Evolution of Viral Load in Patients Infected with HIV-1 at Point G University Hospital

Introduction: HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, is the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of the viral load in patients under treatment. Methodology: This was a study carried out from July 2017 to June 2022 at the Point G University Hospital laboratory. The determination of the viral load of patients was carried out by PCR on the ABOTT M2000sp/rt platform. Results: A total of 129 patients infected with HIV-1, aged 19 to 72 years with a mean age of 40.05 years ± 10.71;all on antiretroviral chemotherapy. The female gender predominated among our patients. The most common treatment regimen was 2INTI + 1INNTI with 72.9% followed by 2INTI + 1INI with 13.2%. As for the combinations of molecules, the combination TDF + 3TC + EFV and TDF + 3TC + DTG predominated, respectively 65.1% and 13.2%. 89.9% of our patients had undetectable viremia after 12 months of treatment (p < 0.005) with an average viral load which had evolved from 681315.65 copies/ml ± 1616908.484 to M0 at 5742.36 copies /ml ± 35756.883 at M12 (p Conclusion: Generally speaking, antiretroviral treatment had contributed to controlling viral loads, however the therapeutic combination TDF + 3TC + DTG had made it possible to obtain more patients with undetectable viremia instead.

Strength and failure characteristics of marble spheres subjected to paired point loads

Failure of irregular rock samples may provide implications in the rapid estimation of rock strength,which is imperative in rock engineering practice.In this work,analytical,experimental and numerical investigations were carried out to study the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of rock spheres under paired point loads.Analytical solutions indicted that with the increase in sample size(contact angle)and decrease in Poisson’s ratio,the uneven tensile stress in theta direction decreased.Then laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the load characteristics and failure mode of spherical marble samples with different sizes subjected to a pair of diametral point loads.The discrete element method(DEM)was adopted to study the failure process of rock spheres.The effect of the sphere diameter on the point load contact angle was examined in terms of peak load,crushed zone distribution and energy dissipation.Experimental and numerical results showed that the samples primarily fail in tension,with crushed zones formed at both loading points.With increase in the sample size,the contact angle,crushed area and total work increase.As the specimen diameter increases from 30 mm to 50 mm,the peak load on the specimen increases from 3.6 kN to 8.8 kN,and the percentage of crushed zone(ratio of crushing zone to sample radius,d/r)increased from 0.191 to 0.262.The results of the study have implications for understanding the failure of irregular rock specimens under point loading conditions and their size effects.

Complete solutions for elastic fields induced by point load vector in functionally graded material model with transverse isotropy

The paper develops and examines the complete solutions for the elastic field induced by the point load vector in a general functionally graded material(FGM)model with transverse isotropy.The FGMs are approximated with n-layered materials.Each of the n-layered materials is homogeneous and transversely isotropic.The complete solutions of the displacement and stress fields are explicitly expressed in the forms of fifteen classical Hankel transform integrals with ten kernel functions.The ten kernel functions are explicitly expressed in the forms of backward transfer matrices and have clear mathematical properties.The singular terms of the complete solutions are analytically isolated and expressed in exact closed forms in terms of elementary harmonic functions.Numerical results show that the computation of the complete solutions can be achieved with high accuracy and efficiency.

The use of point load test for Dubai weak calcareous sandstones

Intact rock is typically described according to its uniaxial compressive strength （UCS）. The UCS is needed in the design of geotechnical engineering problems including stability of rock slopes and design of shallow and deep foundations resting on and/or in rocks. Accordingly, a correct measure-ment/evaluation of the UCS is essential to a safe and economic design. Typically, the UCS is measured using the unconfined compression tests performed on cylindrical intact specimens with a minimum length to width ratio of 2. In several cases, especially for weak and very weak rocks, it is not possible to extract intact specimens with the needed minimum dimensions. Thus, alternative tests （e.g. point load test, Schmidt hammer） are used to measure rock strength. The UCS is computed based on the results of these tests through empirical correlations. The literature includes a plethora of these correlations that vary widely in estimating rock strength. Thus, it is paramount to validate these correlations to check their suitability for estimating rock strength for a specific location and geology. A review of the available correlations used to estimate the UCS from the point load test results is performed and summarized herein. Results of UCS, point load strength index and Young＇s modulus are gathered for calcareous sandstone specimens extracted from the Dubai area. A correlation for estimating the UCS from the point load strength index is proposed. Furthermore, the Young＇s modulus is correlated to the UCS.

Effect of loading point position on fracture mode of rock

Anti symmetric four point bending specimen with different loading point positions was used to study effect of loading point position on fracture mode of rock in order to explore a feasible method for achieving Mode Ⅱ fracture and determining Mode Ⅱ fracture toughness of rock, K ⅡC . Numerical and experimental results show that the distance between the inner and outer loading points, L 1+ L 2, has a great influence on stresses at notch tip and fracture mode. When L 1+ L 2>0.5 L or 0.1 L < L 1+ L 2<0.5 L , maximum principal stress σ 1 exceeds the tensile strength σ t. The ratio of τ max / σ 1 is relatively low or high and thus Mode Ⅰ or mixed mode fracture occurs. When L 1+ L 2< 0.1 L , σ 1 is smaller than σ t and the ratio of τ max / σ 1 is much higher, which facilitates the occurrence of Mode Ⅱ fracture.

Estimating Unconfined Compressive Strength of Sedimentary Rocks in United Arab Emirates from Point Load Strength Index

In this paper, three rock types including Sandstone, Mudstone, and Crystalline Gypsum were part of a laboratory study conducted to develop a dataset for predicting the unconfined compressive strength of UAE intact sedimentary rock specimens. Four hundred nineteen rock samples from various areas along the coastal region of the UAE were collected and tested for the development of this dataset and evaluation of models. From the statistical analysis of the data, regression equations were established among rock parameters and correlations were expressed and compared by the ones proposed in literature.

Nanoindentation Models of Monolayer Graphene and Graphyne under Point Load Pattern Studied by Molecular Dynamics

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the nanoindentation models of monolayer suspended graphene and graphyne. Fullerenes are selected as indenters. Our results show that Young＇s modulus of monolayer-thick graphyne is almost half of that of graphene, which is estimated to be 0.50 TPa. The mechanical properties of graphene and graphyne are different in the presence of strain. A pre-tension has an important effect on the mechanical properties of a membrane. Both the pre-tension and Young＇s modulus plots demonstrate index behavior. The toughness of graphyne is stronger than that of graphene due to Young＇s modulus magnitude. Young＇s moduli of graphene and graphyne are almost independent of the size ratio of indenter to membrane.

Simulation on the Time Progress of the Non-Point Source Pollution Load in Initial Stage Runoff for Small Watershed

Taking a reservoir in South China as an example, we use rainfall-runoff unit hydrograph method to analyze the time changing process of surface runoff inflow, which generated by typical design rainfall. On the basis of time series data of flow and water quality in control section of the main rivers in Xili Reservoir, we establish mathematical response relation between non-point source pollutants flux, such as flux of COD, flux of NH3-H, in catchment area of control section and runoff. Then we simulate the time dynamic change progress of non-point source pollution load which generate with the initial stage runoff that generated by design rainfall and flow into reservoir. It can provide technical parameters for the design of non-point source which generate from early runoff treatment project.

多目标金属露天矿配矿装载点选取问题及求解算法

目的:为了减少矿产资源浪费,提高贫矿的利用率,针对大型金属露天矿多装载点配矿问题,综合考虑矿石剩余量不足、铲装设备数量有限等因素对配装载点选取的影响,以品位偏差最小、生产成本最小、车辆总排队时间最短为目标建立配矿装载点选取模型。方法:采用二维矩阵整数编码法,并设计一种基于随机片段交叉与特定变异算子相结合的间接二次遗传优化算法对模型进行求解。结果:以国内某大型金属露天矿实际生产数据为例进行仿真实验,结果表明:所得出的装载点选取方案在受铲装设备数量限制、优先开采矿石剩余量相对较少装载点的条件下,仍能满足配矿计划需求。结论:所提模型、算法能普遍适用于大型金属露天矿山开采,使装载点的矿石得到充分利用。意义:提高了企业的经济效益和矿山整体开采效率。

基于黄金分割搜索的电压暂降域快速识别方法

针对大型复杂电网中敏感负荷的电压暂降域难以准确识别的问题,提出一种基于黄金分割搜索的电压暂降域快速识别方法。首先,求得网络中发生各类短路故障时敏感负荷节点的电压暂降幅值解析式,并引入节点判定向量和线路关联向量,以及相应的判定准则,实现对所有线路临界点的快速分类计算;接着详细阐述了传统插值法存在的问题,并提出一种由黄金分割搜索改进的插值法,以期为正割迭代提供更优的初值点,提高临界点计算的准确度;因考虑到拟合的二次曲线难免存在偏差,故使用故障点法作为补充算法,用以计算有求解困难的线路;最后,以IEEE30节点标准测试系统为例,验证了该方法能在保证计算精度的前提下,简化电压暂降域的求解过程,提高算法的收敛速度,并广泛适用于大型复杂电网。

Contact Force Distribution and Static Load-carrying Capacity of Large Size Double Row Four-point Contact Ball Bearing

Clearance not only affects the startup torque,rotation precision and stiffness of bearing,but also affects the load distribution,load-carrying capacity and life of bearing.A computational model in which the clearance of bearing is first included is presented for determining the contact force distribution and static load-carrying capacity of a double row four-point contact ball bearing which is subjected to the combined radial,axial and overturning moment loadings.The relation between the negative axial clearance and the contact force distribution is analyzed.The static load-carrying capacity curves are established,and the effects of the changes in negative axial clearance,curvature radius coefficient of raceway groove and initial contact angle on the static load-carrying capacity are analyzed.The results show that,with the increase in the absolute value of negative clearance,the maximum contact load decreases first and then increases.The clearance values in the range of 0.2 mme0 mm have little effect on the static load-carrying capacity of bearing.With the increase in the curvature radius coefficient of raceway groove and the decrease in the initial contact angle,the static load capacity of bearing decreases.

考虑可平移负荷和智能软开关的主动配电网故障恢复方法

在配电网发生故障后,主动配电网能够实现用户侧参与功率的实时供需平衡,满足故障后的负荷恢复。用户参与配电网的调度也是提升故障后负荷恢复比例的途径之一,可平移负荷具有较强的可控性,有效提升了主动配电网的灵活性,智能软开关等新兴可控设备的接入,也使负荷的快速供电成为可能。本文建立了考虑可平移负荷和智能软开关的主动配电网故障恢复模型,并考虑了负荷的重要性系数。通过改进的IEEE 33节点算例进行仿真分析,构建单一故障、多点故障、短时故障的场景,验证了本文所提出方法的有效性以及可控装置对故障后负荷恢复量的提升。

一种基于曲率和B样条的矿区装载车辆连续路径规划方法

矿区装载车辆的任务是从进入点到装载点进行装载,然后离开矿区。在进入装载点前,车辆要在回转点改变行进方向,以便倒车进入装载点。针对装载车辆的任务特点,本文提出了一种基于曲率和B样条的路径规划方法。首先,基于车辆运动模型设计了A*算法的成本函数,获得了与车辆转弯半径相关的离散路径。为了进一步获得装载车辆的连续路径,又提出了改进的B样条插值法,使得连续路径两端切线符合车辆起始点和终点的位姿。随后,基于模拟退火算法,获得了车辆的回转点,使得车辆可以在进入装载点前改变前进方向。仿真结果表明,所提出的连续路径规划方法能够保证生成曲率连续的装载车辆路径,并保证路径两端符合车辆在起始点和终点的位姿,为矿区装载车辆的自动驾驶技术提供了基础。

风荷载下伸臂桁架-ATMD组合系统最优伸臂桁架位置研究

基于虚拟激励法和最优控制理论,提出伸臂桁架-主动调谐质量阻尼器(ATMD)组合系统的风振最优控制模型。首先推导伸臂桁架主体结构与ATMD耦合后的控制运动微分方程组并基于虚拟激励法求解该方程组,发展新的伸臂桁架-ATMD组合系统数值简化模型。基于新提出的组合系统数值简化模型,应用固定点理论求解ATMD最优控制力,获得伸臂桁架-ATMD组合系统的最优控制力模型。将新提出的伸臂桁架-ATMD组合系统数值简化模型和最优控制力模型进行有效数值组合,构建该组合系统的整体最优控制模型。将本文提出的基于固定点理论的最优控制模型与基于线性二次规划方法的最优控制模型、被动最优控制模型和无控制模型进行对比分析。最后应用基于固定点理论的最优控制模型对伸臂桁架-ATMD组合系统的最优伸臂桁架位置进行单参数敏感性分析,研究最优伸臂桁架位置对不同结构影响因素的敏感性以及ATMD对不同类型伸臂桁架系统的抗风控制效果。研究结果表明:主体结构伸臂桁架系统类型不同,不同控制方案的作用效果不同,且主动控制方案对加速度响应的控制效果优于对位移响应的控制效果;与纯伸臂桁架系统相比,风荷载作用下主动调谐质量阻尼器对组合系统的最优伸臂桁架位置影响不大,且最优位置对伸臂桁架刚度、核心筒刚度和外柱与核心筒间距离都有非常高的敏感性;风荷载作用下主体结构中的阻尼会限制ATMD对结构响应控制作用的发挥。

点载荷作用下聚乙烯燃气管道的损伤分析

通过单轴拉伸试验获得了聚乙烯(PE)材料弹性及屈服参数。建立了点载荷下的管-土有限元模型,研究了埋地燃气PE在点载荷下的力学响应,分析了点载荷尺寸、管道内压及管道直径的影响。基于DFDI(ductile failure damage indicator)模型,结合有限元仿真结果,对点载荷下的PE管进行了定量损伤计算。结果表明,与无点载荷管道的损伤结果对比可知,点载荷的存在增大了管道损伤;管道内压变化时管道损伤变化较大;管道直径变化时对PE管损伤影响较小,各管径下的损伤值都比较接近。

宽范围负载CL-LDO的设计

针对规模与功耗骤增的集成电路发展趋势,设计了一种可以提供宽范围负载电流的无片外电容型低压差线性稳压器(CL-LDO).为了解决宽范围负载电流与无片外电容等需求所带来的稳定性问题与瞬态特性问题,提出了动态零点补偿的方式与瞬态增强电路结构,既保障了整体电路在全负载范围内保持稳定,又实现了较好的瞬态特性.基于0.11μm CMOS工艺,完成电路设计、版图设计与仿真,仿真结果表明,在0~500 mA的负载范围内,整体环路增益可以达到68 dB;最小相位裕度为56°;当负载电流在1~500 mA之间发生跳变时(Δt=500 ns),输出过冲和下冲分别为56 mV和141 mV,建立时间分别为2μs和0.78μs;PSR为-67.2 dB@1 kHz,负载调整率为0.137μV/mA.

引入空间修正入河系数的改进输出系数模型研究——以长江流域为例

针对长江流域开展面源污染负荷研究具有重要实践意义。传统输出系数模型为集总式模型,无法体现污染物的空间差异性,且未考虑污染源和受纳水体之间的污染物迁移损失,计算结果常为产污量而非入河量。为了降低区域自然地理条件差异造成的模拟结果的误差,综合考虑污染物在输移过程中受降雨、地形、植被和距离等因子的影响,对传统的Johnes输出系数模型引入空间修正的入河系数,构建具有空间分布性的改进输出系数模型。将改进后的输出系数模型应用于长江流域,对长江流域干流自上至下9个监测断面的总磷、化学需氧量进行模拟。分别将集总式输出系数模型和引入空间修正入河系数的改进输出系数模型的模拟结果与实测值进行比较,结果显示改进后的输出系数模型模拟精度较改进前显著提高,为流域面源污染综合治理提供参考依据和理论支撑。

混凝土材料动态破坏过程的近场动力学模拟

采用黏弹性近场动力学方法,根据混凝土单轴强度J准则类比得到近场动力学键伸长率的动态断裂准则。通过对骨料下的填充混凝土板、梁等构件进行模拟,探究了不同的加载速率下,骨料对裂纹形态及裂纹扩展路径的影响。结果表明,加载速率越大,混凝土中填充的骨料断裂度也越大。动态断裂J准则能准确描述混凝土在动态荷载下的破坏形态,该方法为混凝土的损伤防治工程提供了指导依据。

拖拉机三点悬挂电液加载系统研究与试验

三点悬挂系统是拖拉机关键工作系统之一。由于田间作业工况的复杂多变,拖拉机三点悬挂液压系统承受较大的随机载荷,容易发生零部件破坏与液压故障等问题,直接影响拖拉机安全及作业效率。基于以上问题,研发了拖拉机三点悬挂电液加载系统,并基于NI Compact-RIO开发了拖拉机加载平台测控仪与上位机测控软件,实现了信号采集与加载控制。利用ARMAX模型进行系统辨识,得到电液系统模型,并与MatLab传递函数辨识箱比较,平均绝对误差降低33.90%,均方误差降低87.36%,均方根误差降低64.45%;基于PID控制方法,上位机以20Hz加载频率将阶梯信号、正弦信号、田间三点悬挂牵引力载荷应用于加载系统进行复现,效果完全可以满足试验台的控制加载要求。试验结果表明:基于ARMAX模型的系统辨识及基于PID的控制方法结合三点悬挂电液加载系统,可将田间三点悬挂牵引力载荷加载复现,为基于田间动态载荷加载的拖拉机三点悬挂零部件与系统可靠性试验提供了平台和方法支撑。

环境风载荷下大口径反射面天线波束指向分析

大口径反射面天线是深空探测、卫星通信的关键设备。为了不断提高观测性能,天线口径不断增大,进而对天线指向精度的要求越来越高。随着天线口径的增大,天线的刚度降低、迎风面积增大,这会导致天线的柔性变形严重,性能难以保证。为探究环境风载荷下大口径反射面天线的柔性变形对电性能的影响,提出了一种天线波束指向分析模型。首先,利用计算流体力学方法对天线表面的风压分布情况进行了数值模拟,得到了天线表面的风压系数。然后,利用风压系数与风速无关的特性,分析了不同风速工况下天线结构变形的规律。最后,根据天线结构变形的特点,分析了天线在不同工作状态下的增益损失、指向偏差等的变化规律。结果表明,所提出的模型可以快速评估大口径反射面天线在风载荷下的变形情况和波束指向特性,这为后续的天线抗风结构设计与系统控制研究提供了理论指导。