Background: Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern in Macao SAR despite the implementation of a cervical cancer screening program and HPV vaccination. To improve early detection, Macao SAR introdu...Background: Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern in Macao SAR despite the implementation of a cervical cancer screening program and HPV vaccination. To improve early detection, Macao SAR introduced HPV DNA testing alongside cytology (co-testing) as the primary screening method in 2019. This study evaluates the effectiveness of co-testing in identifying cervical precancerous lesions (CIN2+) compared to cytology alone. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of women aged 30 - 65 years who participated in the routine cervical cancer screening program in Macao SAR Primary Healthcare Centers from 2019 to 2022. Data from over 70,000 women were analyzed, comparing the detection rates of CIN2+ through co-testing and cytology alone. Women with abnormal cytology or positive HPV results were referred for colposcopy. Results: The introduction of co-testing led to a significant increase in the detection of CIN2+, particularly in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) cytology results. Between 2019 and 2022, the percentage of women with ASCUS/NILM and any high-risk HPV (hrHPV) positive who were diagnosed with CIN2+ after colposcopy were 24%, 13%, 10% and 7.5% respectively. This highlights the ability of co-testing to identify high-risk individuals who would have been missed by cytology alone. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of co-testing in improving the sensitivity of cervical cancer screening in Macao SAR. The inclusion of HPV DNA testing allows for better risk stratification of women with ASCUS/NILM cytology, leading to more targeted referrals for colposcopy and timely detection of precancerous lesions. The initial high positive rate in 2019 (24%) might be attributed to the small sample size and potentially reflects a backlog of undiagnosed cases prior to co-testing implementation. Conclusion: The implementation of co-testing in Macao SAR’s cervical cancer screening program significantly improves the early detection of precancerous lesions, particularly in women with ambiguous cytology results. This proactive approach contributes to reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality and improving women’s health outcomes in Macao SAR.展开更多
目的:探讨高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)分型检测与液基薄层细胞学检查(thin-prep cytology test,TCT)在宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌筛查中的临床价值。方法:选取2020年4月至2021年3月在南京市中西医结合医院妇...目的:探讨高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)分型检测与液基薄层细胞学检查(thin-prep cytology test,TCT)在宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌筛查中的临床价值。方法:选取2020年4月至2021年3月在南京市中西医结合医院妇科门诊进行宫颈癌筛查的150例患者为研究对象,所有研究对象均行HR-HPV分型检测、TCT及阴道镜下宫颈活检组织病理检查;以组织病理学检查结果为“金标准”(正常或炎症为阴性,其余诊断结果为阳性),分析HR-HPV分型检测、TCT及二者联合检测的阳性预测值、阴性预测值、灵敏度、特异度及准确性,并绘制2种检测与联合检测筛查宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌的受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线。结果:150例患者中,组织病理学诊断结果为阴性者82例,阳性者68例。以病理学检查结果为“金标准”,HR-HPV分型检测的灵敏度为89.71%,特异度为74.39%,阳性预测值为74.39%,阴性预测值为89.71%,准确性为81.33%;TCT的灵敏度为63.24%,特异度为87.80%,阳性预测值为81.13%,阴性预测值为74.23%,准确性为76.67%。HR-HPV分型检测的灵敏度及阴性预测值高于TCT(P<0.05),TCT的特异度高于HR-HPV分型检测(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示:HR-HPV分型检测的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.820(95%CI 0.750~0.878),TCT的AUC为0.755(95%CI 0.678~0.822),联合检测的AUC为0.813(95%CI 0.742~0.872)。结论:相比TCT,HR-HPV分型检测在宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌筛查中有较好的诊断效能,HR-HPV联合TCT不能进一步提高筛查效能。展开更多
文摘Background: Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern in Macao SAR despite the implementation of a cervical cancer screening program and HPV vaccination. To improve early detection, Macao SAR introduced HPV DNA testing alongside cytology (co-testing) as the primary screening method in 2019. This study evaluates the effectiveness of co-testing in identifying cervical precancerous lesions (CIN2+) compared to cytology alone. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of women aged 30 - 65 years who participated in the routine cervical cancer screening program in Macao SAR Primary Healthcare Centers from 2019 to 2022. Data from over 70,000 women were analyzed, comparing the detection rates of CIN2+ through co-testing and cytology alone. Women with abnormal cytology or positive HPV results were referred for colposcopy. Results: The introduction of co-testing led to a significant increase in the detection of CIN2+, particularly in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) cytology results. Between 2019 and 2022, the percentage of women with ASCUS/NILM and any high-risk HPV (hrHPV) positive who were diagnosed with CIN2+ after colposcopy were 24%, 13%, 10% and 7.5% respectively. This highlights the ability of co-testing to identify high-risk individuals who would have been missed by cytology alone. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of co-testing in improving the sensitivity of cervical cancer screening in Macao SAR. The inclusion of HPV DNA testing allows for better risk stratification of women with ASCUS/NILM cytology, leading to more targeted referrals for colposcopy and timely detection of precancerous lesions. The initial high positive rate in 2019 (24%) might be attributed to the small sample size and potentially reflects a backlog of undiagnosed cases prior to co-testing implementation. Conclusion: The implementation of co-testing in Macao SAR’s cervical cancer screening program significantly improves the early detection of precancerous lesions, particularly in women with ambiguous cytology results. This proactive approach contributes to reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality and improving women’s health outcomes in Macao SAR.
文摘目的:探讨高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)分型检测与液基薄层细胞学检查(thin-prep cytology test,TCT)在宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌筛查中的临床价值。方法:选取2020年4月至2021年3月在南京市中西医结合医院妇科门诊进行宫颈癌筛查的150例患者为研究对象,所有研究对象均行HR-HPV分型检测、TCT及阴道镜下宫颈活检组织病理检查;以组织病理学检查结果为“金标准”(正常或炎症为阴性,其余诊断结果为阳性),分析HR-HPV分型检测、TCT及二者联合检测的阳性预测值、阴性预测值、灵敏度、特异度及准确性,并绘制2种检测与联合检测筛查宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌的受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线。结果:150例患者中,组织病理学诊断结果为阴性者82例,阳性者68例。以病理学检查结果为“金标准”,HR-HPV分型检测的灵敏度为89.71%,特异度为74.39%,阳性预测值为74.39%,阴性预测值为89.71%,准确性为81.33%;TCT的灵敏度为63.24%,特异度为87.80%,阳性预测值为81.13%,阴性预测值为74.23%,准确性为76.67%。HR-HPV分型检测的灵敏度及阴性预测值高于TCT(P<0.05),TCT的特异度高于HR-HPV分型检测(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示:HR-HPV分型检测的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.820(95%CI 0.750~0.878),TCT的AUC为0.755(95%CI 0.678~0.822),联合检测的AUC为0.813(95%CI 0.742~0.872)。结论:相比TCT,HR-HPV分型检测在宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌筛查中有较好的诊断效能,HR-HPV联合TCT不能进一步提高筛查效能。
