Colorectal liver metastases:An update on multidisciplinary approach

Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended.However,resectability remains poorly defined.Tumour biology is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic factor;hence molecular profiling has a growing role in risk stratification and management planning.Surgical resection is the only treatment modality for curative intent.The most appropriate surgical approach is yet to be established.The primary cancer and the hepatic metastasis can be removed simultaneously or in a two-step approach;these two strategies have comparable long-term outcomes.For patients with a limited future liver remnant,portal vein embolization,combined ablation and resection,and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy have been advocated,and each has their pros and cons.The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is still debated.Targeted biological agents and loco-regional therapies(thermal ablation,intra-arterial chemo-or radio-embolization,and stereotactic radiotherapy) further improve the already favourable results.The recent debate about offering liver transplantation to highly selected patients needs validation from large clinical trials.Evidencebased protocols are missing,and therefore optimal management of hepatic metastasis should be personalized and determined by a multi-disciplinary team.

Anterior vs conventional approach hepatectomy for large liver cancer:A meta-analysis

AIM: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and safety of anterior-and conventional-approach hepatectomy for patients with large liver tumors. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials comparing anterior-approach hepatectomy (AAH) and conventional-approach hepatectomy (CAH). Two observers independently extracted the data using a spreadsheet and assessed the studies for inclusion. Studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and addressed the clinical questions of this analysis were further assessed using either fixed effects or random effects models. RESULTS: Two RCTs and six controlled clinical trials involving 807 patients met the predefined inclusion criteria. A total of 363 patients underwent AAH and 444 underwent CAH. Meta-analysis indicated that the AAH group had fewer requirements for transfusion (OR = 0.37, 95%CI: 0.21-0.63), less recurrence (OR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.37-0.87), and lower mortality (OR = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.13-0.63). There were no significant differences between AAH and CAH with regard to perioperative complications (OR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.58-1.51), intraoperative tumor rupture (OR = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.40-2.40), or length of hospital stay (weighted mean difference = -0.17, 95%CI: -2.36-2.02). CONCLUSION: AAH has advantages of decreased transfusion, mortality and recurrence compared to CAH. It is a safe and effective method for large cancers requiring right hepatectomy. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy in pediatric living donor liver transplantation by single-port approach:A case report

BACKGROUND Single-port laparoscopy has been used in a variety of abdominal operations.We report the first case of single-port laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy in pediatric laparoscopic living donor liver transplantation.CASE SUMMARY A 28-year-old man volunteered for living liver donation to his daughter who was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension after the Kasai procedure for biliary atresia.His body mass index was 20.5 kg/m2.Liver dynamic computed tomography showed:(1)Left lateral graft volume of 232.76 cm3 with a graft-torecipient weight ratio of 2.59%;and(2)Right hepatic artery derived from the superior mesenteric artery.A single-port access system was placed through a transumbilical incision,including four trocars:two 12-mm ports for a camera and endoscopic stapler and two 5-mm working ports.Liver parenchyma was dissected by a Harmonic and Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator,while bipolar was used for coagulation.The bile duct was transected above the bifurcation by indocyanine green fluorescence cholangiography.The specimen was retrieved from the umbilical incision.The total operation time was 4 h without blood transfusion.The final graft weight was 233.6 g with graft-torecipient weight ratio of 2.60%.The donor was discharged uneventfully on postoperative day 4.CONCLUSION Single-port laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy is feasible in pediatric laparoscopic living donor liver transplantation in an experienced transplant center.

Surgical treatment of metachronous rectal liver and lungmetastases： A combined videolaparoscopic andvideothoracoscopic approach

To the Editor：We read with tremendous interest the paper by Del Fabbroet al. [1]. In this thorough article, the authors meticulously underlinethe advantages of a modified j-shaped incision for the simultaneoustreatment of difficult liver colorectal metastases （CRM） and right-lung CRM, reporting their experience in a cohort of 11 patients.

Current management of liver diseases and the role of multidisciplinary approach

Liver is an organ having extremely diversified functions,ranging from metabolic and synthetic to detoxification of harmful chemicals.The multifunctionality of the liver in principle requires the multidisciplinary and pluralistic interventions for its management.Several studies have investigated liver function,dysfunction and clinic.This editorial work discusses new ideas,challenges and perspectives of current research regarding multidisciplinary and pluralistic management of liver diseases.In one hand the discussions have carried out on the involvement of extracellular vesicles,Na^(+)/H^(+) exchangers,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Epstein–Barr virus infections,Drug-induced liver injury,sepsis,pregnancy,and food supplements in hepatic disorders.In the other hand this study has discussed hepatocellular carcinoma algorithms and new bio-chemical and imaging experiments pertaining to liver diseases.Relevant articles with an impact index value">0"from reference citation analysis,which is an open multidisciplinary citation analysis database based on artificial intelligence technology,have served for the study’s argumentation.This work may be a useful tool for the clinical practice and research in managing and investigating liver disorders.

Reply to： Surgical treatment of metachronous rectal liver andlung metastases： A combined videolaparoscopic and videothoracoscopic approach

The Author Reply：We thank Dr. Sucameli et al. for the interest toward our article[1] and for the opportunity for further discussing on this issue,providing a case report of single metastastic fore sites in the liverand lung both treated in a minimal access fashion. However, giventhe interest of the authors insight, it appears misleading when related to that discussed in our report which was clearly referred toother patients＇ profiles. Indeed, they described a case with a singleperipheral nodule in the right lung and a single liver metastasesin segment 5. This uncommon situation （less than 2% of patientsaccording to the LiverMetSurvey registry [2]）, is obviouslya more than reasonable indication for a mini-invasive approach.However, our patients received surgery for complex oncological involvementof the liver： as described, this means large and/or multiplelesions, in contact or invading the hepatic veins at caval confluence.For such conditions we have introduced original surgicalapproaches [3,4]： in such conditions we would select a J-shapedthoracophrenolaparotomy for the liver per se [5]. This incision forsuch complex conditions other than allowing the liver clearance in a single operation rather than in staged approach [6], allows justin case the removal of lung nodules. Therefore, we thank again theauthors for their interest to our report, and furthermore we congratulatefor the original management of the shared clinical case.However, the condition recalled by the authors is related to a scenariooncologically and surgically at the opposite side of that discussedin our paper and for that somehow suggesting a comparisonis misleading.

Addressing the alarming link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular mortality in men

This editorial discusses the key findings presented in Batta and Hatwal’s recent paper titled“Excess cardiovascular mortality in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:A cause for concern!”,which was published in the World Journal of Cardiology.Their original article highlights a notable correlation between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and increased cardiovascular mortality risk in men.The present commentary explores the implications of their findings,discussing potential mechanisms,risk factors,and the urgent need for integrated clinical approaches to mitigate the dual burden of these diseases.Emphasis should be placed on the importance of early detection,lifestyle modifications,and interdisciplinary collaboration for improving patient outcomes.This editorial aims to highlight the broad implications of NAFLD for cardiovascular health and to advocate for increased awareness and proactive management strategies within the medical community.

Caudal approach to pure laparoscopic posterior sectionectomy under the laparoscopy-specific view

AIM:To study our novel caudal approach laparoscopic posterior-sectionectomy with parenchymal transection prior to mobilization under laparoscopy-specific view.METHODS:Points of the procedure are:(1) Patients are put in left lateral position and posterior sector is not mobilized;(2) Glissonian pedicle of the sector is encircled and clamped extra-hepatically and divided afterward during the transection;(3) Dissection of inferior vena cava(IVC) anterior wall behind the liver is started from caudal.Simultaneously,liver transection is performed to search right hepatic vein(RHV) from caudal;(4) Liver transection proceeds to the bifurcation of the vessels from caudal to cranial,exposing the surfaces of IVC and RHV.Since the remnant liver sinks down,the cutting surface is well-opend;and(5) After the completion of transection,dissection of the resected liver from retroperitoneum is easily performed using the gravity.This approach was performed for a 63 years old woman with liver metastasis close to RHV.RESULTS:RHV exposure is required for R0 resection of the lesion.Although the cutting plane is horizontal in supine position and the gravity obstructs the exposure in the small subphrenic space,the use of specific characteristics of laparoscopic hepatectomy,such as the good vision for the dorsal part of the liver and IVC and facilitated dissection using the gravity with the patient positioning,made the complete RHV exposure during the liver transection easy to perform.The operation time was 341 min and operative blood loss was 1356 mL.Her postoperative hospital stay was uneventfull and she is well without any signs of recurrences 14 mo after surgery.CONCLUSION:The new procedure is feasible and useful for the patients with tumors close to RHV and the need of the exposure of RHV.

First quarter century of laparoscopic liver resection

The beginnings of laparoscopic liver resection(LLR)were at the start of the 1990s,with the initial reports being published in 1991 and 1992.These were followed by reports of left lateral sectionectomy in 1996.In the years following,the procedures of LLR were expanded to hemi-hepatectomy,sectionectomy,segmentectomy and partial resection of posterosuperior segments,as well as the parenchymal preserving limited anatomical resection and modified anatomical(extended and/or combining limited)resection procedures.This expanded range of LLR procedures,mimicking the expansion of open liver resection in the past,was related to advances in both technology(instrumentation)and technical skill with conceptual changes.During this period of remarkable development,two international consensus conferences were held(2008 in Louisville,KY,United States,and 2014 in Morioka,Japan),providing up-to-date summarizations of the status and perspective of LLR.The advantages of LLR have become clear,and include reduced intraoperative bleeding,shorter hospital stay,and-especially for cirrhotic patients-lower incidence of complications(e.g.,postoperative ascites and liver failure).In this paper,we review and discuss the developments of LLR in operative procedures(extent and style of liver resections)during the first quarter century since its inception,from the aspect of relationships with technological/technical developments with conceptual changes.

Innovative surgical approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the sixth most common cancer worldwide,with an increasing diffusion in Europe and the United States.The management of such a cancer is continuously progressing and the objective of this paper is to evaluate innovation in the surgical treatment of HCC.In this review,we will analyze the modern concept of preoperative management,the role of laparoscopic and robotic surgery,the intraoperative use of three dimensional models and augmented reality,as well as the potential application of fluorescence.

Effect of a counseling-supported treatment with the Mediterranean diet and physical activity on the severity of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM To determine the clinical effectiveness of nutritional counseling on reduction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) severity, weight loss, metabolic and anthropometric indexes and liver enzymes.METHODS Forty-six adults with NAFLD received a 6-mo clinical and a dietary intervention(based on Mediterranean diet) carried out respectively by a gastroenterologist and a nutritionist with counseling license. The counseling process consisted of monthly meeting(about 45 min each). The effect of the treatment was evaluated monitoring liver enzymes, metabolic parameters, cardiovascular risk indexes, NAFLD severity [assessed by ultrasound(US)] and related indexes. All parameters were assessed at baseline. Biochemistry was also assessed at mid-and end-interventions and US was repeated at end-intervention.RESULTS The percentage of patients with steatosis grade equal or higher than 2 was reduced from 93% to 48% and steatosis regressed in 9 patients(20%). At the end of the treatment the end-point concerning the weight(i.e., a 7% weight reduction or achievement/maintenance of normal weight) was accomplished by 25 out of 46 patients(i.e., 54.3%). As far as the liver enzymes is concerned, all three liver enzymes significantly decrease during the treatment the normalization was particularly evident for the ALT enzyme(altered values reduced from 67% down to 11%). Several parameters, i.e., BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, AST, ALT, GGT, HDL, serum glucose, Tot-Chol/HDL, LDL/HDL, TG/HDL, AIP, HOMA, FLI, Kotronen index, VAI, NAFLD liver fat score and LAP, showed a significant improvement(P < 0.01) between baseline and end-treatment.CONCLUSION Outcomes of this study further strengthen the hypothesis that Med Diet and more active lifestyle can be considered a safe therapeutic approach for reducing risk and severity of NAFLD and related disease states. The proposed approach may be proposed as a valid and recommended approach for improving the clinical profile of NAFLD patients.

Hepatic resection beyond barcelona clinic liver cancer indication:When and how

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the main common primary tumour of the liver and it is usually associated with cirrhosis.The barcelona clinic liver cancer(BCLC)classification has been approved as guidance for HCC treatment algorithms by the European Association for the Study of Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease.According to this algorithm,hepatic resection should be performed only in patients with small single tumours of 2-3 cm without signs of portal hypertension(PHT)or hyperbilirubinemia.BCLC classification has been criticised and many studies have shown that multiple tumors and large tumors,as wide as those with macrovascular infiltration and PHT,could benefit from liver resection.Consequently,treatment guidelines should be revised and patients with intermediate/advanced stage HCC,when technically resectable,should receive the opportunity to be treated with radical surgical treatment.Nevertheless,the surgical treatment of HCC on cirrhosis is complex:The goal to be oncologically radical has always to be balanced with the necessity to minimize organ damage.The aim of this review was to analyze when and how liver resection could be indicated beyond BCLC indication.In particular,the role of multidisciplinary approach to assure a proper indication,of the intraoperative ultrasound for intraoperative restaging and resection guidance and of laparoscopy to minimize surgical trauma have been enhanced.

Surgical dilemmas in the management of colorectal liver metastases: the role of timing

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is an emerging health problem in the Western World both for its raising tendency as well as for its metastatic potential. Almost half of the patients with CRC will develop liver metastases during the course of their disease. The liver surgeon dealing with colorectal liver metastases faces several surgical dilemmas especially in the setting of the timing of operation. Synchronous resectable metastases should be treated prior or after induction chemotherapy? Furthermore in the case of synchronous colorectal liver metastases which organ should we first deal with, the liver or the colon? All these questions are set in the editorial and impulse for further investigation is put focusing on multidisciplinary approach and individualization of treatment modalities.

Treatment strategies for colorectal carcinoma with synchronous liver metastases: Which way to go?

AIM: To offer an up-to-date review of all availabletreatment strategies for patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastases(CLM).METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed to identify articles related to the management of patients with synchronous CLM. A search of the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar was conducted in September 2014.The following search terms were used: synchronous colorectal liver metastases, surgery, stage Ⅳ colorectal cancer, liver-first approach, and up-front hepatectomy.These terms were employed in various combinations to maximize the search. Only articles written in English were included. Particular attention was devoted to studies and review articles that were published within the last six years(2009-2014). Additional searches of the cited references from primary articles were performed to further improve the review. The full texts of all relevant articles were accessed by two independent reviewers.RESULTS: Poor long-term outcomes of patients with synchronous CLM managed by a traditional treatment strategy have led to questions about the timing and sequence of possible therapeutic interventions. Thus,alternative paradigms called reverse strategies have been proposed. Presently, there are four treatment strategies available:(1) primary first approach(or traditional approach) comprises resection of the primary colorectal tumor followed by chemotherapy;subsequent liver resection is performed 3-6 mo after colorectal resection(provided that CLM are still resectable);(2) simultaneous resection of the primary colorectal tumor and CLM during a single operation presents intriguing options for a highly select group of patients, which can be associated with significant postoperative morbidity;(3) liver-first(or chemotherapy-first) approach comprises preoperative chemotherapy(3-6 cycles) followed by liver resection,adjuvant chemotherapy, and resection of the primary colorectal tumor(it is best suited for patients withasymptomatic primary tumors and initially unresectable or marginally resectable CLM); and(4) up-front hepatectomy(or "true" liver-first approach) includes liver resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy,colorectal resection, and adjuvant chemotherapy(strategy can be offered to patients with asymptomatic primary tumors and initially resectable CLM).CONCLUSION: None of the aforementioned strategies appears inferior. It is necessary to establish individual treatment plans in multidisciplinary team meetings through careful appraisal of all strategies.

Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis by acousticradiation force impulse and aminotransferase:platelet ratioindex in chronic hepatitis C

In a previous issue of the World Journal of Gastroen-terology, we have read the article by Li et al with great interest. We would like to thank the authors for their comprehensive contribution. However, it is our wish to make minor criticism over the present study from the perspective of methodology.

基于APR三角的Glisson蒂入路在腹腔镜下解剖性肝右前叶切除术中的应用

目的 探讨基于APR三角入路,腹腔镜超声辅助定位的腹腔镜下解剖性肝右前叶切除术中的应用。方法 2018年1月~2022年8月我院行腹腔镜下解剖性肝右前叶切除术治疗的病人28例,其中基于APR三角入路14例,为实验组;传统前入路14例,为对照组。比较两组病人的基本情况、手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血、术后并发症、术后肝功能、术后住院时间等资料。结果 两种方式均顺利完成,实验组手术时间(340.71±45.82)分钟、肝门阻断时间(56.07±11.47)分钟,均短于对照组的(428.92±90.00)分钟和(68.36±15.96)分钟,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组术后1天ALT(236.51±78.65)U/L、术后1天AST(216.82±95.66)U/L、术后3天ALT(177.23±84.76)U/L、术后3天AST(125.63±55.48)U/L、术后3天TBil(23.57±7.58)μmol/L,均低于对照组的(658.73±361.55)U/L、(688.88±241.52)U/L、(383.42±199.01)U/L、(232.59±168.55)U/L、(31.46±11.95)umol/L,实验组病人术后住院时间为(7.79±1.19)天,短于对照组的(9.86±2.44)天,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组病人术后90天随访无复发或死亡病例。结论 基于APR三角入路、腹腔超声辅助定位的腹腔镜下解剖性肝右前叶切除术手术时间更短、肝门阻断时间更短、术后肝功能酶学指标恢复更快、术后住院时间更短。两组病人术后并发症无明显差异。

腹腔镜肝切除术100例手术体会

目的:分析非血流阻断下腹腔镜肝切除的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析弋矶山医院2016~2021年100例采用腹腔镜肝切除术的肝脏病变患者资料,阻断组采用肝门血流阻断,非阻断组未进行肝门血流阻断。记录手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期相关生化指标等。结果:100例患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹手术。阻断组术中出血量少于非阻断组(P<0.05),术后转氨酶水平高于非阻断组(P<0.05)。术后3例发生胆漏,经冲洗引流后治愈,顺利出院。无围手术期死亡及严重并发症发生,无非计划再次手术。术后随访6~12个月,肿瘤患者无局部复发及远处转移。结论:对于合适的患者,非血流阻断的腹腔镜肝切除术,可以减少因肝门阻断对术后肝功能的影响,手术安全、可行。

肝实质优先腹腔镜解剖性肝中叶切除术的应用体会

目的:探讨肝实质优先腹腔镜解剖性肝中叶切除术的方法及应用技巧。方法:回顾分析2019年1月至2020年12月为16例肝癌患者行肝实质优先腹腔镜解剖性肝中叶切除术的临床资料,患者均签署知情同意书,符合医学伦理学规定。根据术前影像学检查、术中探查结果行肝实质优先腹腔镜解剖性肝中叶切除术。结果:16例患者均成功施行肝实质优先腹腔镜解剖性肝中叶切除术,无一例中转开腹。手术时间平均(137.5±25.7)min,出血量平均(130.3±47.4)mL,无术中输血病例。术后胸腔积液1例,胆漏2例,均通过穿刺引流后治愈。术后病理示15例肝细胞肝癌、1例腺癌(符合结肠癌肝转移),手术切缘均为阴性。术后平均住院(6.8±2.7)d。无围手术期死亡病例。结论:肝实质优先腹腔镜解剖性肝中叶切除术简化了鞘外肝蒂血流阻断,降低了术中出血、重要管道损伤的风险,更加符合肿瘤的“无瘤原则”,是简便、安全、有效的技术,具有良好的临床应用前景。

他克莫司在151例肝移植受者的常规监测的群体药动学研究

目的考察国人肝移植受者口服他克莫司(Tacrolimus,FK506)常规监测的群体药动学特征,为实施个体化用药提供新途径。方法收集151例肝移植受者FK506的血药浓度数据,应用非线性混合效应法(NONMEM)选择药动学模型和统计学模型,并考察性别(GEN)、年龄(AGE)、体重(BW)、术后时间(POD)、剂量(DOSE)、合并用药、肝肾功能、红细胞压积(HCT)等协变量对药动学参数的影响,建立最终回归模型。并根据Bayesian反馈估算获得个体和群体的药动学参数以及预测血药浓度。结果NONMEM法对151例肝移植受者的总数据集用一级吸收二房室开放模型进行拟合,指数模型表征个体间和个体自身变异。将总数据集随机分为建模组和验证组。用建模组数据获得的群体参数在验证组中有较理想的拟合优度。群体药动学参数为:CL为19 L.h-1,V2为170 L,Q为71 L.h-1,V3为324 L,Ka为2.670 h-1,吸收延迟时间(ALAG)为0.230 h。协变量对药动学参数的影响按照OB J下降的幅度依次为DOSE,BUN,HCT对CL;BUN,DOSE,AGE对V2。经Bayesian反馈得到的预测浓度和实测浓度的相关性为r=0.97。模型的误差分析结果表明,平均绝对权重残差(MAWR)为(11±10)%。结论NONMEM法建立回归模型能较好地估算应用FK506的肝移植受者的个体及群体药动学参数,应用回归模型并利用Bayesian反馈可用于临床个体化给药。

改良式绕肝提拉法前入路在右半肝切除术中的应用

目的评价改良式绕肝提拉法前入路在右半肝切除术中的临床应用价值。方法提出重视"手术高危区"的解剖分离,建立肝后隧道,置单或双悬吊带提拉肝脏,绕肝提拉法前入路进行右半肝切除术。结果本组7例,包括肝癌2例、肝血管瘤2例、严重肝损伤2例及右肝内胆管结石1例,手术均获得成功,未发生与本术式相关的并发症。结论改良式绕肝提拉法前入路进行右半肝切除术安全可靠。此法同时适用于肝良性病变及严重肝损伤的右半肝切除术,是值得推荐的一种手术方式。