Anticlastogenic Effect of Redistilled Cow's Urine Distillate in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes Challenged With Manganese Dioxide and Hexavalent Chromium

Objective To study the anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow＇s urine distillate （RCUD） in human peripheral lymphocytes （HLC） challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium. Methods The anticlastogenic activity of redistilled cow＇s urine distillate was studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes （HPNLs） and human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium as established genotoxicants and clastogens which could cause induction of DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus. Three different levels of RCUD： 1 μL/mL, 50 μL/mL and 100 μL/mL, were used in the study. Results Manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium caused statistically significant DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus formation, which could be protected by redisfilled cow＇s urine distillate. Conclusion The redistilled cow＇s urine distillate posseses strong anfigenotoxic and antielastogenic properties against HPNLs and HLC treated with Cr^＋6 and MnO2. This property is mainly due to the antioxidants present in RCUD.

Short-term effects of yak and Tibetan sheep urine deposition on soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations in an alpine steppe of the northern Tibetan Plateau, China

Yak(Bos grunniens) and Tibetan sheep urine deposited onto the alpine grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is an important pathway for nutrient return, and it is closely related to soil fertility and alpine grassland productivity. However, hitherto, few studies have reported the effects of yak and Tibetan sheep urine deposition on soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) concentrations and the possible functional mechanisms under field conditions in alpine grasslands. To explore the status of soil C and N responding to the immediate N addition from livestock urine, we conducted a 28-d field experiment with three treatments, which include the application of yak urine(YU) and Tibetan sheep urine(TSU) application, and the control(CK, no application of urine). The results showed that YU treatment increased the soil moisture content and p H at 0-10 cm across the 28-day experimental period. Urine application resulted in the fluctuation of soil organic C(SOC) and increased topsoil SOC concentration during the middle and later periods of the experiment. Application of YU evidently increased the soil total N(TN) concentration in the 0-10 cm layer, while it did not affect the SOC concentrations in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers. Compared with the control, YU treatment significantly(P<0.05) increased the 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil ammonium-N(NH;-N) concentration throughout the 28 days, while the TSU treatment significantly(P<0.05) increased the 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil nitrate-N(NO;-N) concentration. Urine N input changed soil physicochemical properties, nitrification, denitrification, and N leaching processes, and therefore affected the availability of N accumulation and consumption in soil. Under these conditions, the trade-off between soil NH;-N and NO;-N under the influence of yak and Tibetan sheep urine application would change the form and concentration of available N, thereby altering the plant N uptake and utilization strategy of alpine grassland. The conclusions of this study could provide theoretical references for exploring the change characteristics of soil nutrient under the deposition of urine and optimizing the management strategies of livestock urine in the alpine grassland ecosystem.

Immunologic effect of tiger's urine on patients of rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To study immunologic mechanism of tiger＇ s urine on patients of rheumatoid arthritis.Method We used ELISA method to detect TNF values of serum;we also used MTT colorimetric method to detect the inhibition of tiger＇ s urine on T -cell.Result TNF values of RA patient ＇ s serums at both active stage and stat ionary phase before the therapy were higher than those of healthy group;T NF values of patient ＇ s serums after the therapy were lower than those before the therapy;tiger＇ s urine had obvious inhibitive actio n on proliferation of peripheral blood＇ s T -cell.Conclusion Tiger＇ s urine could inhibit T -cell＇ s proliferation and TNF＇ s secretion,which may be the im-portant mechanism of curing RA.

Assessment of the Impacts of Livestock Grazing on Endangered Red Panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>) Habitat in Eastern Nepal

Disturbances caused by livestock grazing are considered as a key attributable factor for the habitat loss of red panda. The present study was carried out in Eastern Nepal mainly focusing on the habitat preferences of red panda and impacts of livestock grazing on it. In total, 15 linear transects were delineated at an elevation interval of 100 m assessing indirect signs of red panda and livestock. Habitat preferences of red panda, vegetation abundance, coverage percentage of vegetation layers (canopy and shrub layer) and distance to water source were recorded using randomly plotted 58 quadrats of 10 m × 10 m. Questionnaire survey and Key Informant Interviews were carried out to evaluate the perception of local community on conservation threats and importance of red panda conservation. Jaccard’s similarity index was used to determine the spatial habitat overlap of livestock and red panda. Litsea elongata, Lithocarpus pachyphylla and Rhododendron falconeri were the most common species in the study area. Grazing signs were observed from 51% of red panda habitats in the study area. Livestock herding has induced negative impacts on the habitat of red panda inside the community forests. The study findings will extend the existing body of knowledge regarding the status of red panda in Eastern Himalayas. In addition, this research will help in the formulation of effective legal and strategic framework of sustainable grazing management.

Manipulation of spermatogonial stem cells in livestock species

We are entering an exciting epoch in livestock biotechnology during which the fundamental approaches(such as transgenesis, spermatozoa cryopreservation and artificial insemination) will be enhanced based on the modern understanding of the biology of spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) combined with the outstanding recent advances in genomic editing technologies and in vitro cell culture systems. The general aim of this review is to outline comprehensively the promising applications of SSC manipulation that could in the nearest future find practical application in livestock breeding. Here, we will focus on 1) the basics of mammalian SSC biology;2) the approaches for SSC isolation and purification;3) the available in vitro systems for the stable expansion of isolated SSCs;4) a discussion of how the manipulation of SSCs can accelerate livestock transgenesis;5) a thorough overview of the techniques of SSC transplantation in livestock species(including the preparation of recipients for SSC transplantation,the ultrasonographic-guided SSC transplantation technique in large farm animals, and the perspectives to improve further the SSC transplantation efficiency), and finally, 6) why SSC transplantation is valuable to extend the techniques of spermatozoa cryopreservation and/or artificial insemination. For situations where no reliable data have yet been obtained for a particular livestock species, we will rely on the data obtained from studies conducted in rodents because the knowledge gained from rodent research is translatable to livestock species to a great extent. On the other hand, we will draw special attention to situations where such translation is not possible.

Urinary Schistosomiasis Prevalence and Diagnostic Performance of Reagent Strip at Point-of-Care

Due to limited resources and experience, rapid diagnostic techniques are advocated in nations with a resource shortage when diagnosing schistosomiasis. We used rapid diagnostic tests to access the prevalence and intensity of schistosome infection in North Central, Nigeria. A total of 1951 participants were recruited for this study. The participants were screened for S. haematobium infection;haematuria and proteinuria were monitored in the recruited patients with a commercial reagent strip. Of the 1951 participants recruited for the study, 587 were found to be infected. Children aged 0 to 10 years showed the highest levels of haematuria with (100%) specificity. Meanwhile, other age groups (11 - 20, 21 - 30, 31 - 40 and above 40 years) had rates higher than 90%. The degree of haematuria increased with egg intensity. The same was seen in proteinuria, with a percentage of 41.9%. A significant difference (p S. haematobium in rural endemic areas.

Association between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A substitutes and diabetes in adults

BACKGROUND Due to new restrictions on the use of bisphenol A(BPA),industries are beginning to replace it with derived molecules such as bisphenol S and F(BPS and BPF).There is extensive evidence in the academic literature on the potential health effects of BPA,which is known to be a diabetogenic molecule.However,there are few publications related to new compounds derived from BPA.AIM To perform an epidemiological study of urinary BPS and BPF in the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)cohort,and analyze their possible relationship with diabetes mellitus.METHODS NHANES datasets from 2013 to 2016 were used due to the urinary BPF and BPS availability.Data from 3658 adults were analyzed to perform regression analysis exploring the possible relationship between BPA-derived compounds and diabetes.RESULTS Descriptive statistics,linear regression modeling,and logistic regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between urinary BPS,but not BPF,and diabetes risk.Additionally,a relationship was observed between both compounds and hypertension and a slight relationship between BPF and dyslipidemia.CONCLUSION In the present study,a strong relationship between urinary BPS,not BPF,and diabetes risk has been determined.BPA substitute molecules do not exempt the population from potential health risks.

The Rural Women Participation in Small Scale Livestock Management Decisions

In the Turkish society, family is accepted as the basic element of social structure. However, the role and importance ofwomen in the family is mostly neglected. Thirty-three percent of women state that their primary duties are child care and domestictask. Besides duties of women in the house, the participation of women to both agricultural production and activities outside thehouse is quite high. On the other hand, only 5% of women accept income generating activities as the main duty of women. Thepercentage of women who accept all above-mentioned responsibilities as women’s duty is 60%. This high ratio shows that agreat deal of women can participate indoor or outdoor activities depending on the family needs, however, their responsibilitiesstemming from being a mother or wife always have thepriority. However, in rural areas women are involved in agriculturalproduction activities as a labor, in adition to housework, care for children and the elderly. In small and medium-sized enterprises,labor-intensive work is mostly undertaken by women, and workloads are often higher than men. In this study, face-to-face surveyswith 84 women in small-scale livestock farming in villages in the central province of Diyarbakır yielded results. It has beenunderstood that women do not make decisions on domestic affairs in their own family, that they can not decide on their own behalf,they give more opinions on decisions taken, and even some families do not even report opinions on decisions. It may be possible toimprove and increase the living standards and social and economic structures of women living in rural areas by increasing theirknowledge of animal care.

Utilization of Livestock's Dejection as Biogas Origin in Building New Countryside in Heilongjiang Province--Developing Utilization of Biogas and Promoting Energy-saving and Emission Reduction

With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock＇s dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal＇s leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve the energy and reduce emission of the waste.And it also plays an important role in protecting the eco-environment,beautifying homestead and developing the ecological agriculture and so on.The liquid and solid residue in the biogas production can be reused as fertilizer for crops or food for animals after pretreatment,which is propitious to accelerate the development of the circular economy in Heilongjiang Province.

Bacteriome in Ticks Collected from Domestic Livestock in Kenya

Background: Metagenomics approaches are increasingly being utilized as “dipstick” for microbial carriage. In this study, 16S rRNA metagenomics was used to probe for microbial community that resides in the ticks, those they pick from the environment, wildlife and livestock and to identify potential tick borne zoonoses. Methods: Tick DNA from 463 tick pools collected from domestic animals between 2007 and 2008 were amplified with primers that target the 16S rRNA V3-V4 domain and then sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform using 300 cycles version 3 kits. Ticks were pooled according to species and animal from which they were collected. A non-target control was used to track laboratory contaminants. Sequence data were analyzed using Mothur v1.3 pipeline and R v3.3.1 software and taxonomy determined using SILVA rRNA database. Shannon diversity index was used to compute bacterial diversity in each tick species before computing the means. Results: A total of 645 bacteria genera grouped into 27 phyla were identified. Four phyla contributed 97.4% of the 36,973,934 total sequences. Proteobacteria contributed 61.2% of these sequences that tarried to 33.8% genera, compared to 15.9% (23.4% genera) for Firmicutes, 15.6% (20% genera) for Actinobacteria and 4.7% (11.6% genera) for Bacteroidetes. The remaining 23 phyla only contributed 2.6% of the sequence reads (11.2% genera). Amongst the 645 genera, three groups were discernible, with the biggest group comprised commensals/symbionts that contributed 93.6% of the genera, but their individual sequence contribution was very low. Group two comprised genera that are known to contain pathogenic species, with Coxiella contributing 15,445,204 (41.8%) sequences, Corynebacterium (13.6%), Acinetobacter (4.3%), Staphylococcus (3.9%), Bacillus (2.7%) and Porphyromonas (1.6%), Ralstonia (1.5%), Streptococcus (1.3%), Moraxella (1.3%), amongst others. Group three comprised genera known to contain tick borne zoonotic pathogens (TBZ): Rickettsiae, Anaplasma, Francisella, Ehrlichia, Bartonella and Borrelia. Individually the TBZ contributed Amblyomma variegatum carried the least diverse bacteria (mean Shannon diversity index of 2.69 ± 0.92) compared to 3.79 ± 1.10 for A. gemma, 3.71 ± 1.32 for A. hebraeum, 4.15 ± 1.08 for other Amblyomma spp, 3.79 ± 1.37 for Hyalomma truncatum, 3.67 ± 1.38 for other Hyalomma spp, 3.86 ± 1.27 for Rhipicephalus annulatus, 3.56 ± 1.21 for Rh. appendiculatus, and 3.65 ± 1.30 for Rh. Pulchellus, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.443). Conclusion: This study illustrates the utility of 16S rRNA metagenomics in revealing the complexity of bacteria communities that reside and/or transit through the tick having been picked from the environment, livestock and/or wild animals, some with potential to cause zoonoses.

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大鼠尿液中双酚S内暴露水平

目的建立不同剂量双酚S(Bisphenol S,BPS)暴露动物实验模型,分析大鼠尿液中BPS内暴露水平的动态变化。方法通过灌胃给药建立对照组、1μg/kg低剂量组、100μg/kg中剂量组和10 mg/kg高剂量组Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠暴露模型,使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)内标法检测大鼠在连续6周暴露不同剂量BPS后其尿样中BPS含量的变化。结果目标物BPS在0.2~100μg/L的范围内呈良好线性关系,r^(2)≥0.998,方法检出限为0.01μg/L,定量限为0.03μg/L。对大鼠尿液的检测结果表明,随着暴露时间的增加,BPS在各剂量组大鼠体内的生物累积效应明显,尿液中BPS的内暴露水平在给药的6周中持续升高,且从给药后的第一周开始,尿液BPS含量的组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论本研究成功建立了不同剂量BPS暴露的SD大鼠动物实验模型,准确测定了大鼠连续6周尿液中双酚S的内暴露水平,为BPS毒理学剂量-效应关系研究提供参考。

Feeding a Need A Chinese agricultural expert popularizes ecological livestock farming in Sao Toméand Príncipe

Toyamara Da Vera Cruz is all ears when Peng Yansen, her teacher, glves instructions. Although she has extensive experience in farming herself. coming from a long line of livestock breeders, Cruz is now learning a new skill from Peng.

工厂化条件下外源添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中NH_(3)和H_(2)S的减排效果

为了探究工厂化条件下不同添加剂对猪粪秸秆好氧堆肥过程中氮素和硫素转化规律的影响,掌握其对堆肥过程中NH_(3)和H_(2)S气体减排效果,本文共设置4个处理:沸石(质量分数10%)、过磷酸钙(质量分数5%)单独添加及二者同时添加,同时以无添加剂的处理作为对照。结果表明,不同添加剂对堆肥温度影响差异较小;与对照处理相比,单独添加沸石的堆肥产物全氮和全硫含量分别提高17.5%和17.1%,而单独添加过磷酸钙则分别提高26.1%和40.6%,二者同时添加保氮效果最佳,全氮含量提高32.1%,全硫增加52.8%;沸石通过吸附作用可以使堆肥过程中NH_(3)和H_(2)S的排放分别减少8.2%和9.4%。过磷酸钙能够通过提高堆体铵态氮含量,减少NH_(3)释放,减排率达37.6%,但由于过磷酸钙中含有较多的硫,导致H_(2)S排放量增加;两种添加剂同时添加对NH_(3)和H_(2)S减排效果与单独过磷酸钙添加处理差异较小。综合考虑堆肥品质和NH_(3)减排效果,工厂化堆肥过程中添加一定量过磷酸钙可以达到很好的除臭、保氮效果,过磷酸钙与沸石同时添加并没有协同强化作用,但过磷酸钙添加应该配合恰当的工艺参数,否则有增加H_(2)S释放的风险。

藏红花红O对家兔谷胱甘肽S-转移酶亚型活性的影响

目的 :观察藏红花红O对家兔血清、尿谷胱甘肽S 转移酶 (GST)及亚型α、μ、π活性的影响。方法 :家兔静脉注射藏红花红O建立肾损模型 ,采用紫外分光光度法连续动态测定血中GST及其亚型α、μ、π活性。同时与尿GST亚型活性及血尿素氮 (BUN)水平进行比较。结果 :血清、尿GST均于给药 6h后开始升高 ,12h升至最高。血GST π也于给药 6h后升高 ,9h升至最高 ,达正常对照的 3.5倍 (P <0 .0 5 )。尿GST π、尿GST α与其改变基本一致。血清及尿GST μ均无明显改变。血BUN于 15h开始升高 ,此后持续升高并维持在高水平上 ,且与GST改变无相关性。结论 :藏红花红O肾损家兔血清及尿GST及其不同亚型水平的改变 ,提示GST可作为早期诊断肾功能受损的指标 。

UPLC-MS/MS法测定尿液中的反-反黏糠酸和苯巯基尿酸

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定尿液中的苯代谢产物反-反黏糠酸与苯巯基尿酸,通过优化前处理和测定条件,使反-反黏糠酸在10.0μg/L^1 000μg/L范围内,苯巯基尿酸在0.500μg/L^50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为1.4μg/L和0.08μg/L。将该方法用于实际尿样的加标回收试验,结果加标回收率为90.6%~108%,6次测定结果的RSD为1.5%~4.2%,有证标准物质测定结果在规定范围内。

HPLC-DRC-ICP-MS检测四种尿砷化合物

拟建立检测尿液中As（Ⅲ）、DMA（Ⅴ）、MMA（Ⅴ）和As（Ⅴ）4种砷化合物形态的HPLC—DRC-ICP—MS的方法。采用DRCTM（反应气为O2）与HPLC联用作为检测器，Phenomenex ODS-3作为分离柱，5 mmol／L四丁基羟胺，3 mmol／L丙二酸，5％（体积分数）甲醇为流动相（pH=5．0～6．0），建立了同时分析尿液中As（Ⅲ）、DMA（Ⅴ）、MMA（Ⅴ）和As（Ⅴ）的方法。实验结果显示：该分析方法对上述4种砷化合物的检测限均在0．1μg／L以下，在1～20μg／L范围内线性关系良好，准确度和精密度良好，回收率为89％～106％，样品中的Cl^-1对测定没有影响。所建立的HPLC-DRC-ICP—MS分析方法稳定、可靠，适用于快速、批量测定尿砷形态。

溢尿停对实验性脾虚SD大鼠胃肠功能的影响

目的 :探讨溢尿停对实验性脾虚SD大鼠胃肠功能的影响。方法 :本实验以脾虚SD大鼠模型为载体 ,选择反应脾气虚主要病理改变的几个生化指标 ,从一个角度初步探讨该制剂对应力性溢尿症病机的影响。结果 :溢尿停能改善大黄泻下法脾虚SD大鼠模型症状及病情 ,提高脾虚SD大鼠的血清木糖含量、血清淀粉酶含量、尿木糖排泄率。结论

气相色谱法检测人尿中R,S-美芬妥英浓度

建立了人尿中Ｒ，Ｓ－美芬妥英的气相色谱（ＧＣ）手性分离与检测方法。在选定的色谱条件下能很好地分离Ｒ，Ｓ－美芬妥英，尿中其它物质无干扰。用外标法定量，线性范围为１２．５～２５００μｇ／Ｌ尿，最小检出浓度为６μｇ／Ｌ尿。方法具有样本制备简便、分析时间短、线性范围宽、干扰少、灵敏和准确等优点，已广泛用于人体内美芬妥英代谢的研究和肝药酶ＣＹＰ２Ｃ１９酶活性的检测。

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病患儿尿S100B蛋白动态变化及临床意义

目的 探讨不同程度的新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病患儿在不同时间点的尿S 10 0B蛋白的动态变化及意义。方法 采用ELISA方法动态检测缺氧缺血性脑病患儿入院第 1、 2、 3d及恢复期尿S 10 0B蛋白含量变化并与正常对照组比较。结果 轻、中、重 3种不同程度的HIE患儿在恢复期尿S 10 0B蛋白含量间差别无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,在入院第 1、 2、 3d各组间的比较均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,且尿S 10 0B蛋白含量与HIE的严重程度及预后呈正相关。结论 S 10 0B蛋白是一种神经胶质标志蛋白 ,可作为HIE早期诊断的一种敏感及特异的生物学指标 ,对判断HIE的严重程度、治疗监测及预后评估具有一定的临床意义 。

在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定人体尿液中的N-乙酰-S-(N-甲基甲氨酰)半胱氨酸

建立了在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定人体尿液中的N-乙酰-S-（ N-甲基甲氨酰）半胱氨酸（ AM-CC）的分析方法。左泵以AminoPac PA柱作为在线固相萃取柱、5 mmol/L KH2 PO4溶液为流动相,将AMCC与样品基质分离；然后通过控制阀切换时间仅将含AMCC的部分样品溶液在线洗脱至Acclaim PAⅡ C18分析柱上,右泵以0.1％ H3 PO4溶液（含5％乙腈）和乙腈为流动相对AMCC进行梯度洗脱分离和分析测定。结果表明,AMCC在1.0～100 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r〉0.999；上样量为10μL时,方法定量限为0.2 mg/L；回收率在85.9％～82.9％之间；相对标准偏差（n=6）分别为0.2％（保留时间）和4.0％（峰面积）。与传统的离线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法相比,本方法更为简便环保、高效稳定。用本方法测定了7份人体尿液,结果满意。