Adaptive battery thermal management systems in unsteady thermal application contexts

With the increasing attention paid to battery technology,the microscopic reaction mechanism and macroscopic heat transfer process of lithium-ion batteries have been further studied and understood from both academic and industrial perspectives.Temperature,as one of the key parameters in the physical fra mework of batteries,affects the performa nce of the multi-physical fields within the battery,a nd its effective control is crucial.Since the heat generation in the battery is determined by the real-time operating conditions,the battery temperature is essentially controlled by the real-time heat dissipation conditions provided by the battery thermal management system.Conventional battery thermal management systems have basic temperature control capabilities for most conventional application scenarios.However,with the current development of la rge-scale,integrated,and intelligent battery technology,the adva ncement of battery thermal management technology will pay more attention to the effective control of battery temperature under sophisticated situations,such as high power and widely varied operating conditions.In this context,this paper presents the latest advances and representative research related to battery thermal management system.Firstly,starting from battery thermal profile,the mechanism of battery heat generation is discussed in detail.Secondly,the static characteristics of the traditional battery thermal management system are summarized.Then,considering the dynamic requirements of battery heat dissipation under complex operating conditions,the concept of adaptive battery thermal management system is proposed based on specific research cases.Finally,the main challenges for battery thermal management system in practice are identified,and potential future developments to overcome these challenges are presented and discussed.

Research on Performance Optimization of Liquid Cooling and Composite Phase Change Material Coupling Cooling Thermal Management System for Vehicle Power Battery

The serpentine tube liquid cooling and composite PCM coupled cooling thermal management system is designed for 18650 cylindrical power batteries,with the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the power pack within the optimal temperature operating range as the target.The initial analysis of the battery pack at a 5C discharge rate,the influence of the single cell to cooling tube distance,the number of cooling tubes,inlet coolant temperature,the coolant flow rate,and other factors on the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack,initially determined a reasonable value for each design parameter.A control strategy is used to regulate the inlet flow rate and coolant temperature of the liquid cooling system in order to make full use of the latent heat of the composite PCM and reduce the pump’s energy consumption.The simulation results show that the maximum battery pack temperature of 309.8 K and the temperature difference of 4.6 K between individual cells with the control strategy are in the optimal temperature operating range of the power battery,and the utilization rate of the composite PCM is up to 90%.

A Review on Lithium-ion Power Battery Thermal Management Technologies and Thermal Safety

Lithium-ion power battery has become one of the main power sources for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles because of superior performance compared with other power sources. In order to ensure the safety and improve the performance, the maximum operating temperature and local temperature difference of batteries must be maintained in an appropriate range. The effect of temperature on the capacity fade and aging are simply investigated. The electrode structure, including electrode thickness, particle size and porosity, are analyzed. It is found that all of them have significant influences on the heat generation of battery. Details of various thermal management technologies, namely air based, phase change material based, heat pipe based and liquid based, are discussed and compared from the perspective of improving the external heat dissipation. The selection of different battery thermal management(BTM) technologies should be based on the cooling demand and applications, and liquid cooling is suggested being the most suitable method for large-scale battery pack charged/discharged at higher C-rate and in high-temperature environment. The thermal safety in the respect of propagation and suppression of thermal runaway is analyzed.

Design and parametric optimization of thermal management of lithium-ion battery module with reciprocating air-flow

Single cell temperature difference of lithium-ion battery(LIB) module will significantly affect the safety and cycle life of the battery. The reciprocating air-flow module created by a periodic reversal of the air flow was investigated in an effort to mitigate the inherent temperature gradient problem of the conventional battery system with a unidirectional coolant flow with computational fluid dynamics(CFD). Orthogonal experiment and optimization design method based on computational fluid dynamics virtual experiments were developed. A set of optimized design factors for the cooling of reciprocating air flow of LIB thermal management was determined. The simulation experiments show that the reciprocating flow can achieve good heat dissipation, reduce the temperature difference, improve the temperature homogeneity and effectively lower the maximal temperature of the modular battery. The reciprocating flow improves the safety, long-term performance and life span of LIB.

Thermal Management of Air-Cooling Lithium-Ion Battery Pack

Lithium-ion battery packs are made by many batteries, and the difficulty in heat transfer can cause many safety issues. It is important to evaluate thermal performance of a battery pack in designing process. Here, a multiscale method combining a pseudo-two-dimensional model of individual battery and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics is employed to describe heat generation and transfer in a battery pack. The effect of battery arrangement on the thermal performance of battery packs is investigated. We discuss the air-cooling effect of the pack with four battery arrangements which include one square arrangement, one stagger arrangement and two trapezoid arrangements. In addition, the air-cooling strategy is studied by observing temperature distribution of the battery pack. It is found that the square arrangement is the structure with the best air-cooling effect, and the cooling effect is best when the cold air inlet is at the top of the battery pack. We hope that this work can provide theoretical guidance for thermal management of lithium-ion battery packs.

Challenges and recent progress in thermal management with heat pipes for lithium-ion power batteries in electric vehicles

Electric vehicles(EVs)are globally undergoing rapid developments,and have great potentials to replace the traditional vehicles based on fossil fuels.Power-type lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been widely used for EVs,owing to high power densities,good charge/discharge stability,and long cycle life.The driving ranges and acceleration performances are gaining increasing concerns from customers,which depend highly on the power level of LIBs.With the increase in power outputs,rising heat generation significantly affects the battery performances,and in particular operation safety.Meanwhile,the cold-start performance is still an intractable problem under extreme conditions.These challenges put forward higher requirements for a dedicated battery thermal management system(BTMS).Compared to traditional BTMSs in EVs,the heat pipe-based BTMS has great application prospects owing to its compact structure,flexibility,low cost,and especially high thermal conductivity.Encompassing this topic,this review first introduces heat generation phenomena and temperature characteristics of LIBs.Multiple abuse conditions and thermal runaway issues are described afterward.Typical cooling and preheating methods for designing a BTMS are also discussed.More emphasis on this review is put on the use of various heat pipes for BTMSs to enhance the thermal performances of LIBs.For lack of wide application in actual EVs,more efforts should be made to extend the use of heat pipes for constructing an energy-efficient,cost-effective,and reliable BTMS to improve the performances and safety of EVs.

Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Grid-Scale Energy Storage Systems

In the electrical energy transformation process,the grid-level energy storage system plays an essential role in balancing power generation and utilization.Batteries have considerable potential for application to grid-level energy storage systems because of their rapid response,modularization,and flexible installation.Among several battery technologies,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)exhibit high energy efficiency,long cycle life,and relatively high energy density.In this perspective,the properties of LIBs,including their operation mechanism,battery design and construction,and advantages and disadvantages,have been analyzed in detail.Moreover,the performance of LIBs applied to grid-level energy storage systems is analyzed in terms of the following grid services:(1)frequency regulation;(2)peak shifting;(3)integration with renewable energy sources;and(4)power management.In addition,the challenges encountered in the application of LIBs are discussed and possible research directions aimed at overcoming these challenges are proposed to provide insight into the development of grid-level energy storage systems.

Review of prevention and mitigation technologies for thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in transportation,power equipment,aerospace,and other fields.However,the complex electrochemical reactions inside the battery cause excessive heat generation rate due to thermal,mechanical,and electrical abuse conditions,and even lead to thermal runaway.The problem of thermal runaway has become an important factor limiting its use.This review summarizes the intrinsic safety of batteries,thermal management,early monitoring and warning for thermal runaway,fire prevention and fire suppression technologies.The intrinsic safety technologies were summarized from the aspects of electrolyte flame retardancy,improvement of thermal stability of battery materials,and ceramic separators.To effectively control battery temperature,thermal management technologies were elaborated from the perspectives of air cooling,liquid cooling,heat pipes,phase change materials,and coupled thermal management.Single parameter detection,multi parameter composite detection,and new detection technologies were also discussed.In-situ monitoring of batteries based on fiber optic sensors helps to achieve early warning of thermal runaway.After thermal runaway occurs,fire prevention and fire extinguishing technology can effectively reduce the harm of thermal runaway,which should be given sufficient attention.This work provides important references value and research ideas for the prevention and mitigation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries.

电动汽车电池组冷媒直冷系统工作特性的试验

针对一种利用电动汽车空调制冷剂直接冷却电池组的锂离子电池热管理系统,设计了基于口琴管式冷板的电池模组.进行了直冷和液冷的比较,研究了环境温度、压缩机转速、阀门开度及放电倍率对制冷剂流量和蒸发温度的影响,以及对电池组散热特性的影响.结果表明:采用直冷方式在控制电池组平均温度上比液冷具有更好的冷却效果;压缩机转速增加对电池组有明显的控温效果,在3500 r/min的转速下即使是2.0 C的高倍率放电也能控制温度在40.00℃以下;阀门开度增大有利于电池组平均温度的下降,但不利于电池组温差的降低;在电池组温差较大的情况下,单体电池温差能占到电池组温差的88%.

动力电池温度集成控制系统设计与研究

本文以非公路机械动力锂电池为研究对象,围绕动力电池低温加热与高温散热两大关键环节,开展动力电池温度集成控制系统设计与研究。鉴于温度对电池性能及寿命的影响,本文采用挤压成型的铝制型材液冷板,长圆形冷却液道截面,并行布置于模组底部与侧面的方式,实现电池模组的多方向冷却。同时,在电池模组两侧加装电阻式加热片,可使低温下的电池快速升温至适宜温度,确保动力电池发挥良好的充放电性能。动力电池温度集成控制系统能够有效解决电池模组单体电芯温差过大等问题,为动力电池安全高效工作提供强有力保障。

Experimental Investigation on Pouch Lithium-ion Battery Thermal Management with Mini-Channels Cooling Plate Based on Heat Generation Characteristic

An electrochemical thermal coupling model of lithium battery was established to study the heat generation characteristic in this study.The simulation results showed that the heat generation density of the battery increased with the discharge rate.With the discharge process,the heat generation density of the battery increased continuously.With 2.5C discharge rate,the heat generation density at the end of discharge was 1.82 times of that at the beginning of discharge.The heat generation density at different areas of the battery was not uniform and 46%of the total ohmic heat was generated near the electrode tabs.A cooling plate with variable mini-channels was designed to improve the temperature non-uniformity caused by the heat generation characteristic.A cooling plate with uniform mini-channels was designed for compared experiment.The experiments were conducted with deionized water and refrigerant R141b and carried out with 1.5C,2C and 2.5C discharge rates.Experimental results showed that the cooling plate with variable mini-channels had a better cooling performance in both single-phase and two-phase cooling conditions.

高寒地区纯电动汽车电池热管理系统实用技术探究

新能源汽车动力电池在低温环境下的能量衰减,制约了纯电动汽车的发展。针对电池热管理系统寒冷天气的技术性能,主要基于保温、预热、电池热管理系统管控策略等测试进行分析与研究,为改善动力电池低温性能和对动力电池低温热管理技术的进一步研究提供指导。

Thermal Management Optimization of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module with Graphite Sheet Fins and Liquid Cold Plates

Temperature uniformity of lithium-ion batteries and maintaining the temperature within the range for efficient operation are addressed.First,Liquid cold plates are placed on the sides of a prismatic battery,and fins made of aluminum alloy or graphite sheets are applied between battery cells to improve the heat transfer performance.Then a simulation model is built with 70 battery cells and 6 liquid cold plates,and the performance is analyzed according to the flow rate,liquid temperature,and discharge rate.Finally,the results show that temperature differences are mainly caused by the liquid cold plates.The fin surface determines the equivalent thermal conductivity of the battery.The graphite sheets have heterogeneous thermal conductivity,which help improve temperature uniformity and reduce the temperature gradient.With lower density than the aluminum alloy,they offer a lower gravimetric power density for the same heat transfer capacity.In addition to the equivalent thermal conductivity,the temperature difference between the cooling liquid and battery surface is an important parameter for temperature uniformity.Optimizing the fin thickness is found to be an effective way to reduce the temperature difference between the liquid and battery during cooling and improve the temperature uniformity.

电动汽车动力电池热管理系统设计

针对电动汽车各系统温度调控体系,设计一套电动汽车动力电池热管理系统,包含电机冷却回路、乘员舱热管理回路以及电池热管理回路。在计算系统热量、确定电池温度采用逻辑门限值控制、乘员舱温度采用模糊控制的基础上,利用Comsol和Simulink分别建立动力电池模型和乘员舱及控制系统模型,利用二者进行联合仿真。结果表明:基于标准城市路况条件及大连气候,模拟环境温度35℃下,系统运行3276s时,电池单体最高温度可由40.00℃降至29.05℃,且乘员舱温度维持在25℃左右;模拟环境温度-10℃下,系统运行3276s时,电池单体最低温度可由-10.00℃升至23.19℃,且乘员舱温度满足模糊控制器设定的控制需求。

分布式电池系统热平衡控制设计

为实现电池系统的温度平衡,提出一种基于分布式的独立输入并联输出(IIPO)电池系统架构的热平衡控制方案。在该系统中,热平衡系统、输出电压控制系统相互结合。在放电操作阶段,通过调节功率转换器的占空比,将调节后的总线电压保持在期望值,并引入电流控制回路来调节每只电池的放电速率,将调节后的电池放电电流保持在期望值,从源头上控制电池产热,以实现热平衡。所提出的热平衡控制器不需要额外的平衡元器件,电池的热平衡会在系统运行期间实现。提出并讨论了控制方案及可行性,并给出概念验证实验样机的理论基础和结果分析,评估和验证热平衡控制器的操作性。

动力电池低温热管理系统评价技术研究

电动汽车的普及对动力电池相关的技术提出了更高的要求,使电池保持在合适温度区间工作的动力电池热管理系统已经成为各大厂商的核心技术需求。由于锂离子电池在冬季低温环境下性能下降、寿命衰减尤为明显,低温热管理技术更是近年来动力电池研究的重点。从锂离子电池在低温环境中的性能劣化机理出发,对低温热管理系统的发展现状进行了综述,并结合最新研究进展,归纳了一套电动汽车低温热管理评价方法。

方形动力电池组多风道热管理研究

针对传统风冷式电池热管理系统的散热能力不足、电池组整体均温性较差的问题,提出了一种分层多风道风冷式冷却方法,采用挡风板将单风道系统分割为多风道系统,建立了多风道动力电池热管理系统。通过实验方法测量了钴酸锂电池的放电温升以及电阻与放电深度的关系,并针对多风道电池热管理模型进行了数值计算研究。结果表明,三风道U型热管理系统的散热效果优于其他热管理系统。当冷却空气流速为0.5 m/s时,三风道U型电池热管理系统的最高温度降低8.4 K,最大温差减小12.4 K,电池组均温性提高。当冷却空气流速为5 m/s时,三风道U型电池热管理系统的最高温度及温差均可以降低5.3 K。使电池组的最高温度和最大温差保持在合理范围内。

动力电池液冷板换热技术研究现状

动力电池液冷换热技术目前发展较为成熟,其中液冷板换热是常见的液冷换热形式,直接影响着动力电池的换热性能。分析了液冷板换热技术发展脉络,结合其换热原理,从液冷板结构、流道尺寸优化、冷却液介质及液冷板制造工艺分析了动力电池液冷板换热技术的研究现状。研究发现:新型结构型式液冷板的换热性能高,但其结构复杂,制造难度大;液冷板流道尺寸优化可提高换热效率并节省系统能耗;乙二醇溶液是目前常见的冷却液介质,一些高性能新能源车采用纳米流体冷却液;采用冲压、钎焊工艺制造的液冷板广泛应用于新能源汽车。

基于并联蛇形流道的动力电池冷媒直冷热管理系统研究

对于使用冷媒直冷的动力电池热管理系统,制冷剂在管道内流动沸腾,管道过长造成电池包底部冷板流道内存在过热段,进而导致电池包的温差以及电池本身垂直方向上的均温性较差。本文针对一个含有48个方形电池的电池包,设计了两种并联蛇形流道结构的直冷板置于电池包底部来改善单蛇形流道所造成的电池包温度均匀性较差的问题。比较了电池包在30℃初始温度下1C倍率充/放电结束时三种直冷板流道内的平均温度和温度均匀性;比较了这三种流道结构下电池包的最大温度以及最大温差,分别分析了三种流道结构的电池包在水平方向上和竖直方向上的温度均匀性,并且提出了一种在电池包上层增设一个环绕小冷板的形式来优化电池包竖直方向的温差。分析结果表明,底置冷板的方式可以将电池包的最高温度控制在40℃以下并且可以保证电池包水平方向的温度均匀性,但电池包竖直方向上的温差过大,通过加设上层小冷板可以保证电池包竖直方向上的温差在整个充放电过程中位于5℃以下,满足电池包的温控要求。

集装箱式储能电站两相冷板液冷系统的温控效果研究

长期处于高温与大温差将会损坏电池性能与使用寿命,而现有的电池储能冷却系统普遍存在冷却效率低、冷热气流组织紊乱以及漏液风险等问题。针对以上不足,本文研发了应用于大型集装箱储能的新型两相冷板液冷系统,并在湖南省湘潭市某储能电站对其温控效果进行现场实测。首先,分析了两相冷板在整个充、放电过程中对全舱与各电池箱的电池温度和温度一致性的控制效果,其次,揭示了充、放电过程结束后的静置期间电池温度变化规律。研究结果表明,两相冷板液冷系统在整个充、放电过程中能够有效降低电池的温升,并将全舱电池的最大温差从传统液冷系统的4.17℃降低至3℃以内,提高了电池温度的一致性;在同等充、放电条件下,充电时电池散发的热量高于放电时电池散发的热量;无冷却情况下,静置阶段储能电站内部电池会出现80 min及更长时间持续高温的现象。