Influence of social capital on the livelihood strategies of farmers under China's rural revitalization strategy in poor mountain areas: A case study of the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture

Social capital in the form of social resources or social networks is one of the most important livelihood capital of farmers, which can increase the labor productivity of poor households and increase income. It is important to explore the reasons underlying the livelihood strategy choices of farmers from the perspective of social capital under China’s rural revitalization strategy. In this study, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, a povertystricken mountainous area in southwestern China, was selected as the case study area, and multivariable linear regression models were constructed to analyze the influence of social capital on livelihood strategies.The results are as follows:(1) Individual social capital had a positive effect on non-agricultural livelihood strategies. On average, with a one-unit increase in individual social capital, the ratio of farmers’ nonagricultural income to total productive income(Income_Rto) increased by 0.002% and 0.062%,respectively. Collective social capital, with the Peasant Economic Cooperation Organization(PECO) as the carrier, had a negative effect on the non-agricultural livelihood strategies of farmers;on average, with a oneunit increase in PECO, Income_Rto decreased by approximately 0.053%. However, this effect was only significant in the river valley area.(2) The income differences among the different livelihood strategy types were explained by the livelihood strategy choices of farmers. As non-agricultural work can bring more benefits, the labor force exhibited one-way migration from villages to cities, resulting in a lack of the subject of rural revitalization. It is necessary to implement effective measures to highlight the role of PECO in increasing agricultural income for farmers. Finally,based on the above conclusions,policy recommendations with respect to livelihood transformation of farmers and rural sustainable development are discussed.

Climate Change, Adaptive Strategies and Rural Livelihoods in Semiarid Tanzania

Climate change is a global challenge to both sustainable livelihoods and economic development. In Tanzania as in most African countries, farming depends almost entirely on rainfall, a situation that makes agriculture and thus rural livelihoods especially in semiarid environments particularly vulnerable to climate change. This study analyses the impacts of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods with particular focus on agricultural production, food security and adaptive capacities in semiarid areas of Tanzania. The methods used in this study included focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household surveys and field observations. Results from the study indicate that communities understood climate change in terms of variability in rainfall patterns and amount, temperature patterns, wind, water availability, increased incidences of drought and decreased agricultural productivity. Communities in the study area acknowledged that while rainfall amounts have decreased over the last thirty years, temperatures have increased;an experience is also supported by meteorological data. Such changes were claimed to have reduced agricultural productivity particularly due to prolonged drought, inadequate and uneven distribution of rainfall as well as unpredictable onset and ending of rains. Stressors such as crop diseases and pests, low soil fertility and inadequate extension services were also reported to contribute to the decline in agricultural productivity and re-occurrence of food insecurity. In response, communities have developed multiple adaptation strategies, including growing of drought tolerant and early maturing crop varieties, increasing wetlands cultivation, water harvesting for small-scale irrigation and livestock keeping. However, households with limited livelihood assets are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and food insecurity. The study argues that diversification of adaptive strategies, such as water harvesting for small-scale irrigation, integration of livestock and crop production are crucial to ensuring sustainable livelihood in a changing climate.

Livelihood Factors and Household Strategies for an Unexpected Climate Event in Upland Northern Laos

Climate events pose major challenges to food production and the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in northern Laos, where upland rice using swidden production is an important crop. The onset of the rainy season in this area is one such climate event, and it has occurred earlier and with less regularity in recent years. Not all households are able to cope with these changes. This study examines the ability of local farmers to cope with rice insufficiency. This investigation also clarifies household strategies in dealing with the climate event. We randomly interviewed 63 of 95 household heads, and performed a paired sample t test to examine the significance of differences in three household groups between the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event. The groups were categorized according to rice selfsufficiency in 2011: groups I are households with rice self-sufficiency, group II are those facing a rice shortage of up to 3 months, and group III are those with insufficient rice for over 3 months. We also conducted a one-way ANOVA to examine the significance of differences in livelihood strategies among the three groups. We found that the household labor force was the most important factor in enhancing the villagers' ability to deal with the climate event and that the level of impact of that event shaped their coping strategies. Households with substantial labor force had more options for coping strategies than those with smaller ones. The villagers faced different levels of impact and adopted differentcoping strategies accordingly. Non-timber forest product collection was the principle livelihood strategy in response to non-climate factors such as education, access to health services, provision of equipment and clothing, and overcoming the impact of the climate event. Households heavily affected by the early rainy season onset tended to engage in intensive activities such as off-farm activity and outside work, rather than their major livelihood activities in the village(upland crop and livestock production).

Relationship analysis between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies:A Heihe River Basin example

The security and quality of the livelihood of farmers is of paramount concern in rural areas of China. Livelihood stability would force the related polity to act coordinately while eradicating poverty and promoting resource sustainability. For this study, the livelihood approach was used as a framework of analysis that is based upon Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, the core of which is livelihood assets. Livelihood capitals provide substantial contributions to the well-being of numerous rural dwellers. However, the level and degree of reliance on livelihood capital differ across households. Factors that contribute to the economic reliance of households on a particular economic activity in general and on livelihood capital in particular may vary depending upon the type of resource endowment, household demographic, and economic characteristic as well as exoge- nous factors such as markets, prices, policies, and technologies. This study identifies factors that influence a household＇s live- lihood strategy choice with a particular focus on livelihood assets. The study applies a preliminary investigation concerning the relationship between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies, that is, the allocation of assets. Environmentally augmented household livelihood assets were collected from 300 sample households within the Heihe River Basin. Results show that physical assets possess a maximum value （0.609） for farmers and human assets possess a relatively high value （0.516） fol- lowed by social assets （0.354）. Besides, financial and natural assets possess relatively low values （0.286 and 0.241, respec- tively）. An increment of one unit should reduce the occurrence of choosing non-agricultural activities for natural capital while an increment of one unit should increase the occurrence of choosing non-agricultural activities for financial capital, while other variables remain constant. Governments, therefore, should enhance funding and technological support to achieve livelihood diversity and strengthen the facility of farmers by way of establishing relevant polity. It would enable farmers and provide themselves with the ability and asset reserves to transition from agricultural production to secondary and tertiary industries in order to improve the livelihood of farmers overall.

Livelihood Selection and Risk Reduction Strategies for Herdsmen in Ecological Migration Project Based on the Survey of 3 Migrant Villages in S Banner of Inner Mongolia

Through the survey of 3 different grassland migrant villages in S Banner,the author studied the influence of ecological migration policies on migrants,and analyzed livelihood selection and adaptation of migrants in the new environment.Finally,the author put forward corresponding countermeasures,including migration without forbidding grazing,turn to the secondary and tertiary industry,and return to animal husbandry.

Changing water regime and adaptation strategies in Upper Mustang Valley of Upper Kaligandaki Basin in Nepal

Recent climate change has brought changes to the water regime that has affected the traditional agro-pastoral production systems and livelihoods in the Upper Kaligandaki Basin of the Nepal Himalayas. Based on fieldwork and available meteorological and hydrological data, this paper examines the changing water regime and various adaptation strategies that local farmers have adopt- ed in this cold alid region. Increasing temperature and decreasing min｜hll and snowfall have resulted in a negative water balance. In this scenario, lhmlers have implemented six major adaptive strategies in the trans-Himalayan Upper Mustang Valley.

气候灾害、农产品价格策略和农户生计脆弱性——来自生态搬迁安置区的考察

在生态搬迁大背景下,农户面临的外部环境、内在心理和应对策略均发生了明显转变,有必要从外部扰动与内部适应的视角探究农户生计脆弱性。基于生计脆弱性理论,探讨实际气候灾害、感知气候灾害和农产品价格策略对农户生计脆弱性的影响,基于广东韶关南水湖生态搬迁安置区425位农户的调研数据进行验证。通过单因素方差分析、回归分析和Bootstrap中介效应检验,得出结论:首先,生态搬迁安置区农户感知气候灾害有其特殊性,与村子位置、社会关系和生计转换能力有关;其次,实际气候灾害和感知气候灾害均会加剧农户生计脆弱性,但感知气候灾害的影响力大于实际气候灾害,这与以往研究观点不同,也反映出农户对于气候灾害的担忧心理较为突出;最后,气候灾害及其后续的农产品价格策略是影响农户生计脆弱性的重要因素。

数字金融对农户可持续生计的影响

提升农户可持续生计能力是全面推进乡村振兴战略的关键,这一过程离不开金融的支持。基于可持续生计分析框架构建农户可持续生计评价指标体系,并利用中国家庭金融调查数据,检验数字金融改善农户可持续生计的实现机制与空间溢出效应。研究发现:数字金融可以显著改善农户可持续生计,主要通过提高信贷可得性、增强信息关注度、改善收入分配机制实现,且对风险偏好型、高收入、高生计水平、高生计多样性及高劳动力质量农户可持续生计的改善作用更为显著。此外,数字金融对农户可持续生计的改善作用具有显著的空间溢出效应。应从“供给”和“需求”两方面加大对低收入群体的数字金融服务力度,促进地区间数字金融合作联动发展,差异化促进不同类型农户使用数字金融以实现可持续生计。

北方农牧交错区农户干旱风险感知及其适应策略研究:以陕西省榆阳区为例

为增强农户适应气候变化的能力,提升农业生态系统的气候韧性,本研究以陕西省榆阳区为例,基于农户调研数据运用二元Logistic回归模型对北方农牧交错区农户干旱风险感知及其适应策略进行分析。结果表明:农户的干旱风险感知与适应意向之间存在复杂的非线性相关关系。农户对干旱风险严重性的感知由高到低依次为农兼户、兼农户、非农户、纯农户,适应感知由高到低依次为非农户、纯农户、兼农户、农兼户。农兼户对干旱风险严重性的感知最为强烈而适应感知最弱,纯农户对干旱风险严重性的感知程度最低而适应感知较强;接近半数(47.5%)的受访农户愿意积极应对干旱风险,非农化水平较高的农兼户和兼农户适应意向更强烈,分别有72.34%和58.33%的农户产生积极的适应意向,有36.19%的纯农户产生积极适应意向,非农户的比例仅占23.08%;农户适应感知、适应激励、自然资本、物质资本、社会资本与适应意向存在显著相关关系,且均为正相关。基于以上结果,本研究提出了旨在提升北方农牧交错区农户干旱风险适应能力的政策建议。

主客观比较视角下农户福祉差异与提升路径研究

福祉是一种幸福、健康或繁荣的状态,提升居民福祉是未来发展的根本目的和终极目标。依据实地调研与访谈数据,以农户生活满意度衡量农户主观福祉,以农户生计资本解析农户客观福祉,划分农户福祉水平,同时针对不同类型和不同生计策略的农户,对其福祉水平进行解译,为白家村农户发展提供优化路径。研究表明:1)白家村农户主观福祉与客观福祉匹配结果以“中-中”类型聚集明显,尚需整体提升。2)具体而言,客观福祉中以金融资本和自然资本滞后性较明显。主观福祉中乡村生产生活保障满意度较低,当地农户对自身医疗、卫生、教育存在意见。3)未来应首先整体提升策略水平指引白家村乡村农户福祉向“高-高”理想状态发展。其次,重点突破建设短板明确白家村乡村农户福祉建设方向。受访农户中,脱贫不稳定户与边缘户基础资源禀赋不足,发展内生力不足,针对此情况亟需政府进行对应帮扶。同时,当地政府应针对外出务工农户,开展非农职业培训,提升外出农户非农就业能力,为留村农户农业资产变现提供政策支持,确保农户在取得非农收入的同时,还能获得稳定的财产性收入。

数字嵌入、草地生态认知与牧民生计策略选择

数字乡村是乡村振兴的战略方向,数字信息技术逐渐成为提高认知的重要渠道,并促进牧民生计策略的转型。基于北疆草原牧区383份实地调研数据,运用Mlogit模型分析信息通讯技术嵌入强度对牧民生计策略的影响,并探讨草地生态认知的中介效应。研究表明:北疆牧民生计选择以畜牧兼业型为主,占52%,外出务工型占比最低;信息通讯技术嵌入强度与牧民生计策略之间呈现“倒U型”非线性关系。即相对于纯牧型,信息通讯技术嵌入强度越深,牧民选择畜牧兼业型、畜牧兼旅兼业型及外出务工型生计策略的概率越大,但当嵌入强度达到相对阈值后,则不利于牧民生计转型。因此,牧民应合理控制每天的上网强度;信息通讯技术嵌入能够显著提高牧民的生态认知,牧民上网学习和上网社交沟通均能够有效提高其生态认知水平,且生态认知在信息通讯技术嵌入与牧民生计转型之间发挥部分中介效应;异质性分析显示,牧民每天上网的最佳合理范围应控制在3~6 h以内,能够对牧民的生计转型起到积极影响;在合理使用范围内,信息通讯技术嵌入强度越深,越能够促进中、低年龄组牧民群体的生计转型。

乡村振兴背景下农户生计资本研究现状及展望

在乡村振兴背景下,生计资本是影响和体现农户生计状况的基础,同时也是解决三农问题,实现乡村振兴的重要切入点,受到了学者们的广泛关注。本文通过回顾与梳理国内外有关生计资本的研究文献,从五方面提出、研究在乡村振兴背景下未来农户生计资本的重点。

不同乡村地域类型农户生计资本和生计策略特征及影响因素——以于桥水库流域为例

农户生计方式不仅决定了农户的收入,还对区域环境产生了深刻的影响。不同乡村地域类型是影响农户生计资本和生计策略的重要因素。本研究通过参与式农村评估和问卷调查获取于桥水库流域512份农户生计的一手数据,构建了农户生计资本评价指标体系,依据收入结构划分农户生计策略,分析不同乡村地域类型的农户生计资本和生计策略特征,并利用多元回归方程解析生计资本对生计策略的影响。结果表明:流域内农户生计非农化成为普遍现象,纯非农型和非主农辅型生计策略占比分别为29.5%和42.6%。不同生计策略农户的生计资本存在显著差异:纯非农和非主农辅农户的总生计资本、人力资本、社会资本和金融资本显著高于纯农业和农主非辅农户,纯农业和农主非辅农户的自然资本显著高于纯非农型农户。不同乡村地域类型农户的生计资本水平和生计策略选择具有明显差异。经济作物区农户的总生计资本、自然资本显著高于其他地区,传统粮产区的金融资本最低。水库周边区生计策略主要为纯非农型,山地林木区和城镇周边区主要是非主农辅型,传统粮产区和经济作物区主要是纯非农型和非主农辅型,文化旅游区主要是非主农辅型和农主非辅型。人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、耕地破碎化程度、土壤肥力、劳动力占比、家庭人口平均年龄、交通工具和家庭人均收入等指标对农户生计策略选择具有显著影响。不同乡村地域类型生计资本和生计策略差异主要与地理区位、自然资源、社会资源和政策相关。最后,提出基于乡村地域特征的农户生计的针对性优化策略,为促进农户生计可持续发展提供参考。

农地流转对农户生计策略多样化的影响——基于全国农户调查数据的实证检验

本文基于DFID可持续生计分析框架的逻辑设定,运用全国大样本农户微观调查数据,采用Logit/OLS回归和PSM方法实证检验了农地流转对农户生计策略选择和生计非农化程度的影响。研究结果显示,农地流转可以为农户提供生计多样化选择的机会,农地转出可以促进农户从事多样化的生计策略,提升农户生计非农化水平;转入农地为农户实现农业生产规模经营创造条件,可以促进农户选择农业向生计策略;农户生计异质性是影响农户生计策略多样化的关键因素。基于上述结果,本文认为发展功能完善的农地流转市场仍是现阶段农地流转政策的主要方向;提升人力、物质、金融资本能够提高农民生计多样化水平。

正规金融与农村家庭生计脆弱性——基于房贷差异视角下的实证研究

促进农村家庭生计可持续是乡村振兴战略的重中之重。基于CFPS两期整合数据考察正规借贷对农村家庭生计脆弱性的影响。统计结果表明,农村家庭的生计脆弱性指数集中在-0.459~0.225之间,整体脆弱性水平较低。相较于非正规借贷家庭,正规借贷家庭的生计脆弱性水平更低。房屋正规借贷高额度家庭的生计脆弱性水平较高,而非房屋正规借贷高额度家庭的生计脆弱性水平较低,这两类农村家庭的低额度正规借贷组中有很大部分家庭的生计可持续能力很高。回归结果表明,正规借贷额度每提高1个单位,农村家庭的生计脆弱性指数降低12.1个百分点。相较于房屋正规借贷额度,非房屋正规借贷额度的提高对农村家庭生计脆弱性的降低效果更好。进一步研究发现,房屋正规借贷和非房屋正规借贷额度的提高均可通过促进农村家庭生计策略非农化的转型进而降低其生计脆弱性,但房屋正规借贷在该机制中所起的积极作用更大。据此提出引导农户合理使用正规借贷资金,开发“房贷+”金融产品,细化农村金融帮扶策略的对策建议。

土地细碎化会抑制农户绿色生产行为吗?——现实背景、理论逻辑与实证检验

研究目的:从土地细碎化的现实情景出发,基于2021年江西省“百村千户”调查数据,分析土地细碎化对农户绿色生产行为的影响机理,并探讨生计策略的中介效应及要素禀赋的调节效应。研究方法:OLS,门槛效应模型,中介效应模型,调节效应模型。研究结果:(1)土地细碎化总体上抑制农户绿色生产行为采纳,但不同细碎化程度对农户绿色生产行为的影响效果存在差异,表现为土地细碎化程度的门槛效应,并与农户绿色生产行为基本呈倒U型关系。随着土地细碎化程度的提高,农户绿色生产行为先上升后下降。(2)土地细碎化通过影响农户的生计策略作用于其绿色生产行为选择。(3)要素禀赋正向调节土地细碎化对农户绿色生产行为的影响。(4)土地细碎化对农户不同绿色生产行为的影响存在代际差异性。研究结论:土地细碎化并非简单地抑制农户绿色生产行为,在有序推进土地细碎化治理工作的同时,应整合资源,优化配置,降低农户绿色生产行为采纳的禀赋约束,助力农业可持续发展的实现。

世界自然遗产地生态移民生计能力与适应策略——基于适应水平的中介作用

以巴音布鲁克世界自然遗产地外迁定居的205户牧户为研究对象,运用结构方程模型探讨生态移民的生计能力、适应水平与适应策略之间的关系。结果表明:牧民生计能力由生产能力、社会能力、劳动能力、金融能力等多种因素决定,适应水平由生活适应、文化适应、经济适应、社会适应与政策适应等维度构成。生计能力显著正向影响适应水平和适应策略选择,适应水平在生计能力对适应策略影响路径中起到38.46%的促进作用。牧民生计能力越强,异地定居适应水平越高,留在城镇定居的可能性越大。应通过激发主体内生动力、打造良好“三生”环境、创新定居移民生计发展模式来持续提升牧民生计能力和异地适应水平,促进区域可持续发展。

基于可持续生计框架的农户可持续生计研究文献计量分析

农户实现可持续生计对于巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,避免规模性返贫具有重要意义。以2000—2022年在Web of Science核心合集与知网数据库中以“可持续生计框架”和“农户生计”为研究主题发表的394篇文献为数据源,利用CiteSpace软件网络可视化分析功能对基于可持续生计框架的农户可持续生计研究进行文献计量分析。结果表明:该领域年发文数量呈上升趋势,作者之间有合作关系但并不集中,没有形成核心作者群;以中国科学院、国际农业研究磋商组织、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所为代表的研究机构在这一领域的研究较多,分别形成了以内蒙古大学和国际林业研究中心为中心的2个合作网络。目前,基于该框架的农户生计研究热点主要集中在2个方面:一是基于可持续生计框架的农户生计资产研究;二是基于可持续生计框架的农户生计策略研究。未来的研究热点:一是生计资产组合对农户生计策略转型和轨迹的影响;二是农户生计策略转变对以维持生态系统服务为目的的政策、机构及其过程的响应;三是脆弱性环境/背景对农户生计策略适应性和转变的影响。

农地转出户生计资本对生计策略选择的影响——基于CFPS数据的微观实证

在合理筛选变量并对农户生计策略进行细分的基础上,基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)全国整合样本的数据,构建自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、金融资本、社会资本及心理资本的6维生计资本量化指标体系,采用多项Logit模型实证分析生计资本对生计策略选择的影响规律。结果表明,不同生计策略类型的农地转出户的生计资本指标及总指数存在差异化的分化特征。自然资本、物质资本、金融资本越大的农户,越倾向选择农业主导型生计策略;自然资本、人力资本、社会资本越大的农户,越倾向选择农业兼业型生计策略;自然资本、人力资本、社会资本、心理资本越大的农户,越倾向选择务工兼业型生计策略;人力资本、社会资本、心理资本越大的农户,越倾向选择务工主导型生计策略。各影响因素对农户生计策略选择相对风险比具有差异性。据此提出政府要引导农户耕地规模化经营,健全社会化保障服务,完善农村金融体系,普及非农技能培训等差异化政策。

文化建构的双重性:资源配置视域下中原汉族社区传统生计策略的文化生态研究

任何一个民族文化的建构均会遵循于生物性与社会性的双重法则,达成文化信息系统与自然生态系统的契合,以实现区域生计活动的资源配置最大化与生态维护相兼容。汉族自然也不例外,但学界往往给予少数民族以较多的关注,事实上,作为绵延数千年的农耕民族,汉族农民拥有丰富且切实有效的地方性知识,其本身集聚着历代汉族劳动人民的智慧总结,发挥着区域资源合理配置、生态维护及风险规避等重要功能,与现代普同性知识相比,拥有不可替代的生态及经济价值,对当前农业农村现代化进程有一定的借鉴与启示意义。