Simulation and Experiment for Oxygen-enriched Combustion Engine Using Liquid Oxygen to Solidify CO2

For capturing and recycling of CO2 in the internal combustion engine, Rankle cycle engine can reduce the exhaust pollutants effectively under the condition of ensuring the engine thermal efficiency by using the techniques of spraying water in the cylinder and optimizing the ignition advance angle. However, due to the water spray nozzle need to be installed on the cylinder, which increases the cylinder head design difficulty and makes the combustion conditions become more complicated. In this paper, a new method is presented to carry out the closing inlet and exhaust system for internal combustion engines. The proposed new method uses liquid oxygen to solidify part of cooled CO2 from exhaust system into dry ice and the liquid oxygen turns into gas oxygen which is sent to inlet system. The other part of CO2 is sent to inlet system and mixed with oxygen, which can reduce the oxygen-enriched combustion detonation tendency and make combustion stable. Computing grid of the IP52FMI single-cylinder four-stroke gasoline-engine is established according to the actual shape of the combustion chamber using KIVA-3V program. The effects of exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） rate are analyzed on the temperatures, the pressures and the instantaneous heat release rates when the EGR rate is more than 8%. The possibility of enclosing intake and exhaust system for engine is verified. The carbon dioxide trapping device is designed and the IP52FMI engine is transformed and the CO2 capture experiment is carried out. The experimental results show that when the EGR rate is 36% for the optimum EGR rate. When the liquid oxygen of 35.80-437.40 g is imported into the device and last 1-20 min, respectively, 21.50-701.30 g dry ice is obtained. This research proposes a new design method which can capture CO2 for vehicular internal combustion engine.

Gas film/regenerative composite cooling characteristics of the liquid oxygen/liquid methane (LOX/LCH4) rocket engine

The thermal protection of rocket engines is a crucial aspect of rocket engine design.In this paper,the gas film/regenerative composite cooling of the liquid oxygen/liquid methane(LOX/LCH4)rocket engine thrust chamber was investigated.A gas film/regenerative composite cooling model was developed based on the Grisson gas film cooling efficiency formula and the one-dimensional regenerative cooling model.The accuracy of the model was validated through experiments conducted on a 6 kg/s level gas film/regenerative composite cooling thrust chamber.Additionally,key parameters related to heat transfer performance were calculated.The results demonstrate that the model is sufficiently accurate to be used as a preliminary design tool.The temperature rise error of the coolant,when compared with the experimental results,was found to be less than 10%.Although the pressure drop error is relatively large,the calculated results still provide valuable guidance for heat transfer analysis.In addition,the performance of composite cooling is observed to be superior to regenerative cooling.Increasing the gas film flow rate results in higher cooling efficiency and a lower gas-side wall temperature.Furthermore,the position at which the gas film is introduced greatly impacts the cooling performance.The optimal introduction position for the gas film is determined when the film is introduced from a single row of holes.This optimal introduction position results in a more uniform wall temperature distribution and reduces the peak temperature.Lastly,it is observed that a double row of holes,when compared to a single row of holes,enhances the cooling effect in the superposition area of the gas film and further lowers the gas-side wall temperature.These results provide a basis for the design of gas film/regenerative composite cooling systems.

Numerical analysis of reactive turbulent flow in the thrust chamber of RD-108 engine rocket

Combustion chamber modeling and simulation of the liquid propellant engine with kerosene as fuel and liquid oxygen as an oxidizer in the turbulent flow field are performed by CFD technique.The flow is modeled as Single-phase in steady state and using RNG k-ε turbulence model.Simulation results are validated by experimental data of thrust,special impulse and combustion chamber pressure.By comparing t.^wo reaction models of finite rate chemistry and frozen model with experimental data,it is concluded that finite rate chemistry has acceptable results.The optimum value of equivalence ratio(oxidizer to fuel ratio)per reaction and operational parameters of the engine which maximize thrust and special impulse are determined.

液氧甲烷重复使用运载器关键技术发展研究

基于液氧甲烷发动机的重复使用运载器在重复使用和使用维护方面具有优良的性能,成本更低。世界各国正在加速开展相关研究及工程研制,典型代表包括火神运载火箭、朱雀二号运载火箭等。对基于液氧甲烷发动机的重复使用运载器的技术特点、面临的技术挑战进行分析,并基于此提出后续重点研究内容,包括重复使用总体设计与评估技术、上升再入返回着陆一体化制导导航与控制技术、大尺寸轻质结构与制造技术、重复使用液氧甲烷发动机技术、健康管理预测与重复使用运行维护技术、重复使用热防护技术等,为后续开展液氧甲烷重复使用运载器工程研制奠定基础。

液氧甲烷变推力发动机螺旋槽再生冷却传热特性研究

为探究宽工况范围下螺旋槽再生冷却的传热特性,基于微小通道内低温工质的相变传热模型,采用一维传热计算方法,对5 kN级液氧甲烷变推力发动机开展了螺旋槽再生冷却传热特性研究。结果表明:本文所采用的传热计算模型可用于传热预估,与试验结果相比,冷却剂温升误差为4.3%,压降误差为1.1%,喉部处外壁温误差为-11%,在工程计算可接受范围内;相比于直槽,螺旋槽再生冷却能有效降低燃气侧壁温,同时,在宽范围变推力条件下,实际功率水平越低,冷却剂温升、压降越小,喉部燃气侧壁温越低,但“传热恶化区”内的壁温最大值反而越高,当发动机推力由额定工况的75%调整至20%时,燃气侧壁温的最大值由1 351 K增大至1 399 K;综合考虑壁面温度及冷却剂的压力损失,本文对冷却通道开展优化设计,对比四种冷却通道方案的传热性能,其中,方案4为最优方案,20%额定功率水平工况时,冷却剂温升为491 K,压降为0.34 MPa,燃气侧壁温最大值也仅为1 297 K,较初始设计方案降低了102 K,远低于材料的极限温度。

Partial oxidation of methane by photocatalysis

Methane chemistry is one of the“Holy Grails of catalysis”.It is highly desirable but challenge to transform methane into value-added chemicals,because of its high C-H bonding energy(435 kJ/mol),lack ofπbonding or unpaired electrons.Currently,commercial methane conversion is usually carried out in harsh conditions with enormous energy input.Photocatalytic partial oxidation of methane to liquid oxygenates(PPOMO)is a future-oriented technology towards realizing high efficiency and high selectivity under mild conditions.The selection of oxidant is crucial to the PPOMO performance.Hence,attentions are paid to the research progress of PPOMO with various oxidants(O_(2),H_(2)O,H_(2)O_(2)and other oxidants).Moreover,the activation of the selected oxidants is also highly emphasized.Meanwhile,we summarized the methane activation mechanisms focusing on the C-H bond that was broken mainly by·OH radical,O-specie or photogenerated hole(h+).Finally,the challenges and prospects in this subject are briefly discussed.

基于液滴高压蒸发理论的变时滞燃烧室动力学建模与研究

为实现燃烧室组件的精确建模及其动力学特性的仿真研究,以零维时滞燃烧室模型为基础,考虑燃烧室内喷射、雾化、蒸发、混合、化学反应过程,采用针栓喷注器SMD(Sauter Mean Diameter,索特尔平均直径)经验关联式以及液滴高压蒸发理论对液氧/甲烷推进剂组合的燃烧时滞进行求解,建立了基于液滴高压蒸发理论的变时滞燃烧室模型。基于1 kg/s级推力室开展热试车验证了变时滞燃烧室模型的准确性,结果表明:所建立的变时滞燃烧室模型可以较为准确地预测燃烧室的压力以及温度动态响应过程,与试验结果相比,稳态压力以及温度误差均在6%以内,压力参数动态响应时间的误差在14%以内,仿真结果具有较高的精度。基于变时滞燃烧室模型开展仿真研究,研究发现:液氧液滴初始粒径以及燃烧室温度作为影响液氧液滴寿命的主要因素,主导着液氧时滞的变化;变时滞模型可以根据工况参数动态计算推进剂燃烧时滞,启动初期喷注器雾化效果较差,液滴最大粒径达到800μm,且燃烧室温度低,进而导致燃烧时滞偏大,最大达到了1100 ms,约为稳定工作状态下燃烧时滞的40倍。本文所建立的变时滞燃烧室模型可根据工况参数对燃烧时滞进行动态计算,相较于传统时滞模型,其燃烧时滞的变化趋势更符合发动机实际工作过程,同时其室压的响应时间、稳态值也更接近实验值,该模型未来可为实际发动机时序设计等提供仿真支撑。

液氧液氢发动机领域知识图谱构建与应用

液氧液氢发动机作为航天领域的关键分系统,为有效开展其研制过程的智能化转型工作,针对液氧液氢发动机领域构建知识图谱,在储备领域知识的同时,提高科研生产人才的培养能力。针对液氧液氢发动机领域特点,对领域语料标注、领域知识识别、实体关系识别3个方面进行了研究,在此基础上进行了领域知识图谱的构建,并从领域知识搜索、知识推荐、探索式分析3个角度梳理了其业务应用模式。形成了液氧液氢发动机领域知识体系,并提出构建方法和应用模式。研究结果为航天领域智能化转型提供了参考。

不同设计参数对液氧甲烷发动机喷管效率的影响

为了更好更快地计算喷管性能,采用特征线法加附面层修正的方式开发了一种二维喷管化学动力流场计算程序,针对某液氧甲烷发动机计算了不同设计参数对应的喷管流场,研究了不同设计参数对喷管效率的影响,设计参数包括推力、室压、喷管面积比和喷管出口角等。计算喷管效率时考虑了几何损失、附面层损失、化学动力损失。结果表明使用程序计算能够准确快速获得工程上重视的设计指标,大大提高了仿真效率,可用于喷管型面优化。

液氧液甲烷同温共底贮存瞬态热力特性仿真研究

针对大面积冷屏保护下的液氧/液甲烷同温共底贮箱,建立了耦合真空多层绝热与主动制冷系统的瞬态传热模型,研究了液氧/液甲烷共底自增压与零蒸发贮存过程中贮箱外部绝热结构与内部气液相的热力参数变化规律,讨论了共底夹层采用不具有绝热能力的材料对液氧/液甲烷共底零蒸发贮存特性的影响。研究结果表明,在适当的冷量输入条件下,大面积冷屏方案可以实现外界漏热的有效阻挡;采用铝合金共底夹层有利于稳定液氧和液甲烷的共底贮存状态,使液氧/液甲烷在20 h内快速达到热平衡;在零蒸发贮存周期内,液氧/液甲烷共底贮存温度波动小于0.2 K,压力波动小于2.46 kPa且具有抗热扰动的能力。

Numerical study of operational processes in a GOx-kerosene rocket engine with liquid film cooling

Combustion process inside kerosene-GOx rocket combustor with kerosene Alm cooling is studied,and a modeling approach is proposed.The paper suggests to use the Lagrangian particle tracking technique to model fuel film behavior while the continuous fluid is simulated via the Navier-Stokes system of Favre-averaged equations.The approach is validated over the 12 experimental regimes by the criterions of characteristic velocity and pressure,ence on the adiabatic wall temperatures and relatively low impact on the pressure.In general,phenomena,the calculation of operational processes becomes fast and robust yet precise en-the design process.

Regenerative Cooling for Liquid Rocket Engines

Heat transfer in the thrust chamber is of great importance in the design of liquid propellant rocketengines. Regenerative cooling is an advanced method which can ensure not only the proper runningbut also higher performance of a rocket engine. The theoretical model is complicated, it relates to fluiddynamics, heat transfer, combustion, etc... In this papers a regenerative cooling model is presented.Effects such as radiation, heat transfer to environment, variable thermal properties and coking areincluded in the model. This model can be applied to all kinds of liquid propellant rocket engines aswell as similar constructions. The modularized computer code is completed in the work.

垂直起降重复使用运载火箭总体设计优化方法研究

针对垂直起降重复使用运载火箭总体设计多约束耦合问题,通过分析箭体构型、动力类型方案及动力布局类型,提出了优选两级单芯级构型、液氧甲烷动力和液氧煤油动力以及优选中小发动机多机并联方案,并优选5、7、9机并联动力布局。采用齐奥科夫斯基公式,对垂直起降重复使用运载火箭的运载能力进行估算,并以一二级间比为优化变量,进行初步总体优化,得到在不同箭体直径、动力类型和动力布局下的基础运载能力,结合长细比分析得出两级单芯级、奇数台发动机并联的垂直起降重复使用运载火箭总体方案。

兼容火箭推进剂的燃料电池混合能源系统

针对使用液氢/液氧的重型火箭发动机上存在氢氧蒸发气体无法有效利用的问题,提出了一种与火箭推进剂兼容的氢氧燃料电池混合能源系统设计方案。混合能源系统以满足负载使用需求为主要目标,综合考虑氢氧燃料电池效率和锂电池使用寿命,制定了混合能源系统的控制策略以及混合能源系统评价函数。基于MATLAB的仿真分析结果表明,在火箭上使用混合能源系统比单一的锂电池减重约940 kg,系统比能量提高约214.5%,且可以与箭上生命保障、环境热控系统相结合,具有广阔的实际应用前景。

烃类推进剂航天动力技术进展与展望未来

为研究烃类推进剂航天动力技术在中国的后续发展和未来应用方向,对比分析煤油、甲烷和丙烷等典型烃类推进剂的物理化学性质和应用特性,简要介绍烃类推进剂航天动力在一次性运载火箭、可重复使用运载器、高性能上面级推进、无毒空间推进和吸气式推进领域的发展动态及应用状况。当前国内外航天动力系统的发展和应用情况表明,以液氧煤油发动机和液氧甲烷发动机为代表的烃类推进剂航天动力将引领未来高性能低成本航天推进系统的发展趋势,依照中国液氧/烃火箭发动机的研制进展和技术水平,以其为核心的新型动力体系在中国未来的天地往返、载人登月和深空探测等多任务适应性方面具有良好应用前景。

液氧/甲烷燃气发生器试验研究

为了研究液氧/甲烷的点火和燃烧特性,进行了液氧/甲烷燃气发生器热试验研究。介绍了液氧/甲烷燃气发生器热试验的试验装置、试验方案和试验情况,分析了试验结果。试验结果表明燃气发生器设计方案和点火方案可行,点火品质较好,能够在较宽的工作条件下稳定工作,燃烧组织合理,燃烧品质良好,温度均匀性较好,积碳轻微。

深度变推力液氧煤油发动机技术研究

针对未来载人登月着陆器对更大深度变推力动力的需求,开展了补燃循环液氧煤油发动机深度变推力技术研究,运用系统仿真、推力室传热特性仿真及燃烧流动特性仿真等方法,结合喷雾试验、单喷嘴点火试验、全尺寸发生器热试及原型泵水试等试验,验证了发动机变推力、燃烧组件工作稳定性及低工况冷却、深度变工况涡轮泵等关键技术。结果表明,发动机与核心燃烧组件方案合理可行、发动机性能先进,可用于我国未来载人登月下降级发动机的研制。

液氧/甲烷发动机动力循环方式研究

综述了液氧/甲烷发动机的研究进展,分析了液氧/甲烷发动机的特性和应用前景,对比了大推力液氧/甲烷发动机的动力循环方式,提出发动机动力循环方式选择应综合用途、性能、研制难度及使用成本等多方面因素,一次性使用的发动机应采用高性能的高压补燃循环,其中部分甲烷冷却推力室的富燃补燃循环较佳;重复使用的发动机应根据工作次数和工作寿命,重点考虑系统压力低的燃气发生器循环和低压的补燃循环。

新一代运载火箭增压技术研究

随着新一代运载火箭研制的开展,新型120 t级高压补燃液氧煤油发动机将得到广泛的使用,该发动机采用的推进剂贮箱增压系统设计被列为新一代运载火箭研制的重大关键技术之一。在对国内外主要液体运载火箭增压方案进行分析的基础上对120 t级液氧煤油发动机的贮箱增压系统进行了研究,提出了液氧贮箱采用压力传感器与电磁阀组合的常温氦气加温增压,煤油贮箱采用压力传感器与电磁阀组合的常温氦气增压方案,并针对液氧贮箱采用常温氦气加温增压的方案开展了理论分析和全尺寸系统级试验研究。理论分析和试验结果表明,该增压方案可行。

液氧煤油载人运载火箭二级伺服机构系统方案

介绍拟用于我国未来液氧煤油载人运载火箭的二级伺服机构系统设计方案研究。通过需求分析和研究国内外情况,提出了"三余度数字控制和液压能源并联冗余"的高可靠系统架构、简便的"空中冷起控"方案和新规格的"煤油液动机"动力方案,以及一型新的完全整体化自足式伺服机构结构方案,并进行了分析。结果表明,方案可满足高可靠度等指标要求,并具有使用和维护方便等突出特点。