Discovering exact,gauge-invariant,local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system by high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds

Gyrokinetic theory is arguably the most important tool for numerical studies of transport physics in magnetized plasmas.However,exact local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system have not been found despite continuous effort.Without such local conservation laws,energy and momentum can be instantaneously transported across spacetime,which is unphysical and casts doubt on the validity of numerical simulations based on the gyrokinetic theory.The standard Noether procedure for deriving conservation laws from corresponding symmetries does not apply to gyrokinetic systems because the gyrocenters and electromagnetic field reside on different manifolds.To overcome this difficulty,we develop a high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds for classical particle-field systems and apply it to derive exact,local conservation laws,in particular the energy–momentum conservation laws,for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system.A weak Euler–Lagrange(EL)equation is established to replace the standard EL equation for the particles.It is discovered that an induced weak EL current enters the local conservation laws,and it is the new physics captured by the high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds.A recently developed gauge-symmetrization method for high-order electromagnetic field theories using the electromagnetic displacement-potential tensor is applied to render the derived energy–momentum conservation laws electromagnetic gauge-invariant.

The Notion of Conservation for Residual Distribution Schemes (or Fluctuation Splitting Schemes), with Some Applications

In this paper,we discuss the notion of discrete conservation for hyperbolic conservation laws.We introduce what we call fluctuation splitting schemes(or residual distribution,also RDS)and show through several examples how these schemes lead to new developments.In particular,we show that most,if not all,known schemes can be rephrased in flux form and also how to satisfy additional conservation laws.This review paper is built on Abgrall et al.(Computers and Fluids 169:10-22,2018),Abgrall and Tokareva(SIAM SISC 39(5):A2345-A2364,2017),Abgrall(J Sci Comput 73:461-494,2017),Abgrall(Methods Appl Math 18(3):327-351,2018a)and Abgrall(J Comput Phys 372,640--666,2018b).This paper is also a direct consequence of the work of Roe,in particular Deconinck et al.(Comput Fluids 22(2/3):215-222,1993)and Roe(J Comput Phys 43:357-372,1981)where the notion of conservation was first introduced.In[26],Roe mentioned the Hermes project and the role of Dassault Aviation.Bruno Stoufflet,Vice President R&D and advanced business of this company,proposed me to have a detailed look at Deconinck et al.(Comput Fluids 22(2/3):215-222,1993).To be honest,at the time,I did not understand anything,and this was the case for several years.I was lucky to work with Katherine Mer,who at the time was a postdoc,and is now research engineer at CEA.She helped me a lot in understanding the notion of conservation.The present contribution can be seen as the result of my understanding after many years of playing around with the notion of residual distribution schemes(or fluctuation-splitting schemes)introduced by Roe.

A Locally Conservative Energy-Momentum Tensor in the General Relativity Based on a Cosmological Model without Singularity

According to the conventional theory it is difficult to define the energy-momentum tensor which is locally conservative. The energy-momentum tensor of the gravitational field is defined. Based on a cosmological model without singularity, the total energy-momentum tensor is defined which is locally conservative in the general relativity. The tensor of the gravitational mass is different from the energy-momentum tensor, and it satisfies the gravitational field equation and its covariant derivative is zero.

A BLOCK-CENTERED UPWIND APPROXIMATION OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE PROBLEM ON A DYNAMICALLY CHANGING MESH

The numerical simulation of a three-dimensional semiconductor device is a fundamental problem in information science. The mathematical model is defined by an initialboundary nonlinear system of four partial differential equations: an elliptic equation for electric potential, two convection-diffusion equations for electron concentration and hole concentration, and a heat conduction equation for temperature. The first equation is solved by the conservative block-centered method. The concentrations and temperature are computed by the block-centered upwind difference method on a changing mesh, where the block-centered method and upwind approximation are used to discretize the diffusion and convection, respectively. The computations on a changing mesh show very well the local special properties nearby the P-N junction. The upwind scheme is applied to approximate the convection, and numerical dispersion and nonphysical oscillation are avoided. The block-centered difference computes concentrations, temperature, and their adjoint vector functions simultaneously.The local conservation of mass, an important rule in the numerical simulation of a semiconductor device, is preserved during the computations. An optimal order convergence is obtained. Numerical examples are provided to show efficiency and application.

A MIXED FINITE ELEMENT AND CHARACTERISTIC MIXED FINITE ELEMENT FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE MISCIBLE DARCY-FORCHHEIMER DISPLACEMENT AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

In this paper a mixed finite element-characteristic mixed finite element method is discussed to simulate an incompressible miscible Darcy-Forchheimer problem.The flow equation is solved by a mixed finite element and the approximation accuracy of Darch-Forchheimer velocity is improved one order.The concentration equation is solved by the method of mixed finite element,where the convection is discretized along the characteristic direction and the diffusion is discretized by the zero-order mixed finite element method.The characteristics can confirm strong stability at sharp fronts and avoids numerical dispersion and nonphysical oscillation.In actual computations the characteristics adopts a large time step without any loss of accuracy.The scalar unknowns and its adjoint vector function are obtained simultaneously and the law of mass conservation holds in every element by the zero-order mixed finite element discretization of diffusion flux.In order to derive the optimal 3/2-order error estimate in L^(2) norm,a post-processing technique is included in the approximation to the scalar unknowns.Numerical experiments are illustrated finally to validate theoretical analysis and efficiency.This method can be used to solve such an important problem.

CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS OF MIXED VOLUME ELEMENT-CHARACTERISTIC MIXED VOLUME ELEMENT FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL CHEMICAL OIL-RECOVERY SEEPAGE COUPLED PROBLEM

The physical model is described by a seepage coupled system for simulating numerically three-dimensional chemical oil recovery, whose mathematical description includes three equations to interpret main concepts. The pressure equation is a nonlinear parabolic equation, the concentration is defined by a convection-diffusion equation and the saturations of different components are stated by nonlinear convection-diffusion equations. The transport pressure appears in the concentration equation and saturation equations in the form of Darcy velocity, and controls their processes. The flow equation is solved by the conservative mixed volume element and the accuracy is improved one order for approximating Darcy velocity. The method of characteristic mixed volume element is applied to solve the concentration, where the diffusion is discretized by a mixed volume element method and the convection is treated by the method of characteristics. The characteristics can confirm strong computational stability at sharp fronts and it can avoid numerical dispersion and nonphysical oscillation. The scheme can adopt a large step while its numerical results have small time-truncation error and high order of accuracy. The mixed volume element method has the law of conservation on every element for the diffusion and it can obtain numerical solutions of the concentration and adjoint vectors. It is most important in numerical simulation to ensure the physical conservative nature. The saturation different components are obtained by the method of characteristic fractional step difference. The computational work is shortened greatly by decomposing a three-dimensional problem into three successive one-dimensional problems and it is completed easily by using the algorithm of speedup. Using the theory and technique of a priori estimates of differential equations, we derive an optimal second order estimates in 12 norm. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness and practicability and the method is testified as a powerful tool to solve the important problems.

Explicit Multi-symplectic Method for a High Order Wave Equation of KdV Type

In this paper, we consider multi-symplectic Fourier pseudospectral method for a high order integrable equation of KdV type, which describes many important physical phenomena. The multi-symplectic structure are constructed for the equation, and the conservation laws of the continuous equation are presented. The multisymplectic discretization of each formulation is exemplified by the multi-symplectic Fourier pseudospectral scheme. The numerical experiments are given, and the results verify the efficiency of the Fourier pseudospectral method.

Multi-symplectic Geometry and Preissmann Scheme for GSDBM Equation

The multi-symplectic geometry for the GSDBM equation is presented in this paper. The multi-symplectic formulations for the GSDBM equation are presented and the local conservation laws are shown to correspond to certain well-known Hamiltonian functionals. The multi-symplectic discretization of each formulation is exemplified by the multisymplectic Preissmann scheme. The numerical experiments are given, and the results verify the efficiency of the Preissmann scheme.

Birkhoffian Symplectic Scheme for a Quantum System

In this paper, a classical system of ordinary differential equations is built to describe a kind of n-dimensional quantum systems. The absorption spectrum and the density of the states for the system are defined from the points of quantum view and classical view. From the Birkhoffian form of the equations, a Birkhoffian symplectic scheme is derived for solving n-dimensional equations by using the generating function method. Besides the Birkhoffian structure- preserving, the new scheme is proven to preserve the discrete local energy conservation law of the system with zero vector f . Some numerical experiments for a 3-dimensional example show that the new scheme can simulate the general Birkhoffian system better than the implicit midpoint scheme, which is well known to be symplectic scheme for Hamiltonian system.

Local structure-preserving algorithms for partial differential equations

In this paper, we discuss the concept of local structure-preserving algorithms (SPAs) for partial differential equations, which are the natural generalization of the corresponding global SPAs. Local SPAs for the problems with proper boundary conditions are global SPAs, but the inverse is not necessarily valid. The concept of the local SPAs can explain the difference between different SPAs and provide a basic theory for analyzing and constructing high performance SPAs. Furthermore, it enlarges the applicable scopes of SPAs. We also discuss the application and the construction of local SPAs and derive several new SPAs for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation.

The Locally Conservative Galerkin (LCG) Method — a Discontinuous Methodology Applied to a Continuous Framework

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the element-wise locally conservative Galerkin(LCG)method.The LCG method was developed to find a method that had the advantages of the discontinuous Galerkin methods,without the large computational and memory requirements.The initial application of the method is discussed,to the simple scalar transient convection-diffusion equation,along with its extension to the Navier-Stokes equations utilising the Characteristic Based Split(CBS)scheme.The element-by-element solution approach removes the standard finite element assembly necessity,with an face flux providing continuity between these elemental subdomains.This face flux provides explicit local conservation and can be determined via a simple small post-processing calculation.The LCG method obtains a unique solution from the elemental contributions through the use of simple averaging.It is shown within this paper that the LCG method provides equivalent solutions to the continuous(global)Galerkin method for both steady state and transient solutions.Several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the abilities of the LCG method.

A Conservative Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Schrödinger-KdV System

In this paper we develop a conservative local discontinuous Galerkin(LDG)method for the Schrödinger-Korteweg-de Vries(Sch-KdV)system,which arises in various physical contexts as a model for the interaction of long and short nonlinear waves.Conservative quantities in the discrete version of the number of plasmons,energy of the oscillations and the number of particles are proved for the LDG scheme of the Sch-KdV system.Semi-implicit time discretization is adopted to relax the time step constraint from the high order spatial derivatives.Numerical results for accuracy tests of stationary traveling soliton,and the collision of solitons are shown.Numerical experiments illustrate the accuracy and capability of the method.

MULTISYMPLECTIC FOURIER PSEUDOSPECTRAL METHOD FOR THE NONLINEAR SCHR■DINGER EQUATIONS WITH WAVE OPERATOR

In this paper, the multisymplectic Fourier pseudospectral scheme for initial-boundary value problems of nonlinear SchrSdinger equations with wave operator is considered. We investigate the local and global conservation properties of the multisymplectic discretization based on Fourier pseudospectral approximations. The local and global spatial conservation of energy is proved. The error estimates of local energy conservation law are also derived. Numerical experiments are presented to verify the theoretical predications.

MULTI-SYMPLECTIC FOURIER PSEUDOSPECTRAL METHOD FOR A HIGHER ORDER WAVE EQUATION OF KDV TYPE

The higher order wave equation of KdV type, which describes many important physical phenomena, has been investigated widely in last several decades. In this work, multi- symplectic formulations for the higher order wave equation of KdV type are presented, and the local conservation laws are shown to correspond to certain well-known Hamiltonian functionals. The multi-symplectic discretization of each formulation is calculated by the multi-symplectic Fourier pseudospectral scheme. Numerical experiments are carried out, which verify the efficiency of the Fourier pseudospectral method.

A Free Surface Sharpening Strategy Using Optimization Method

VOF method which consists in transporting a discontinuous marker variable is widely used to capture the free surface in computational fluid dynamics.There is numerical dissipation in simulations involving the transport of the marker.Numerical dissipation makes the free surface lose its physical nature.A free surface sharpening strategy based on optimization method is presented in the paper.The strategy can keep the location of the free surface and local mass conservation at both time,and can also keep free surface in a constant width.It is independent on the types of solvers and meshes.Two famous cases were chosen for verifying the free surface sharpening strategy performance.Results show that the strategy has a very good performance on keeping local mass conservation.The efficiency of prediction of the free surface is improved by applying the strategy.Accurate modeling of flow details such as drops can also be captured by this method.