Effects of a liquid lithium curtain as the first wall in a fusion reactor plasma

This paper explores the effect of a liquid lithium curtain on fusion reactor plasma, such curtain is utilized as the first wall for the engineering outline design of the Fusion Experimental Breeder （FEB-E）. The relationships between the surface temperature of a liquid lithium curtain and the effective plasma charge, fuel dilution and fusion power production have been derived. Results indicate that under normal operation, the evaporation of liquid lithium does not seriously affect the effective plasma charge, but effects on fuel dilution and fusion power are more sensitive. As an example, it has investigated the relationships between the liquid lithium curtain flow velocity and the rise of surface temperature based on operation scenario II of the FEB-E design with reversed shear configuration and high power density. Results show that even if the liquid lithium curtain flow velocity is as low as 0.5 m/s, the effects of evaporation from the liquid lithium curtain on plasma are negligible. In the present design, the sputtering of liquid lithium curtain and the particle removal effects of the divertor are not yet considered in detail. Further studies are in progress, and in this work implication of lithium erosion and divertor physics on fusion reactor operation are discussed.

Hydrogen Isotopes Recovery from Liquid Lithium under Dynamic Conditions

In the IFMIF （International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility）, high-intensity deuteron ion beam is targeted at flowing liquid Li to produce neutron for long-time irradiation test of fusion materials. Radioactive tritium （T） will be produced as by-product of the D-Li reaction. Y hot trap is expected as an effective system to recover T from the liquid Li target loop. In the present study, absorption behavior of hydrogen isotopes in Y plates is experimentally and analytically investigated under stirring conditions of liquid Li. Experiments clarified that H2 absorption rates of solid Y immersed in Li are independent of the rotating rate in the range of 0 to 100 rpm and are in proportion to the inlet H2 concentration. The rate-determining step is H diffusion in Y. A mass-transfer coefficient is a useful parameter to correlate the overall H transfer from the gaseous phase through liquid Li to the solid Y plate. The effect of activation temperature on the overall performance when Y absorbs H is comparatively investigated. It is considered that heating at 673 K is effective to activate Y along with HF treatment.

Experimental evidence for temperature ef f ect on energy loss of low-energy D^+ in liquid lithium

In order to investigate the temperature effect on the stopping power of liquid lithium material for keV D＋, the excitation functions of the α-particle yields for the 6Li（d,α）4He reaction in liquid lithium （495-600 K） have been measured for the bombarding energies from 50 to 70 keV by 2.5 keV steps. The observations show that the thick-target α-yield increases statistically as lithium temperature increases. These phenomena revealed that the only possible reason is a temperature effect on the stopping power, i.e., increasing temperature resulting in a lower stopping power. As the lithium temperature increased from 495 to 600 K, the energy loss of deuterons decreased about 6.7% in the energy region of E〈70 keV.

Ionic liquid-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of SnS nanoparticles:Electrode materials for lithium batteries,photoluminescence and photocatalytic activities

Tin mono-sulphide（Sn S） nanoparticles（Nps） have been successfully synthesised through ionic liquid assisted hydrothermal method using hydrated tin（II） chloride as a precursor, thiourea as sulphur source precursors using 2-Methoxy ethyl methyl imidazolium methane sulfonate ionic liquid as co-solvent. The Reitveld refinement on powder X-ray diffraction（PXRD） confirmed the presence of orthorhombic Sn S structure as major phase along with traces amount of Sn S2 and Sn2 S3. Diffuse reflectance spectrum studies revealed the energy band gap around 1.38 e V. TEM images confirmed the Sn S Nps with average particle size of 40 nm and HRTEM suggest good crystallinity. The electrochemical property for lithium storage behaviour shows an initial discharge capacity of 658 m Ah/g and it retains discharge capacity of 426 m Ah/g for 16 cycles, at current density 100 m A/g. The obtained results indicate that Sn S Nps to be one of the possible promising anode materials for next generation Lithium batteries. Photoluminescence study of Sn S Nps shows a strong green emission at 530 nm. Sn S Nps were also tested for the photocatalytic adsorption of methylene blue and Rhodamine B.

Safety Assessment of Ionic Liquid-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Prototypes

In this paper we report the results of combined cycle- and life-aging and abuse tests carried out under severe conditions on Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 lithium-ion stacked prototypes using a PYR14 FSI-LiTFSI ionic liquid electrolyte. No relevant degradation phenomena took place within ionic liquid electrolyte during prolonged inactivity period or overcharging. No fire/explosion or venting event as well as no gas development occurred during abuse tests, which led only to modest raise in temperature. Therefore, electrodes based on Li4Ti5O12 and LiFePO4 active materials can be favorably combined with non-volatile and non-flammable pyrrolidinium FSI ionic liquid electrolytes to realize highly safe lithium-ion battery systems.

Tuning hybrid liquid/solid electrolytes by lowering Li salt concentration for lithium batteries

Hybrid liquid/solid electrolytes（HLSEs） consisting of conventional organic liquid electrolyte（LE）, polyacrylonitrile（PAN）, and ceramic lithium ion conductor Li（1.5）Al（0.5）Ge（1.5）（PO4）3（LAGP） are proposed and investigated. The HLSE has a high ionic conductivity of over 2.25 × 10^（-3） S/cm at 25？C, and an extended electrochemical window of up to 4.8 V versus Li/Li＋. The Li｜HLSE｜Li symmetric cells and Li｜HLSE｜Li FePO4 cells exhibit small interfacial area specific resistances（ASRs） comparable to that of LE while much smaller than that of ceramic LAGP electrolyte, and excellent performance at room temperature. Bis（trifluoromethane sulfonimide） salt in HLSE significantly affects the properties and electrochemical behaviors. Side reactions can be effectively suppressed by lowering the concentration of Li salt. It is a feasible strategy for pursuing the high energy density batteries with higher safety.

Solid–liquid Phase Equilibria in the Aqueous Ternary System Containing Lithium,Potassium,and Sulfate ions at 288.15 K

1 Introduction Salt lakes are widely distributed in the western of China,especially in the area of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.A series of salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin,located in Qinghai Province,China,is famous for their abundance of lithium,potassium and boron resources(Zheng et al,1988;Deng et al,2012).It is well known that the

离子液体在电极材料制备中的应用研究进展

离子液体因具有种类丰富、结构可设计性强、表面张力小等特点,在电极材料制备中表现出独特的性质.围绕着离子液体作为绿色溶剂在电极材料制备方面的优势及作用,综述了其在电极材料设计与构筑方面的研究进展及相关电极材料在锂离子电池、钠离子电池和超级电容器中的应用.

液晶电解质在锂离子电池中的研究进展

液晶电解质作为新型电解质材料,具有高离子导电性、优异的力学性能和热稳定性等优点,成为近年来锂离子电池领域研究的热点之一。液晶电解质可以通过自组装形成柱状相、近晶相或双连续立方相等结构,为锂离子的传输提供高效的离子传输通道。综述了液晶电解质在锂离子电池中的应用及研究进展,主要包括液晶电解质的基本概念和在锂离子电池中的研究进展,主要从离子电导率、电化学稳定性和充放电循环这3个方面来叙述。最后,对液晶电解质在锂离子电池领域未来的发展进行了展望。

冷板阻热层对锂电池模组散热均匀性影响

锂电池模组温差过大引发电池间充放电、老化衰减速率不一致,致使其性能变差。为了进一步降低锂电池模组工作温差,提出一种设阻热层的新型冷板,即通过在冷板冷却液入口处与锂电池间增设阻热层增大热阻、抑制锂电池与冷板间热交换改善其散热均匀性。利用新型冷板对锂电池模组3 C放电冷却散热进行建模仿真计算,分析了并行流道、并联蛇形流道以及分叉型流道等3种不同流道冷板增设阻热层对锂电池模组放电散热均匀性影响,以及阻热层材料导热系数、厚度及覆盖面积对锂电池模组冷却散热均匀性影响。结果表明:在3种流道冷板上增设阻热层均能有效降低锂电池模组工作温差。随着阻热层材料导热系数减小,锂电池模组最高温度和温差均先减小后增加。随着阻热层厚度、阻热层覆盖面积增大,锂电池模组工作最高温度和温差均先减小后增大。采用长80 mm、宽80 mm、厚1 mm导热硅胶垫阻热层,分叉型流道冷板冷却锂电池模组3 C放电最高温度和温差降至306.55 K和4.89 K。

混合固液锂离子电池的热失控行为研究

混合固液电解质锂离子电池是一种具有高能量密度、高安全性的储能器件,有望短期内实现产业化。本工作选择混合固液电解质(LATP和电解液)匹配高比容量活性材料(正极NCM811和负极C@SiO)为研究体系,采用绝热加速量热仪和气相色谱仪对全SOC及不同全寿命周期下混合固液电解质锂离子电池进行热失控模拟和产气组分分析,并通过超声检测仪分析不同寿命周期下电解液含量的变化情况。研究结果显示:该体系新鲜电池随荷电态的增加而热安全性降低,产气量增大,且可燃气体的占比会增加。随着循环容量的衰减,电池样品的热失控起始温度、最高产热速率以及产气量变化有所差异,在容量保持率为70%时热稳定性有所改善,结合超声分析结果推测与电解液转化成固态电解质有关。该工作初步探究了该体系电池的热失控行为,为后期内部机理解析和电池设计提供了支撑。

钐钴永磁流量计研制与锂铅自然对流回路流速测量

介绍了钐钴永磁流量计的研制过程,包括材料选取、结构设计、运行原理及内部磁场分布状态。利用镓铟锡高温冲刷回路与商用流量计对其进行了校准比对,结果显示校准后的平均流速约为钐钴永磁流量计测量值的1.8倍。将校准后的结果运用于液态锂铅自然对流回路的流速测量,并与商业软件ANSYS Fluent模拟计算结果进行对比,二者之间的误差约为23.3%,并对误差进行了分析。通过实验与分析,确定锂铅自然对流回路的流速范围约为0.05~0.06m·s^(-1)。

四川甲基卡伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的地质特征及成矿机制概述

四川甲基卡锂矿床位于松潘-甘孜造山带东南部,是我国已知产量、规模最大的固体锂矿床。甲基卡矿床是花岗伟晶岩型矿床,自内向外依次发育二云母花岗岩、微斜长石型(Ⅰ)、微斜长石-钠长石型(Ⅱ)、钠长石型(Ⅲ)、钠长石-锂辉石型(Ⅳ)、锂-白云母型(Ⅴ)伟晶岩,且二云母花岗岩内发育大量的剥离体。元素地球化学组成上,花岗岩与伟晶岩的稀土、微量元素含量表现出显著的突变关系;各类型伟晶岩中石英和锂辉石内发育的包裹体类型主要有气液两相包裹体、含CO_(2)包裹体、纯CO_(2)包裹体、富子晶包裹体和熔体包裹体。包裹体均一实验表明熔体包裹体的完全均一温度在750~800℃之间,对应的捕获压力为550~700MPa。在花岗岩熔体包裹体均一之前,富水熔体和贫水熔体在同一个体系内共存;石英和锂辉石内含硅酸盐子矿物包裹体与熔体-流体过渡型包裹体明显不同。锂辉石和石英中包裹体的C-H-O同位素测试结果表明成矿流体主要为岩浆水,且其形成演化处于相对密闭的构造环境。全岩Ba-Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成指示三叠系西康群变沉积岩是花岗岩的重要源岩。全岩Zn和Li同位素则表明在岩浆侵位过程可能发生过显著的不混溶作用。综上,甲基卡矿床形成演化过程中可能经历了岩浆液态不混溶作用。

碳基GaSn合金负极材料的制备及其电化学性能

为解决锂离子电池负极材料体积膨胀导致电化学性能严重下降的问题,将镓锡(GaSn)液态合金与碳纳米纤维网络相结合作为锂离子电池负极材料。分别通过物理吸附和静电纺丝两种方式将GaSn合金约束或包覆在纳米纤维导电网络中,对材料的形貌、结构以及性能进行表征和分析。结果表明:GaSn液态合金通过超声空化效应形成亚微米级合金微球。将GaSn合金吸附在碳纳米纤维膜基底上,合金团聚成大颗粒嵌在纳米纤维网络表面,导致其余合金无法渗透到内部,影响GaSn合金在电化学性能方面的发挥。而将GaSn合金混合静电纺丝、炭化后,大量合金被碳膜包覆,均匀分布在纳米纤维网络中,粒径大小均一,材料在循环过程中由于液态合金良好的自愈合性、流动性以及灵活性,可修复脱嵌锂时产生的破损以及充分紧附纳米纤维导电网络,提高锂离子传输效率。从第2圈充放电循环至100圈后,容量保持率高达93.6%。

基于串并对称式液冷流道的锂电池散热分析

针对锂离子电池均温性差和液冷系统能耗高等问题,以方形锂离子电池为研究对象,在电池单体模型验证的基础上,设计了串并对称式液冷流道的锂离子电池散热结构,对比了5种流道方案,在优选方案四的基础上,分析了液冷板中的液冷流速、铝板厚度组合和液冷系统的启动时间对电池散热效果和液冷系统能耗的影响.结果表明:与方案一的流道形状S0对比,方案四的流道形状S3能够将模组中电池单体的最大温差降低15%;此外,电池的最高温度随着液冷流速的增加呈现先减小后平缓的趋势;在保证液冷系统总质量不变的前提下,与初始的铝板厚度组合h0对比,调整后的铝板厚度组合h4可将电池模组的最大温差降低12%;电池在2.5C放电时,延迟液冷系统启动时间至563 s,既可以保证电池在最佳的工作温度范围内,又能节约液冷系统约39%的能耗成本.

锂电池肋片液冷板的传热与流动特性研究

对于锂离子电池热管理系统,在锂电池两侧插入带通道的冷板是一种有效的高温散热方法。针对电动汽车用方形锂电池,在传统并行流道冷板的基础上,设计了六种肋片强化换热冷板。通过数值模拟方法研究和比较了不同雷诺数下冷板的换热效果,同时计算了流场的压降、摩擦因子和速度等来分析其流动特性,最后采用综合考虑流体流动和传热特性的无量纲因子来判断冷板的综合性能。结果表明,不同雷诺数下六种肋片强化冷板散热性能均优于传统并行流道冷板,但压降也不可避免地增大,各个方案中矩形交错肋片液冷板的综合性能最优。

离子液体/金属盐萃取体系用于高镁卤水提锂的研究

通过研究不同金属盐共萃剂、不同萃取体系对锂镁萃取率及离子液体阳离子损失率的影响,确定出最佳的萃取体系为1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C_(8)mim]PF_(6))/六氟磷酸钠(NaPF_(6))/磷酸三丁酯(TBP)。考察了[C_(8)mim]PF_(6)浓度、NaPF_(6)浓度、相比对[C_(8)mim]PF_(6)/NaPF_(6)/TBP萃取体系锂镁萃取率及离子液体阳离子损失率的影响,确定最佳的[C_(8)mim]PF_(6)浓度为0.2 mol/L,NaPF_(6)浓度为0.2 mol/L,两者相比(体积比)为2.5;在最佳萃取条件下,锂的单级萃取率为80.5%,镁的单级萃取率为6.5%,离子液体阳离子损失率为2.6%。最佳反萃盐酸浓度为1.0 mol/L,反萃相比(体积比)为2.5;在最佳反萃条件下,锂和镁的反萃率分别为95.2%和99.0%。[C_(8)mim]PF_(6)/NaPF_(6)/TBP萃取体系能够实现锂的高效萃取,并且能够降低离子液体中阳离子的损失率,其可为用于高镁锂比卤水提锂的新型离子液体/金属盐萃取体系开发提供借鉴。

锂离子电池液冷热管理系统研究进展

锂离子电池由于具有优良的电化学特性,在电动汽车及储能等领域得到了广泛的应用,但是其工作性能及安全性受温度的影响较大,因此,需要采用合理有效的热管理系统,以确保电池的温度维持在适宜范围内。本文归纳了常见的热管理系统,总结了风冷、相变材料冷却、热管冷却和液冷的研究现状及优缺点,重点从直接接触液冷和间接接触液冷两方面介绍了当前液冷技术的优化方式。对于单一热管理系统存在的局限性,从耦合热管理系统角度分析了液冷与其他方式相结合的热管理系统的研究现状。提出液冷热管理系统应向综合优化、智能管控的方向发展,特别是与被动散热方式的耦合以及电池管理系统的匹配连接。

极限工况下储能电池包热适应性

对液冷储能电池包进行室温环境下热仿真分析,与相同工况下电池包热测试结果进行对比分析,并结合实际工艺水平对热仿真参数进行调整以对标测试结果,保证测点的仿真值与实验值误差在1℃之内。利用相同热仿真参数对高温及低温的极限环境工况对电池包进行热仿真计算,其中高温工况电芯发热状态为放电末态,低温工况为电芯静置状态。计算结果表明高温工况下电芯平均温度为39.2℃,最高温度为41.2℃,低温工况下电芯平均温度为7.8℃,最低温度为3.7℃,表明该型液冷电池包产品在极限环境下均可以让电芯处在正常工作温度区间。运用本文所述热仿真方法可以较为全面地分析电池包在极限环境下电池包的热状态,在实验成本较高或条件无法满足的情况下评估储能系统热性能。

LFP电池热失控液氮冷却惰化理论分析方法研究

传统的商用灭火剂扑救锂离子电池热失控火灾和抑制复燃的效果不佳,液氮作为一种高效的灭火剂,其冷却抑制锂离子电池热失控的效果得到了很多研究机构试验验证,但目前针对液氮灭火用量和灭火效能尚缺乏理论分析方法。笔者通过对液氮灭火机理的理论分析,研究确定了液氮冷却和惰化理论分析计算方法。方法中通过试验和理论分析确定热失控放热热量、液氮吸热热量、液氮惰化用量等,并通过实尺试验验证方法的有效性。以280 Ah磷酸铁锂电池热失控为例,依据理论分析方法,计算得到了惰化抑爆和冷却的最低液氮用量,在有效容积为38.88 m3的爆炸试验箱体内,施加了83.39 kg液氮后,24 h间隔点火48次,均未出现燃爆现象。通过实际案例验证理论分析方法的有效性和合理性,提出的理论分析方法为液氮灭火抑爆的设计和有效性分析提供评价手段和方法,进一步增强磷酸铁锂电池舱式储能系统的安全性。