High-Safety Anode Materials for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)play a pivotal role in today's society,with widespread applications in portable electronics,electric vehicles,and smart grids.Commercial LIBs predominantly utilize graphite anodes due to their high energy density and cost-effectiveness.Graphite anodes face challenges,however,in extreme safety-demanding situations,such as airplanes and passenger ships.The lithiation of graphite can potentially form lithium dendrites at low temperatures,causing short circuits.Additionally,the dissolution of the solid-electrolyte-interphase on graphite surfaces at high temperatures can lead to intense reactions with the electrolyte,initiating thermal runaway.This review introduces two promising high-safety anode materials,Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)and TiNb_(2)O_(7).Both materials exhibit low tendencies towards lithium dendrite formation and have high onset temperatures for reactions with the electrolyte,resulting in reduced heat generation and significantly lower probabilities of thermal runaway.Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)and TiNb_(2)O_(7)offer enhanced safety characteristics compared to graphite,making them suitable for applications with stringent safety requirements.This review provides a comprehensive overview of Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)and TiNb_(2)O_(7),focusing on their material properties and practical applicability.It aims to contribute to the understanding and development of high-safety anode materials for advanced LIBs,addressing the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation in real-world applications.

Computational design of promising 2D electrode materials for Li-ion and Li–S battery applications

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and lithium-sulfur(Li–S)batteries are two types of energy storage systems with significance in both scientific research and commercialization.Nevertheless,the rational design of electrode materials for overcoming the bottlenecks of LIBs and Li–S batteries(such as low diffusion rates in LIBs and low sulfur utilization in Li–S batteries)remain the greatest challenge,while two-dimensional(2D)electrodes materials provide a solution because of their unique structural and electrochemical properties.In this article,from the perspective of ab-initio simulations,we review the design of 2D electrode materials for LIBs and Li–S batteries.We first propose the theoretical design principles for 2D electrodes,including stability,electronic properties,capacity,and ion diffusion descriptors.Next,classified examples of promising 2D electrodes designed by theoretical simulations are given,covering graphene,phosphorene,MXene,transition metal sulfides,and so on.Finally,common challenges and a future perspective are provided.This review paves the way for rational design of 2D electrode materials for LIBs and Li–S battery applications and may provide a guide for future experiments.

High-Energy Batteries:Beyond Lithium-Ion and Their Long Road to Commercialisation

Rechargeable batteries of high energy density and overall performance are becoming a critically important technology in the rapidly changing society of the twenty-first century.While lithium-ion batteries have so far been the dominant choice,numerous emerging applications call for higher capacity,better safety and lower costs while maintaining sufficient cyclability.The design space for potentially better alternatives is extremely large,with numerous new chemistries and architectures being simultaneously explored.These include other insertion ions(e.g.sodium and numerous multivalent ions),conversion electrode materials(e.g.silicon,metallic anodes,halides and chalcogens)and aqueous and solid electrolytes.However,each of these potential“beyond lithium-ion”alternatives faces numerous challenges that often lead to very poor cyclability,especially at the commercial cell level,while lithium-ion batteries continue to improve in performance and decrease in cost.This review examines fundamental principles to rationalise these numerous developments,and in each case,a brief overview is given on the advantages,advances,remaining challenges preventing cell-level implementation and the state-of-the-art of the solutions to these challenges.Finally,research and development results obtained in academia are compared to emerging commercial examples,as a commentary on the current and near-future viability of these“beyond lithium-ion”alternatives.

High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries:Recent Progress and a Promising Future in Applications

It is of great significance to develop clean and new energy sources with high-efficient energy storage technologies,due to the excessive use of fossil energy that has caused severe environmental damage.There is great interest in exploring advanced rechargeable lithium batteries with desirable energy and power capabilities for applications in portable electronics,smart grids,and electric vehicles.In practice,high-capacity and low-cost electrode materials play an important role in sustaining the progresses in lithium-ion batteries.This review aims at giving an account of recent advances on the emerging high-capacity electrode materials and summarizing key barriers and corresponding strategies for the practical viability of these electrode materials.Effective approaches to enhance energy density of lithium-ion batteries are to increase the capacity of electrode materials and the output operation voltage.On account of major bottlenecks of the power lithium-ion battery,authors come up with the concept of integrated battery systems,which will be a promising future for high-energy lithium-ion batteries to improve energy density and alleviate anxiety of electric vehicles.

Sb_(2)S_(3) nanorods/porous-carbon composite from natural stibnite ore as high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

To avoid the high purity reagents and high energy consumption involved in the manufacturing of lithium-ion battery anode materials,Sb_(2)S_(3) nanorods/porous-carbon anode was prepared by remodeling natural stibnite ore with porous carbon matrix via a simple melting method.Due to the nanostructure of Sb_(2)S_(3) nanorods and synergistic effect of porous carbon,the Sb_(2)S_(3) nanorods/porous-carbon anode achieved high cyclic performance of 530.3 mA·h/g at a current density of 100 mA/g after 150 cycles,and exhibited a reversible capacity of 130.6 mA·h/g at a high current density of 5000 mA/g for 320 cycles.This shows a great possibility of utilizing Sb_(2)S_(3) ore as raw material to fabricate promising anodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries.

Electrochemomechanical coupled behaviors of deformation and failure in electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

The growing demands of lithium-ion batteries with high energy density motivate the development of high-capacity electrode materials. The critical issue in the commercial application of these electrodes is electrochemomechanical degradation accompanied with the large volume change, built-in stress, and fracture during lithiation and delithiation. The strong and complex couplings between mechanics and electrochemistry have been extensively studied in recent years. The multi-directional couplings, e.g.,(de)lithiation-induced effects and stress-regulated effects, require cooperation in the interdisciplinary fields and advance the theoretical and computational models. In this review, we focus on the recent work with topics in the electrochemomechanical couplings of deformation and fracture of conventional and alloying electrodes through experimental characterization, theoretical and computational models. Based on the point of view from mechanics, the strategies for alleviating the degradation are also discussed, with particular perspectives for component-interaction patterns in the composite electrodes. With interdisciplinary principles, comprehensive understanding of the electrochemomechanical coupled mechanism is expected to provide feasible solutions for low-cost, high-capacity, high-safety and durable electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Artificial interphase engineering of electrode materials to improve the overall performance of lithium-ion batteries

The overall performance of lithium-ion batteries （LIBs） is closely related to the interphase between the electrode materials and electrolytes. During LIB operation, electrolytes may decompose on the surface of electrode materials, forming a solid electrolyte interphase （SEI） layer. Ideally, the SEI layer should ensure reversible lithium-ion intercalation in the electrodes and suppress interfacial interactions. However, the chemical and mechanical stabilities of the SEI layer are not usually able to meet these requirements. Alternatively, tremendous efforts have been devoted to engineering the surface of electrode materials with an artificial interphase, which shows great promise in improving the electrochemical performance. Herein, we present a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art knowledge on this topic. The effects of the arrifidal interphase on the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials are discussed in detail. In particular, we highlight the importance of three functions of artificial interphases, including inhibiting electrolyte decomposition, protecting the electrodes from corrosion, and accommodatinz electrode volume chanzes.

Opportunities and challenges of high-entropy materials in lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)currently occupy an important position in the energy storage market,and the development of advanced LIBs with higher energy density and power density,better cycle life and safety is a hot topic for both academia and industry.In recent years,high-entropy materials(HEMs)with complex stoichiometric ratios have attracted great attention in the field of LIBs due to their various promising functional properties.The adjustability and synergistic effects of multiple elements in HEMs make them possible to break through the bottleneck of traditional electrode materials and electrolytes,providing new opportunities for the development of high-performance LIBs.This article provides an overview of the opportunities and challenges of HEMs in LIBs,including cathodes,anodes and electrolytes.The progress of HEMs in LIBs is first summarized and analyzed,then the potential advantages and limitations of HEMs used in LIBs are concluded,finally some envisioned solutions are proposed to develop more advanced LIBs through HEMs.

Advances in multi-scale design and fabrication processes for thick electrodes in lithium-ion batteries

In the contemporary era,lithium-ion batteries have gained considerable attention in various industries such as 3C products,electric vehicles and energy storage systems due to their exceptional properties.With the rapid progress in the energy storage sector,there is a growing demand for greater energy density in lithium-ion batteries.While the use of thick electrodes is a straightforward and effective approach to enhance the energy density of battery,it is hindered by the sluggish reaction dynamics and insufficient mechanical properties.Therefore,we comprehensively review recent advances in the field of thick electrodes for lithium-ion batteries to overcome the bottlenecks in the development of thick electrodes and achieve efficient fabrication for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.Initially,a systematic analysis is performed to identify the factors affecting the performance of the thick electrodes.the correlation between electrode materials,structural parameters,and performance is also investigated.Subsequently,the viable strategies for constructing thick electrodes with improved properties are summarize,including high throughput,high conductivity and low tortuosity,in both material development and structural design.In addition,recent advances in efficient fabrication methods for thick electrode fabrication are reviewed,with a comprehensive assessment of their merits,limitations,and applicable scenarios.Finally,a comprehensive overview of the multiscale design and manufacturing process for thick electrodes in lithium-ion batteries is provided,accompanied by valuable insights into design considerations that are crucial for future advances in this area.

Carbonyl polymeric electrode materials for metal-ion batteries

Benefiting from the diversity and subjective design feasibility of molecular structure, flexibility,lightweight, molecular level controllability, resource renewability and relatively low cost, polymeric electrode materials are promising candidates for the next generation of sustainable energy resources and have attracted extensive attention for the foreseeable large scale applications. The conductive polymers have been utilized as electrode materials in the pioneer reports, which, however, have the disadvantages of low stability, low reversibility and slope voltage due to the delocalization of charges in the whole conjugated systems. The discovery of carbonyl materials aroused the interest of organic and polymeric materials for batteries again. This review presents the recent progress in carbonyl polymeric electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries and magnesium-ion batteries. This comprehensive review is expected to be helpful forarousing more interest of organic materials for met

Interwoven Poly(Anthraquinonyl Sulfide)Nanosheets-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes as Core-Sheath Heteroarchitectured Cathodes for Polymer-Based Asymmetrical Full Batteries

Organic redox-active polymers provide promising alternatives to metal-containing inorganic compounds in Li-ion batteries(LIBs),whereas suffer from low actual capacities,poor rate/power capabilities,and inferior cycling stability.Herein,poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide)-coated carbon nanotubes(CNT@PAQS)are readily performed by in situ polymerization to form core-sheath nanostructures.Remarkably,flower-like PAQS nanosheets are interwoven around CNTs to synergistically create robust 3D hierarchical networks with abundant cavities,internal channels,and sufficiently-exposed surfaces/edges,thereby promoting electron transport and making more active sites accessible for electrolytes and guest ions.Apparently,the as-fabricated CNT@PAQS cathode delivers the large reversible capacity(200.5 mAh g^(-1)at 0.05 A g^(-1)),high-rate capability(161.5 mAh g^(-1)at 5.0 A g^(-1)),and impressive cycling stability(retaining 88.0%over 1000 cycles).In addition,an asymmetric full-battery using CNT@PAQS as a cathode and cyclized polyacrylonitrile-encapsulated CNTs as an anode is assembled that delivers a high energy density of 86.3 Wh kg^(-1),and retains 81.3%of initial capacity after 1000 cycles.This work opens up an efficient strategy to combine highly conductive and redox-active phases into core-sheath heterostructures to unlock the barrier of high-rate charge storage.The further integration of two polymer-based electrodes into asymmetric full cells would also consolidate the development of low-cost,sustainable,and powerful batteries.

Towards high performance polyimide cathode materials for lithium–organic batteries by regulating active-site density,accessibility,and reactivity

Organic carbonyl electrode materials offer promising prospects for future energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity,resource sustainability,and structural diversity.Although much progress has been made in the research of high-performance carbonyl electrode materials,systematic and in-depth studies on the underlying factors affecting their electrochemical properties are rather limited.Herein,five polyimides containing different types of diamine linkers are designed and synthesized as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries.First,the incorporation of carbonyl groups increases the active-site density in both conjugated and non-conjugated systems.Second,increased molecular rigidity can improve the accessibility of the active sites.Third,the introduction of the conjugated structure between two carbonyl groups can increase the reactivity of the active sites.Consequently,the incorporation of carbonyl structures and conjugated structures increases the capacity of polyimides.PTN,PAN,PMN,PSN,and PBN exhibit 212,198,199,151,and 115mAh g^(−1)at 50mAg^(−1),respectively.In addition,the introduction of a carbonyl structure and a conjugated structure is also beneficial for improving cycling stability and rate performance.This work can deepen the understanding of the structure–function relationship for the rational design of polyimide electrode materials and can be extended to the molecular design of other organic cathode materials.

Novel Biomass-derived Hollow Carbons as Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries

A novel hollow carbon derived from biomass lotus-root has been prepared by a one-step carbonization method.The carbon anode obtained at 900℃ showed the best electrochemical performance,corresponding to a high specific capacity of 445 mA·h/g at 0.1 C,as well as excellent cycling stability after 500 cycles.Further investigation exhibits that the lithium storage of hollow carbon involves Li^(+) adsorption in the defect sites and Li^(+) insertion.The results showed that the intrinsic structure of lotus root can inspire us to prepare biomass carbon with a hollow structure as an excellent anode for lithium-ion batteries.

One-dimensional Li_(3)VO_(4)/carbon fiber composites for enhanced electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium vanadium oxide(Li_(3)VO_(4))has gained attention as an alternative anode material because of its higher theoretical capacity(592 mAh g^(−1)),moderate ionic conductivity(∼10^(−4)S cm^(−1)),and lower working voltage range(∼0.5–1.0 V vs.Li/Li^(+))in comparison to other metal oxides.However,there are disadvantages to using Li_(3)VO_(4)as an anode material,such as low initial Coulombic efficiency and poor rate performance that is attributed to its low electronic conductivity(<10^(−1)0 S cm^(−1)).In the present study,the synthesis of one-dimensional Li_(3)VO_(4)electrode was performed via a facile method by using oxidized vapor grown carbon fiber as a template and the formation of the outer shells of conductive carbon via chemical vapor deposition technique.In a half-cell configuration,the prepared Li_(3)VO_(4)composites exhib-ited an enhanced electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 516.2 mAh g^(−1)after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C within the voltage range of 0.01–3.0 V.At a high rate of 5 C,a large reversible capacity of 322.6 mAh g^(−1)was also observed after 500 cycles.The full cell(LVO/VGCF16-C||LiCoO_(2))using LiCoO_(2)as the cathode showed competitive electrochemical performance,which demonstrates its high potential in commercial applications.

High-performance lithium-ion batteries based on polymer/graphene hybrid cathode material

Organic and carbon-based lithium-ion batteries possess abundant resources,nontoxicity,environmental friendliness,and high performance,and they have been widely studied in the past decades.However,it remains a challenge to construct such batteries with high capacity,high cycling stability,and high conductivity simultaneously.Here,we elaborately design and integrate organic polymer(p-FcPZ) with graphene network to create a hybrid material(p-FcPZ@G) for high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).The bi-polar polymer p-FcPZ containing multiple redox-active sites endows p-FcPZ@G with both remarkable cycling stability and high capacity.The porous conductive graphene network with a large surface area facilitates rapid ions/electrons transportation,resulting in superior rate performance.Therefore,the half-cell based on p-FcPZ@G cathode exhibits simultaneously high capacity(~250 mA h g^(-1) at 50 mA g^(-1)),excellent cycling stability(retention of 99.999% per cycle for 10,000 cycles at 2,000 mA g^(-1)) and superior rate performance.Additionally,the graphene-based full cell assembled with p-FcPZ@G cathode and graphene anode also demonstrates comprehensively high electrochemical performance.

电池级磷酸铁前驱体制备方法研究进展

磷酸铁锂作为锂离子电池和储能电池的正极材料,因其成本低、环保性好、安全性高和电化学性能良好,被认为是新能源汽车最有潜力的电池正极材料之一,磷酸铁作为磷酸铁锂的前驱体,其制备方法是目前研究的热点,以此对磷酸铁前驱体制备方法的研究进展进行综述,介绍了共沉淀法、水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、控制结晶法、空气氧化法的研究现状与优缺点,并在现有研究基础上展望了磷酸铁前驱体与磷酸铁锂的未来发展趋势。

A polyimide cathode with superior stability and rate capability for lithium-ion batteries

Organic-based electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are promising due to their high theoretical capacity,structure versatility and environmental benignity.However,the poor intrinsic electric conductivity of most polymers results in slow reaction kinetics and hinders their application as electrode materials for LIBs.A binder-free self-supporting organic electrode with excellent redox kinetics is herein demonstrated via in situ polymerization of a uniform thin polyimide (PI) layer on a porous and highly conductive carbonized nanofiber (CNF) framework.The PI active material in the porous PI@CNF film has large physical contact area with both the CNF and the electrolyte thus obtains superior electronic and ionic conduction.As a result,the PI@CNF cathode exhibits a discharge capacity of 170 mAh·g^-1 at 1 C (175 mA·g^-1),remarkable rate-performance (70.5% of 0.5 C capacity can be obtained at a 100 C discharge rate),and superior cycling stability with 81.3% capacity retention after 1,000 cycles at 1 C.Last but not least,a four-electron transfer redox process of the PI polymer was realized for the first time thanks to the excellent redox kinetics of the PI@CNF electrode,showing a discharge capacity exceeding 300 mAh·g^-1 at a current of 175 mA·g^-1.

磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备工艺研究进展

单斜结构的磷酸钒锂(Li_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3),LVP)被认为是最有应用潜力的锂离子电池正极材料之一,具有容量高、安全性好、运用寿命长、低温功能优异等优点,但LVP的电子电导率和离子传导率较低,限制了其发展。介绍了LVP正极材料的结构及其电化学反应机制,综述了LVP的主要制备方法及其改性研究进展,并对LVP正极材料未来发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。

镍钴锰三元前驱体的制备及性能研究

研究了采用共沉淀法制备镍钴锰三元前驱体,考察了氨水浓度、体系pH、反应时间、反应温度对所制备前驱体性能指标的影响。结果表明:在氨水浓度1 mol/L,体系pH=12、反应温度55℃、反应温度28 h最佳试验条件下,所制备前驱体产品粒度分布良好,呈均匀的类球形,结晶致密;混锂煅烧后的正极材料在2.8~4.4 V、0.2 C充放电制度下首次放电容量为169.14 mAh/g,首次效率为88.32%。

水系锌离子电池正极材料的制备和电化学性能研究

随着可持续能源需求的不断增长,水系锌离子电池因其安全性高、成本低廉和环境友好等优点,逐渐成为储能领域的研究热点。正极材料作为水系锌离子电池的重要组成部分,其性能直接影响着电池整体性能。因此,探索高性能水系锌离子电池正极材料具有重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。文章致力于探索水系锌离子电池正极材料制备方法,并深入研究其电化学性能,通过不同的合成方法制备多种正极材料,并利用物理表征和电化学测试手段对其结构、形貌和电化学性能做出系统分析,旨在推动水系锌离子电池在实际应用中的提升。