumor characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ of breast visualized on [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography: Results from a retrospective study

AIM To clarify clinicopathological features of ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) visualized on [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucosepositron emission tomography/computed tomography(FDG-PET/CT).METHODS This study retrospectively reviewed 52 consecutive tumors in 50 patients with pathologically proven pure DCIS who underwent [F-18] FDG-PET/CT before surgery. [F-18] FDG-PET/CT was performed after biopsy in all patients. The mean interval from biopsy to [F-18] FDGPET/CT was 29.2 d. [F-18] FDG uptake by visual analysis and maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax) was compared with clinicopathological characteristics.RESULTS[F-18] FDG uptake was visualized in 28 lesions(53.8%) and the mean and standard deviation of SUVmax was 1.63 and 0.90. On univariate analysis, visual analysis and the SUVmax were associated with symptomatic presentation(P = 0.012 and 0.002, respectively), palpability(P = 0.030 and 0.024, respectively), use of core-needle biopsy(CNB)(P = 0.023 and 0.012, respectively), ultrasound-guided biopsy(P = 0.040 and 0.006, respectively), enhancing lesion ≥ 20 mm on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)(P = 0.001 and 0.010, respectively), tumor size ≥ 20 mm on histopathology(P = 0.002 and 0.008, respectively). However, [F-18] FDG uptake parameters were not significantly associated with age, presence of calcification on mammography, mass formation on MRI, presence of comedo necrosis, hormone status(estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2), and nuclear grade. The factors significantly associated with visual analysis and SUVmax were symptomatic presentation(P = 0.019 and 0.001, respectively), use of CNB(P = 0.001 and 0.031, respectively), and enhancing lesion ≥ 20 mm on MRI(P = 0.001 and 0.049, respectively) on multivariate analysis.CONCLUSION Although DCIS of breast is generally non-avid tumor, symptomatic and large tumors(≥ 20 mm) tend to be visualized on [F-18] FDG-PET/CT.