External blast load factors for dome structures based on reliability

Dome structures have been used extensively for industrial,residential,and military infrastructure.Therefore,it is necessary to understand the damage risk potential for such structures for blast-resistant design considerations.This paper investigates the effect of blast load variability on the design value and the structural dynamic response.Therefore,the sources of uncertainty in the external blast load on dome structures were discussed firstly.Then based on the probabilistic blast load model for the dome,the rationality of a deterministic mass-increase safety method was assessed.It was found that previous deterministic design method cannot provide a consistent and sound assurance factor or reliability index on the entire dome roof.In addition,it was also proved that the assurance-based load method fails to ensure compliance with structural safety design standards on the dome roof when compared with the reliability-based blast method.A sensitivity analysis on the probabilistic blast load was conducted,and the results indicate that stand-off distance and explosive mass both act as dominant sources to influence the mean and variability of blast load.Therefore,based on the Latin hypercube sampling method,a reliability-based external blast load factor technique was proposed.This technique was further used to estimate structural damage levels of a single-layer reticulated dome under different reliability requirements,associated with a low,medium,and high level of protection grades for a specific explosion scenario,and it indicated that this technique can be useful in the building design to achieve a higher structural anti-explosion capacity.This study herein can serve as a reference for the calculation method of designed blast load.

R-Factor Analysis of Data Based on Population Models Comprising R- and Q-Factors Leads to Biased Loading Estimates

Effects of performing an R-factor analysis of observed variables based on population models comprising R- and Q-factors were investigated. Although R-factor analysis of data based on a population model comprising R- and Q-factors is possible, this may lead to model error. Accordingly, loading estimates resulting from R-factor analysis of sample data drawn from a population based on a combination of R- and Q-factors will be biased. It was shown in a simulation study that a large amount of Q-factor variance induces an increase in the variation of R-factor loading estimates beyond the chance level. Tests of the multivariate kurtosis of observed variables are proposed as an indicator of possible Q-factor variance in observed variables as a prerequisite for R-factor analysis.

Measurement of the cavity-loaded quality factor in superconducting radio-frequency systems with mismatched source impedance

The accurate measurement of parameters such as the cavity-loaded quality factor(Q_(L))and half bandwidth(f_(0.5))is essential for monitoring the performance of superconducting radio-frequency cavities.However,the conventional"field decay method"employed to calibrate these values requires the cavity to satisfy a"zero-input"condition.This can be challenging when the source impedance is mismatched and produce nonzero forward signals(V_(f))that significantly affect the measurement accuracy.To address this limitation,we developed a modified version of the"field decay method"based on the cavity differential equation.The proposed approach enables the precise calibration of f_(0.5) even under mismatch conditions.We tested the proposed approach on the SRF cavities of the Chinese Accelerator-Driven System Front-End Demo Superconducting Linac and compared the results with those obtained from a network analyzer.The two sets of results were consistent,indicating the usefulness of the proposed approach.

Calibration of LRFD Format for Steel Jacket OffshorePlatform in China Offshore Area(2): Load, Resistance and Load Combination Factors

Adopting the load and resistance factor design format, the design method for steel jaeket platform structures is developed. Firstly, the limit state equations and design format for steel jacket platform structures are introduced. Then, the ratio of live load effect to dead load effect is estimated. The target reliabilities for design of offshore structures in China offshore area are calibrated by past practice in API RP2A-WSD code. The load and resistance factors are optimized by minimizing the difference within the target reliability and the resulting reliability over the range of load effect ratios. Considering the concurrence of different loads, load combination factors are obtained through an optimization process, and the relation between the load combination factor and load correlation coefficient is established. Finally, the design formulae for steel jacket structures in China offshore area are recommended.

Experimental study on dynamic load magnification factor for ballastless track-subgrade of high-speed railway

The magnitude of dynamic load produced by high-speed trains depends on many factors,of which train speed is the most critical one.However,it is quite difficult to determine the effect of train speed on dynamic load using the theoretical methods due to the complexity of the interaction between vehicle and track-subgrade.Thus large-scale model test has gradually become an important approach for studying dynamic responses of ballastless track-subgrade of high-speed railway.In this study,a full-scale model of ballastless track-subgrade was constructed in accordance with the design and construction standards for Shanghai-Nanjing intercity high-speed railway line firstly.Then,the dynamic strain of slab and the dynamic earth pressure of subgrade were measured by conducting single wheel axle excitation test.In addition,the relationship between the dynamic load magnification factor（DLF） and the train speed was obtained.Finally,the DLF of track-subgrade under different train speeds was proposed,similar to that given by German Railway Standard.

EFFECT OF GEAR WIDTH AND HELIX ANGLE ON FACTOR OF DYNAMIC LOAD OF DOUBLE CIRCULAR ARC HELICAL GEARING

Based on theory of mechanical dynamics, meshing characteristic as well as thedynamic model of double circular arc helical gearing, an analysis approach and a computer programhave been developed for studying the state of dynamic load and factor of dynamic load of thegearing, the changing situation of dynamic load and dynamic load factor vs some affecting factorssuch as gear width, helix angle and accuracy grade etc are investigated. A series of conclusions areobtained: ①With the increasing in the values of gear width, the dynamic load factor appears slowdecreasing tendency in most region of gear width. ②When the accuracy grades of the gearing areimproved, the values of dynamic load factor decrease. ③The value of dynamic load factor appears adecreasing tendency with the increasing of value of helix angle at the same ratio of criticalrotational speed.

Reliability-Based Load and Resistance Factors Design for Offshore Jacket Platforms in the Bohai Bay:Calibration on Design Factors

For the fulfillment of the probability-based structural design for the offshore jacket platforms in the Bohai Bay, the design factors of loads, resistance and load combinations are much necessary to be calibrated according to the proposed target reliability index. Firstly, the limit states function for the offshore jacket platforms is introduced. Then, four approaches to calibrate the factors of load and resistance are presented and compared. Afterwards, the methods to calibrate the load combination factors are developed. Finally, the factors of load, resistance and load combination for the offshore jacket platforms in the Bohai Bay are calibrated and the corresponding design formulae are recommended. The results are proved to be rational in practice, and also illustrate that the proposed target reliability index for offshore jacket platforms in the Bohai Bay is also appropriate.

Closing law and stress intensity factor of elliptical crack under compressive loading

The solution of surface displacement of an elliptical crack under compressive-shear loading was obtained by using the complex function method. The closing mode was established by analyzing the geometrical condition of closing crack, and the corresponding critical stress was solved. The result corrects the traditional viewpoint, in which there exist only open or close states for an elliptical crack, and points out that the local closing is also one of crack states. Based on them, the effect of the closed crack on stress intensity factor was discussed in detail, and its rational formulae are put forward.

Effect of Load Power Factor on Electromechanical Wave Propagation in Ring Power System

One-dimensional ring power system is discredited to a number of nodes each containing a generator with internal reactance and load branch of resistance and reactance with a certain power factor. When a disturbance occurs at any machine in the power system, simulative analysis is performed to verify how the variation of load power factor affecting the behavior of electromechanical wave propagation by using the MATLAB package, from which different situations are presented and discussed. These results show the type of load has no effect on the behavior of electromechanical wave propagation.

DYNAMIC STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS AROUND TWO CRACKS NEAR AN INTERFACE OF TWO DISSIMILAR ELASTIC HALF－PLANES UNDER IN－PLANE SHEAR IMPACT LOAD

Transient stresses around two collinear cracks which lie in parallel with theinterface of the two dissimilar half-planes are studied in this article.The surfaces ofthe cracks are sheared suddenly. Application of the Fourier and Laplace transforms technique reduces the problem to that of solving dual integrai equations.To solvethese,the differences of.the crack surface displacements are expanded in a series offunctions which are automatically zero outside of the cracks. The unknown coefficients accompanied in the series are determined by the Schmidt method. The stress intensity .factors are defined in the Laplace transform domain and these are inverted numerically in the physical space .As an example ,the dynamic stress intensity factors around two cracks in a ceramic and steel bonded composite are numerically calculated.

THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR UNDER MOVING LOADS ON THE CRACK FACES

The dynamic stress intensity factor history for a half plane crack in an otherwise unbounded elastic body,with the crack faces subjected to a traction distribution consisting of two pairs of combined mode point loads that move in a direction perpendicular to the crack edge is considered.The analytic expression for the combined mode stress intensity factors as a function of time for any point along the crack edge is obtained.The method of solution is based on the application of integral transform together with the Wiener-Hopf technique and the Cagniard-de Hoop method. Some features of the solution are discussed and graphical results for various point load speeds are presented.

Dealing with Multicollinearity in Factor Analysis: The Problem, Detections, and Solutions

Multicollinearity in factor analysis has negative effects, including unreliable factor structure, inconsistent loadings, inflated standard errors, reduced discriminant validity, and difficulties in interpreting factors. It also leads to reduced stability, hindered factor replication, misinterpretation of factor importance, increased parameter estimation instability, reduced power to detect the true factor structure, compromised model fit indices, and biased factor loadings. Multicollinearity introduces uncertainty, complexity, and limited generalizability, hampering factor analysis. To address multicollinearity, researchers can examine the correlation matrix to identify variables with high correlation coefficients. The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) measures the inflation of regression coefficients due to multicollinearity. Tolerance, the reciprocal of VIF, indicates the proportion of variance in a predictor variable not shared with others. Eigenvalues help assess multicollinearity, with values greater than 1 suggesting the retention of factors. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduces dimensionality and identifies highly correlated variables. Other diagnostic measures include the condition number and Cook’s distance. Researchers can center or standardize data, perform variable filtering, use PCA instead of factor analysis, employ factor scores, merge correlated variables, or apply clustering techniques for the solution of the multicollinearity problem. Further research is needed to explore different types of multicollinearity, assess method effectiveness, and investigate the relationship with other factor analysis issues.

Factors Associated with the Unsuppressed Viral Load of Children on Antiretroviral Therapy Followed Up in the GbêkêRegion (Côte d’Ivoire)

Introduction: Unsuppressed viral load (VL) in immunocompromised children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases the risk of child morbidity and death. The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with unsuppressed viral load in children on ART for the improvement of prognosis. Patients and Methods: this is a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study carried out from July 2015 to December 2019 in the 28 pediatric HIV/AIDS treatment centers supervised by the NGO IRAA in the region of Gbêkê. It Included children from 0 to 15 years who were HIV positive, on ART for at least 6 months with at least one viral load. The variables studied were socio-demographic, diagnostic and evolutionary. Data analysis was descriptive and analytical with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: out of 329 children included, 118 (62 boys, 53 girls) had a non-suppressed VL, i.e. a prevalence of 36%. The mean age at diagnosis was 61 months. The mother was a small trader (36.4%), illiterate (45.8%). Unsuppressed viral load was significantly associated with poor nutritional status at the start of treatment (p < 0.001), non-compliance with treatment (p < 0.001), poor maternal education (p = 0.011) and the lack of follow-up of the mother in the context of PMTCT (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Unsuppressed viral load is common in children on ART in the Gbêkê region. It mainly concerns the child who did not comply with ART, and whose mother was not followed within the framework of PMTCT. Strengthening early detection, early initiation of ART, PMTCT and increased therapeutic education strategies would improve the prognosis of children infected with HIV.

超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验及其等效静力风荷载

为研究超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验方法及其等效静力风荷载,根据某实际工程中的超高桥塔建立了有限元模型,进行了动力特性计算,进而设计了相应的气弹模型,并开展了风洞试验。在此基础上,开展了超高桥塔风致振动的非线性时程计算,并基于阵风荷载因子法,对比了以位移、内力和应力为单一目标的超高桥塔的等效静力风荷载。结果表明:斜风作用下的桥塔风致振动比较显著,其影响随着风速的增大而愈加明显;当风向角为75°~90°时,超高桥塔将在风速为35~50 m·s^(-1)的区间发生顺桥向的侧弯涡振,但幅值较小;基于应力的阵风荷载因子比基于位移或内力的阵风荷载因子更加稳定,这使得基于应力的等效静力风荷载要优于基于位移或内力的等效静力风荷载,比较适合于超高桥塔。

基于DeST的超低能耗建筑负荷特性研究

为实现节能减排,进一步降低建筑的能耗,通过DeST软件对严寒地区SJZU超低能耗示范中心建筑的负荷进行模拟计算,对比超低能耗建筑和不同节能水平的建筑负荷特性,分析新风量和内扰对建筑负荷的影响规律,利用数学分析方法研究内扰因素对建筑负荷的显著性。结果表明:典型超低能耗建筑的全年最大热负荷为14.74 kW,全年最大冷负荷为13.23 kW;全年累计负荷较不同节能水平下的节能建筑显著降低;人均新风量增加5 m^(3)/(h·人),全年累计热负荷平均增幅为4.73%,而全年累计冷负荷几乎不变;超低能耗建筑全年累计负荷的影响最显著的内扰因素是人员密度。

速调管放大器输入腔的匹配理论和模拟研究

基于输入微波与腔体耦合的等效电路模型,对于任意的腔体和电子束参数,建立了任意的输入微波与腔体耦合的速调管放大器输入腔的两种匹配状态的理论。建立了带有互感和电子束等效电阻和电容等参数的输入腔等效电路模型,推导了入射功率与反射功率的表达式,以及输入微波与带有电子束的输入腔耦合的完全匹配状态和任意的耦合这两种情形时输入功率和间隙电压关系的公式。推导了完全匹配状态时输入微波工作频率与输入腔有载品质因数的表达式。推导了复耦合系数等于1时输入腔外观品质因数与热腔品质因数的表达式,得出了当工作频率等于输入腔谐振频率,输入腔外观品质因数与热腔品质因数相等,且满足电子束等效电容远小于1时接近达到匹配状态,与传统理论基本一致。通过对比两种状态时的入射功率,得出了匹配状态时的入射功率小于复耦合系数等于1时入射功率的结论。通过对比复耦合系数等于1时新理论和传统理论的入射功率,得出不考虑电子束等效电容情况下两者相等的结论。采用二维粒子模拟的模型与匹配理论进行了对比,粒子模拟与理论基本一致。根据匹配理论找到了接近匹配状态的工作频率与有载品质因数以及较小的输入功率。

基于F-J-M法的桥梁温度与地震作用效应组合研究

目前铁路桥梁设计逐渐由容许应力法向极限状态法转变,而《铁路桥涵设计规范(极限状态法)》(Q/CR 9300—2018)并未提及地震作用与温度等可变作用的联合作用,给高寒高烈度区桥梁结构抗震设计带来了较大困难。为了推进桥梁以更经济的抗力方式抵御外荷载作用,通过目标可靠度指标确定其最优地震设计状况荷载组合分项系数,从而对现行桥梁设计规范抗震设计进行优化。建立了高寒地区某桥温度作用效应概率模型,使用Ferry Borges荷载组合理论探究地震和环境温度作用的效应分布特征,并基于JC法和多灾害荷载系数设计法(MH-LRFD)建立地震、温度作用荷载系数的表达式。依托某桥梁工程实例分别探究了地震、温度以及两者共同作用下的桥梁的失效概率。研究结果表明:环境温度引起的桥梁温度内力响应、主要构件材料特性变异均能显著影响桥梁的失效概率;对于高寒大温差地区,现行规范忽略环境温度效应将显著低估桥梁在地震作用下的失效概率。本文提出的F-J-M(Ferry Borges+JC+MH-LRFD)方法计算地震、温度作用组合系数,可为高寒地区桥梁抗震设计提供必要理论依据。

考虑用户负荷率因素的电力市场偏差电量定价方法

针对偏差电量定价中尚未考虑用户的负荷率变化,导致电力交易各方的经济利益不均衡问题,提出考虑用户负荷率因素的电力市场偏差电量定价方法。以售电量时间序列为基准,完成基于多元线性回归的电力市场售电量预测。在此基础上,建立基于月用电量偏差率的惩罚机制,考虑负荷率和偏差率的变化确定对应偏差电量的电价。通过某区域电力市场交易数据试验,负荷率的波动直接影响购电公司收益,提出的偏差电量定价方法能够降低偏差考核电费对整体收益的影响,规范电量市场交易行为,在一定程度上均衡用户和售电企业各方的利益。

江西省用电量的时空演变特征及影响因素分析

为方便电能供应者提前规划和优化供电配置,采用空间自相关Moran指数和经济计量方法对江西省用电量的空间相关性及其驱动因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,各市用电量存在明显空间差异,高值和低值相互环绕。通过对最大信息系数筛选出的驱动因素进行定量分析,发现除出生率外,发电量、GDP、人口总数、劳动力和工业用电量对用电量的增加具有正向促进作用,工业用电量和GDP是决定电力消费的关键因素。

“结构-隔热”一体化墙体粮食侧压力下力学性能影响因素分析

“结构-隔热”一体化墙体是一种新型粮食平房仓构件.为研究墙体参数对其在粮食荷载作用下的力学性能影响,通过有限元模拟分析,探究了连接件的直径、间距、墙体厚度及保温板厚度对墙体挠度、应力的影响.结果表明:在常用范围内,连接件直径及墙体厚度对“结构-隔热”一体化墙体的挠度和应力影响较为显著,连接件的间距及保温板的厚度影响较小.墙体挠度随连接件直径的增大而减小,但易出现应力集中、突变现象.墙体挠度随墙厚度的增大而减小,且内外叶墙单独受力,内叶墙在一定范围内越厚使连接件扭曲越小,对结构越有利.研究成果为“结构-隔热”一体化墙体在实际工程中的设计及优化提供参考.