Black soldier fly:A new vista for livestock and poultry manure management

The number of intensive livestock and poultry farms is expected to increase substantially in future because of consumer demand.Unfortunately,such demand also results in a great deal of manure being generated,which threatens the environment if it is not properly managed.Concurrent developments in biotransformation of these wastes with the black soldier fly(BSF),Hermetia illucens(L.)(Diptera:Stratiomydiae),demonstrates such concerns can be abated,while also producing products(e.g.,protein,chitin,biodiesel,and fertilizer)of value.In this review,we analyzed the factors influencing black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)conversion processes,the role of microorganisms,and the mechanisms used by BSFL when converting livestock and poultry manure into these valuable products.The effects of BSFL conversion technology on reducing the hazards of such materials and their associated pathogens are reviewed,and the economics of livestock and poultry manure conversion by BSF larvae is discussed.

Estimation of Production Amount of Livestock and Poultry Manure and Environmental Impact Assessment in Guangxi

This study was intended to estimate production of major livestock and poultry manure and contaminant content,and find out current situation of manure pollution,so as to provide reference for pollution control of livestock and poultry breeding industry in Guangxi.Based on the related statistic data in 2010 and the excretion coefficient of different livestock and poultry,the manure and its contaminant production amount of main livestock and poultry in Guangxi were estimated.Then the annual livestock and poultry manure load of farmland and the loss of contaminant were also calculated to analyze the ecological pressure resulted from livestock and poultry breeding in Guangxi.Following results were obtained:in 2010,the production amount of the livestock and poultry manure in Guangxi was 9141.30×104tons,including nutrient TN42.07×104tons and TP 13.62×104tons;the annual livestock and poultry manure and N,P pure nutrient load of farmland was 21t/hm2,98kg/hm2,and 32 kg/hm2respectively;the production amount of manure contaminants was BOD5383.43×104tons,COD Cr435.42×104tons,and NH3-N 42.08×104tons;according to 30%loss rate,the loss amount of COD Cr and NH3-N was higher than the sum of industrial and life waste water.It was concluded that the livestock and poultry breeding industry had little impact on soil environment,but posed a grave threat to water environment.

High Quality Insect for Livestock Manure Treatment-Hermetia illucens

The raising technology and nutritional value evaluation of Hermetia iUucens and its application in livestock manure treatment was reviewed, which lays a new theoretical basis for sustainable development of agriculture.

Utilization Survey of Livestock Manure Resources in Large-scale Farms of Yangzhou

Based on surveying the conditions of large -scale farms and commercial manure in the each county of Yangzhou city, the situations and problems for utilization of livestock manure resources were grasped. After an analysis of the potential value of livestock manure, the suggestion and strategy for utilization of livestock manure resources were proposed based on the actual conditions in Yangzhou city.

基于Web of Science文献计量的畜禽粪便和碳中和研究态势分析

为了解畜禽粪便和碳中和领域的最新热点和发展趋势,通过Web of Science核心合集数据库,以“畜禽粪便和碳中和”为主题进行高级检索,选取1994-2022年全球学者发表的1812篇英文文献,利用可视化分析软件VOSviewer、HistCite、CiteSpace等,主要对年发文量、学科分布、期刊分布、研究国家、研究机构、研究作者、研究热点与发展趋势等指标进行计量分析。结果表明:1994-2022年,国际上畜禽粪便和碳中和领域文献量整体呈上升趋势,其中中国发文量最高且呈现较快发展状态,其次是美国,说明中美两国对该领域研究较为重视。环境学是所涉及的主要学科,占论文总数量的27.7%。发文量位列前三的学术期刊为Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment、Science of the Total Environment、Soil&Tillage Research。总联系强度参数位列前三的机构分别为来自中国的中国科学院、中国农业科学院和美国的科罗拉多州立大学。由关键词共线网络发现碳封存是出现次数最高的关键词,说明碳封存是该领域的研究热点。引文分析的关键词突发性检测发现放牧管理、有机碳封存、粪便管理为畜禽粪便和碳中和研究的未来趋势。综上所述,中美两国在畜禽粪便和碳中和领域研究方面位于世界前列,以有机碳封存为主的研究正成为目前主要研究热点。

Sources and Accumulation Risk of Heavy Metal in Major Animal Manure

Feed and corresponding manure samples were collected from 27 scale pig farms and 7 scale chicken farms in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, and their heavy metal contents were analyzed. The weighted average values of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and As in pig feed were 4.6, 123.4,370.7, 0. 69 and 6.9 mg/kg, respectively. However, referred to Safe Use Specification of Feed Additives and MOA Announcement No. 1224, the exceeding standards rates of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and As in pig feed were 5.36%, 62.5%, 19.64%, 3.57% and 37.5%, respectively. The sequences of heavy metal content in pig feed successively were piglet 〉 growing pig 〉 big pig 〉 sow, but the exceeding standard rates of heavy metal in feed were big pig 〉 sow 〉 growing pig 〉 piglet, and the exceeding standard rate of big pig feed was more than 95%. The exceeding standard rates of Cu, Zn and As in chicken feed were 46.7%, 11.1% and 33.3% respectively. Based on Organic Fertilizer （ NY525 -2012 ） and Sludge Agricultural Pollution Control Standard （ GIM284-84）, Cu, Zn and As in pig manure and chicken manure exceeded the standard; the exceeding standard rates of pig manure were 71.9%, 78.9% and 42.1%, while that of chicken manure were 12.5%, 25.0% and 44.4%, respectively. The exceeding standard rates of Cu and Zn in piglet manure reached 100%. There were very significant positive correlations in Cu, Zn and As between pig feed and corresponding manure, or Hg, Cu and As between chicken feed and corresponding manure, and the correlation eoeffi 2 cients r were greater than 0.8. Besides, the correlation coefflclent r of Pb between pig feed and corresponding manure was above 0.6. Continuous and high intensity of livestock manure application significantly promoted the accumulation of heavy metal in farmland soil, but the effects on heavy metal accumulation in rice was not significant.

Impacts of Pig Manure-Based Liquid Fertilizer Agricultural Application on the Water Quality of Agricultural Catchment

This study was conducted to understand the effect of the livestock liquid fertilizer treatment at field-scale up to catchment-scale on the water quality properties. Cultivated paddy rice and upland plots located in Gyeonggi province, Korea were treated with two different liquid fertilizers, SP (Liquid fertilizer with storage process) and SCB (Liquid fertilizer with slurry composting and bio-filtration process). Plots with no fertilizer (control A) and chemical fertilizer (control B) were also prepared for comparison. Water quantity and quality were monitored at the catchment outlet for assessing the effect on water quality of stream water. As a result, the losses of N and P and the values of EC (Electronic Conductivity) in the surface drainage water from paddy rice plots treated with SP and SCB were higher than those from the control plots (A and B). In addition, the losses of N and P by the runoff water from upland plots with SP and SCB treatment were higher than those from control plots (A and B). The nutrient outflow from paddy rice fields and uplands with application of liquid pig manure was higher than those from the control plots (A and B). Particularly, the outflow from uplands may directly affect the water quality in neighboring streams. This caused the major eutrophication problem in stream water. In conclusion, it is necessary to establish the proper management practices to prevent the nutrient losses from agricultural fields and the pollutants against water environments.

Long-term rice-rice-green manure rotation changing the microbial communities in typical red paddy soil in South China

On the basis of a long-term（30 years） field experiment that involved four rotation systems, rice-rice-winter fallow（RRF）, rice-rice-ryegrass（RRG）, rice-rice-rape（RRP）, and rice-rice-milk vetch（RRV）, this study described the effects of green manure on the microbial communities in the red paddy soils using 454 pyrosequencing for the 16 S r RNA gene. The Chao1 richness and non-parametric Shannon＇s index increased in all soil samples that received green manure treatments. The communities＇ structures with the green manure applications were significantly dissimilar from that under the winter fallow. Using Metastats tests, many genera in the RRG, RRP and RRV soils were significantly different from those in the RRF soil, including a number of genera that functioned in the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Analyses of the genera with these functions revealed the shifts in microbial ecosystem functions after long-term green manuring. Changes in the microbial communities increased the ammonium supply and decreased the soil acidification in green-manure-amended soils. Together, these data suggested powerful effects of green manure on both the microbial communities and the biogeochemical cycle driven by the shifts in bacterial functional groups.

Spatial distribution prediction and benefits assessment of green manure in the Pinggu District,Beijing,based on the CLUE-S model

Green manure use in China has declined rapidly since the 1980 s with the extensive use of chemical fertilizers.The deterioration of field environments and the demand for green agricultural products have resulted in more attention to green manure.Human intervention and policy-oriented behaviors likely have large impacts on promoting green manure planting.However,little information is available regarding on where,at what rates,and in which ways（i.e.,intercropping green manure in orchards or rotating green manure in cropland） to develop green manure and what benefits could be gained by incorporating green manure in fields at the county scale.This paper presents the conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent（CLUE-S） model,which is specifically developed for the simulation of land use changes originally,to predict spatial distribution of green manure in cropland and orchards in 2020 in Pinggu District located in Beijing,China.Four types of land use for planting or not planting green manure were classified and the future land use dynamics（mainly croplands and orchards） were considered in the prediction.Two scenarios were used to predict the spatial distribution of green manure based on data from 2011：The promotion of green manure planting in orchards（scenario 1） and the promotion of simultaneous green manure planting in orchards and croplands（scenario 2）.The predictions were generally accurate based on the receiver operating characteristic（ROC） and Kappa indices,which validated the effectiveness of the CLUE-S model in the prediction.In addition,the spatial distribution of the green manure was acquired,which indicated that green manure mainly located in the orchards of the middle and southern regions of Dahuashan,the western and southern regions of Wangxinzhuang,the middle region of Shandongzhuang,the eastern region of Pinggu and the middle region of Xiagezhuang under scenario 1.Green manure planting under scenario 2 occurred in orchards in the middle region of Wangxinzhuang,and croplands in most regions of Daxingzhuang,southern Pinggu,northern Xiagezhuang and most of Mafang.The spatially explicit results allowed for the assessment of the benefits of these changes based on different economic and ecological indicators.The economic and ecological gains of scenarios 1 and 2 were 175691 900 and143000 300 CNY,respectively,which indicated that the first scenario was more beneficial for promoting the same area of green manure.These results can facilitate policies of promoting green manure and guide the extensive use of green manure in local agricultural production in suitable ways.

Breakthrough of Carbon-Ash Recalcitrance in Hydrochar via Molten Carbonate:Engineering Mineral-Rich Biowaste Toward Sustainable Platform Carbon Materials

The function-led design of porous hydrochar from mineral-rich biowaste for environmental applications inevitably suffers from carbon-ash recalcitrance.However,a method to alter the original carbon skeleton with ash remains elusive and hinders the availability of hydrochar.Herein,we propose a facile strategy for breaking the rigid structure of carbon-ash coupled hydrochar using phase-tunable molten carbonates.A case system was designed in which livestock manure and NaHCO3 were used to prepare the activated hydrochar,and NH3 served as the target contaminant.Due to the redox effect,we found that organic fractions significantly advanced the melting temperature of Na2CO3 below 800℃.The Na species steadily broke the carbon-ash interaction as the thermal intensity increased and transformed inorganic constituents to facilitate ash dissolution,rebuilding the hydrochar skeleton with abundant hierarchical channels and active defect edges.The surface polarity and mesopore distribution collectively governed the five cycles NH3 adsorption attenuation process.Manure hydrochar delivered favorable potential for application with a maximum overall adsorption capacity of 100.49 mg·g^(-1).Integrated spectroscopic characterization and theoretical computations revealed that incorporating NH3 on the carbon surface could transfer electrons to chemisorbed oxygen,which promoted the oxidation of pyridine-N during adsorption.This work offers deep insight into the structure function correlation of hydrochar and inspires a more rational design of engineered hydrochar from high-ash biowaste.

China requires region-specific manure treatment and recycling technologies

Heterogenous distribution of crops,feed and livestock across China has halted the circulation of nutrients within the agricultural system and is responsible for massive nutrient losses[1,2].Generated livestock manure exceeded optimal crop requirements in 30%and 50%of over 2300 studied counties when there was improved recycling of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)in the food chain,repectively[2].Most of these counties are located in southern and coastal areas,whereas there is a deficit of livestock manure in northern and western China.Such heterogenous distribution of crop-livestock production led to 4.0 Tg manure N and 0.9 Tg manure P[2],which are economically impossible to recycle and will end up in the surrounding environment.In addition,about 40%of feed protein consumed by domestic livestock production relied on importation,putting China’s livestock production supply at high risk in the post pandemic world[3].Hence,China is facing the twin issues of too many manure nutrients but too little feed nutrients simultaneously.

Short-term influence of anaerobically-digested and conventional swine manure, and N fertilizer on organic C and N, and available nutrients in two contrasting soils

A three-year (2006-2008) field experiment was conducted at Swift Current and Star City in Saskatchewan to determine the short-term in-fluence of land-applied anaerobically digested swine manure (ADSM), conventionally treated swine manure (CTSM) and N fertilizer on total organic C (TOC), total organic N (TON), light fraction organic C (LFOC), light fraction organic N (LFON) and pH in the 0 - 7.5 and 7.5 - 15 cm soil layers, and ammonium-N, nitrate-N, extractable P, exchangeable K and sulphate-S in the 0 - 15, 15 - 30, 30 - 60, 60 - 90 and 90 - 120 cm soil layers. Treatments included spring and autumn applications of CTSM and ADSM at a 1x rate (10,000 and 7150 L·ha-1, respectively) applied each year, a 3x rate (30,000 and 21,450 L·ha-1, respectively) applied once at the beginning of the experiment, plus a treatment receiving commercial fertilizer (UAN at 60 kg·N·ha-1·yr-1) and a zero-N control. There was no effect of swine manure rate, type and application time on soil pH. Mass of TOC and TON in the 15 cm soil layer increased significantly with swine manure application compared to the control, mainly at the Swift Current site, with greater increases from 3x rate than 1x rate (by 2.21 Mg·C·ha-1 and 0.167 Mg·N·ha-1). Compared to the control, mass of LFOC and LFON in the 15 cm soil layer increased with swine manure application at sites, with greater increases from 3x rate than 1x rate (by 287 kg·C·ha-1 and 26 kg·N·ha-1 at Star City, and by 194 kg·C·ha-1 and 19·kg·N ha-1 at Swift Current). Mass of TOC and TON in soil layer was tended to be greater with ADSM than CTSM, but mass of LFOC and LFON in soil was greater with CTSM than ADSM. Mass of TOC, TON, LFOC and LFON in soil also increased with annual N fertilizer application compared to the control (by 3.2 Mg·C·ha-1 for TOC, 0.195 Mg·N·ha-1 for TON, 708 kg·C·ha-1 for LFOC and 45 kg·N·ha-1 for LFON). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the quantity and quality of organic C and N in soil can be affected by swine manure rate and type, and N fertilization even after three years, most likely by influencing inputs of C and N through crop residue, and improve soil quality.

Combustion Characteristics of Animal Manures

A huge amount of waste from the cattle livestock and bird poultry are generated using as manure and solid fuel. In this work, the heat value and proximate parameters of livestock and poultry manures are described. The calorific value of manures (n = 22) was ranged from 2580 - 11,200 kcal/kg with mean value (p = 0.05) of 5333 ± 1073 kcal/kg. The effect of cattle age and additives i.e. NaNO3 and Na2WO4 in the heat value of the manures are discussed. The chemical characteristics of the emitted particulate matters (PM) and ash residues are highlighted.

Impact of Manure Storage Time and Temperature on Microbial Composition and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Development

Samples are often frozen for preservation until needed for use. It has been a common practice to store fresh dairy manure in the freezer until needed for fly development studies. However, conflicting data have suggested that freezer temperature and duration of manure may impact fly development studies, and it is likely due to the change in microbial comminutes due to the freezer conditions. In this study manure storage conditions were assessed to ascertain how temperatures impact stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., survival to pupation and determine which bacterial populations impacted fly development using massively-parallel sequencing and 16S metagenomic analysis. Stable fly survival to pupation was greater in manure that was stored warm (27?C) or frozen (-20?C or -80?C) for 24 days as compared to fresh manure samples. Refrigeration (4?C) of the manure for 24 days did not affect fly development and slightly decreased the pupal weights. Over 80 bacterial families were detected by sequencing allowing for a more thorough assessment of changes in bacterial populations. Only minor shifts were observed in bacterial family composition in the manure when refrigerated or frozen for 24 days, but significant population changes were observed when the manure was incubated for 24 days at 27?C. Since it is the temperature and incubation time that yielded the greatest pupation rate, it is hypothesized that the manure microbial community impacts the growth and development of stable flies. This study has determined suggested freezer conditions for the best storage of manure samples to maintain bacterial diversity and retain the closest bacterial populations to freshly collected manure. Although untouched, aged (20 days) manure is best to use to assess fly development, it is not always feasible in laboratory experimentations. This study demonstrates the importance of preservation techniques on manure samples, which could also confer to storage of other biological specimens that contain resident microbes.

Decomposition and Mineralization Effect of Various Sources of Pig Manure on Water Quality and Nutrients Availability for Agro-Fish System in Benin

In spite of the relevance of current studies on the importance of organic fertilizers such as animal manure in improving the health of ecosystems, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms affecting the availability of nutrients released from the organic fertilizer in water. A litter bag study during 6 weeks was carried out in pots containing 25 liters of water with 15 g of pig dejections as organic fertilizers. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of dejections of pigs nourished with: recommended diet composition T1, partially improved diet with Azolla filiculoides T2, improved diet with Azolla filiculoides T3, improved diet with cereal bran T4. A control treatment without dejection (T0) was considered in the study for comparison purpose. Four pigs per type of diet were considered leading to 16 white landrace pigs of six months age followed for dejection collections. Strong release of nutrients for better yield for agro-fish system was obtained in the manure T1 with ??(10.85 ± 0.00) mg/L;?( 0.011 ± 0.00) mg/L;?(2.13 ± 0.07) mg/L and K+ (10.76 ± 0.57) mg/L;Ca2+ (2.92 ± 0.11) mg/L and Mg2+ (2.53 ± 0.00) mg/L followed by manure T3 and T4 with high N content. The relatively low ratio C/N (14.25) for T1 and (15.84) for T3 induced more nutrients releasing. This study showed an important N loss probably due to microorganism activities which fluctuate nutrient availability. Also significant correlations were noted between the nutrient dynamics in water and physicochemical parameters showing the effect of abiotic factors on organic matter decomposition and mineralization which depend on microbial activities in water and pig manure composition.

UPLC-MS/MS同时测定畜禽粪便中19种喹诺酮类抗生素残留量

试验旨在建立1种QuEChERS前处理与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用的同时测定畜禽粪便中19种喹诺酮类抗生素残留的分析方法。使用乙腈(含5%甲酸)作为提取液提取畜禽粪便,QuEChERS净化,甲醇+0.1%甲酸水作为流动相,UPLC-MS/MS确证检测,外标法定量。结果显示,使用优化后的方法对畜禽粪便样品检测,该方法检出限为0.15~0.60μg/kg,定量限为0.5~2.0μg/kg,回收率61.3%~92.8%,相对标准偏差3.2%~9.7%。研究表明,此方法方便快捷,定量限低,稳定性好,适用于畜禽粪便中19种喹诺酮类抗生素的检测。

Assessment of the Impacts of Livestock Grazing on Endangered Red Panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>) Habitat in Eastern Nepal

Disturbances caused by livestock grazing are considered as a key attributable factor for the habitat loss of red panda. The present study was carried out in Eastern Nepal mainly focusing on the habitat preferences of red panda and impacts of livestock grazing on it. In total, 15 linear transects were delineated at an elevation interval of 100 m assessing indirect signs of red panda and livestock. Habitat preferences of red panda, vegetation abundance, coverage percentage of vegetation layers (canopy and shrub layer) and distance to water source were recorded using randomly plotted 58 quadrats of 10 m × 10 m. Questionnaire survey and Key Informant Interviews were carried out to evaluate the perception of local community on conservation threats and importance of red panda conservation. Jaccard’s similarity index was used to determine the spatial habitat overlap of livestock and red panda. Litsea elongata, Lithocarpus pachyphylla and Rhododendron falconeri were the most common species in the study area. Grazing signs were observed from 51% of red panda habitats in the study area. Livestock herding has induced negative impacts on the habitat of red panda inside the community forests. The study findings will extend the existing body of knowledge regarding the status of red panda in Eastern Himalayas. In addition, this research will help in the formulation of effective legal and strategic framework of sustainable grazing management.

Manipulation of spermatogonial stem cells in livestock species

We are entering an exciting epoch in livestock biotechnology during which the fundamental approaches(such as transgenesis, spermatozoa cryopreservation and artificial insemination) will be enhanced based on the modern understanding of the biology of spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) combined with the outstanding recent advances in genomic editing technologies and in vitro cell culture systems. The general aim of this review is to outline comprehensively the promising applications of SSC manipulation that could in the nearest future find practical application in livestock breeding. Here, we will focus on 1) the basics of mammalian SSC biology;2) the approaches for SSC isolation and purification;3) the available in vitro systems for the stable expansion of isolated SSCs;4) a discussion of how the manipulation of SSCs can accelerate livestock transgenesis;5) a thorough overview of the techniques of SSC transplantation in livestock species(including the preparation of recipients for SSC transplantation,the ultrasonographic-guided SSC transplantation technique in large farm animals, and the perspectives to improve further the SSC transplantation efficiency), and finally, 6) why SSC transplantation is valuable to extend the techniques of spermatozoa cryopreservation and/or artificial insemination. For situations where no reliable data have yet been obtained for a particular livestock species, we will rely on the data obtained from studies conducted in rodents because the knowledge gained from rodent research is translatable to livestock species to a great extent. On the other hand, we will draw special attention to situations where such translation is not possible.

Bearing Capacity of Livestock and Poultry Breeding in Nanjing City Based on Planting-breeding Pattern

To assess the status of environmental beating capacity of livestock and poultry manure in Nanjing City, the environmental pollution warning value and environmental bearing potential of livestock and poultry manure in various districts of Nanjing were calculated according to livestock and poultry manure discharge coefticiem and manure content. The results showed that based on planting-breeding pattern, the livestock and poultry manure load in Nanjing City was 14.08 t/hm2 pig manure equivalent; the warning values of environmental bearing capacity of livestock and poultry breeding calculated by nitrogen and phosphor- us were 0.23 and 0.26, respectively, which were within the scope of environmental hearing capacity, with no threat to the environment. Under the premise of reasonable planing of livestock and poultry breeding and comprehensive utilization of manure, the environmental beating potential of livestock and poultry breed- ing in Nanjing City were 5. 667 3 million （nitrogen） and 11. 109 1 million （phosphorus） pigs equivalent, and there were nearly one third of bearing space more than the existing total breeding quantity.