Study on Continuity of Temple of Local Land God in Rural Construction Based on the Perspective of Place Spirit

Temple of local land god is a kind of traditional sacrificial architecture in China's village,and is cultural landscape generated under special farming system of China,which reflects the spiritual world of the working people and bears the history of the village. Its protection and continuity must take inheriting the cultural spirit as the most important prerequisite,and "place spirit" established by Norberg Schultz provides important theoretic basis for it. In this paper,based on "place spirit","place spirit" of temple of local land god is interpreted,and important role of "place spirit" in its protection and continuity and the ways to create "place spirit" of temple of local land god are explored.

Local Knowledge on the Influence of Land Use/Cover Changes and Conservation Threats on Avian Community in the Kilombero Wetlands, Tanzania

Local knowledge of the history and ecology of wetland ecosystems is very useful in wetland resources management, especially when other historical ecological information is not available and can be integrated with scientific knowledge to introduce better management of resources. The aims of this paper were to assess existing local knowledge on land use/cover changes in the Kilombero wetlands, thereafter investigate local knowledge on its effect on avian population in the wetland and identify factors influencing local knowledge on such changes in the study area. Random sampling was used to obtain representative sample population for this study. Structured questionnaire and focus group discussions were used to extract information from local people in six villages. Study results from multi-response analysis showed that natural forests had been converted into cropland and bushed grassland, grassland to crop land, grassland to grazed land, forest to settlement and grassland to settlement. Land use change was singled out as primary cause of decrease in avian community in the wetland. Threats to the conservation of avian species were identified as livestock grazing, drought, use of poison, traps and bush meat hunting for food. Age and education level were seen as determinants of household’s knowledge on the ecological changes. This pool of existing knowledge is important among wetland users and stakeholders in order to generate conservation strategies of the wetland ecosystem.

Local perceptions of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan, China

Numerous land-use policies have been implemented in China in recent decades for ecological restoration and conservation to reduce environmental disasters and promote environmental sustainability.Many of these policies follow a top-down approach to implementation and as such,emphasize the hierarchical control within government structures.An understanding of local perceptions of land-use policies is important if the disconnect between policy makers and the target population is to be reduced and if program support is to improve.This study aimed to help improve local implementation,attitude toward,and engagement by examining the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the target population’s(local farmers)perception of the conversion of cropland to forestland program(CFPP)land use policy in Jiangxi,Sichuan,and Shaanxi provinces.It uses logistical regression models,with robust aspects of perception including confidence,support,transparency,prospects,fairness,and willingness to participate.Results indicate that social aspects as well as economic aspects are most important in influencing farmers’perceptions towards the CFPP.The farmers who have received technical support,rural male habitants,educated,and non-middle-aged farmers exhibit more positive perceptions of the program and are much more likely to support it,whereas farmers without any technical support or formal education,and female and middle-aged farmers are less likely to support the program.Importantly,this study also reveals the differences in responses,experiences and perceptions of the farmers living across different provinces.These empirical results provide insight into the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the perception of farmers towards land-use policies,which has important implications for designing targeted policy instruments and increasing farmer support for these policies.This knowledge can be harnessed and further evaluated in future research to improve citizen engagement,support,and understanding in order to help ecological restoration and conservation objectives be more effectively achieved.

Analysis on Local Government's Illegal Occupation of Cultivated Land Using Game Theory

In order to find out reasons for local government illegally occupying cultivated land and reduce such acts to ensure China's grain security,this paper made an analysis through building the single person game model for local government's legal or illegal occupation of cultivation land.It reached the conclusion that the benefit obtained by local government from illegal occupation of cultivated land is far greater than cost and punishment of such illegal acts.Illegal act is an optimal choice of local government to maximize its benefits,which is also the major reason for its illegal occupation of cultivated land.Thus,to reduce these illegal acts of local government,it should reduce benefits of local government obtained from illegal occupation of cultivated land,and increase costs for illegal occupation of cultivated land.

Local Initiatives of Land Rehabilitation in the Sudano-Sahelian Region: Case of <i>Hardé</i>Soils in the Far North Region of Cameroon

Local initiatives of hardé soils rehabilitation in Maroua region have been analyzed. Fieldwork consisted of conducting observations and surveys beside farmers in two study sites, Mizileng and Zokok. Investigations on perception of land degradation signs by farmers show that appearance of encrusted surfaces and loss of vegetation cover are signs more expressed in both study sites. Causes expressed include acceleration of water and wind erosion processes, excessive falling of trees, inappropriate farming techniques and climatic hazards. The main consequences are declining of crop yields, lack of farming land and loss natural pastures. Rehabilitation actions undertaken by local communities surveyed include earth dikes, tillage including cart or hoe ploughing, application of organic matter, integrating farming techniques such as fallowing, association and rotation of crop, and lastly, parking of animals on plots to be rehabilitated. Populations assert in their majority perceive in six months to three years signs of real change on planning plots. Constraints to those rehabilitation actions include material requirements that are mostly not available or accessible to farmers in the study area and access to land. Globally, there is no integration of local knowledge in the implementation of projects and consequences are localized and ephemeral efficiency, but also not conclusive results. Implementation of an innovation in rural areas must take into account the factors of ownership and inscribe in a well-defined trajectory. This trajectory must be dynamic and reflexive where local knowledge will cope with expert knowledge to ensure impact and sustainability of innovation.

Rethinking of Teaching Reform of Land Resource Management Discipline in Local Normal Colleges and Universities under the New Situation

The Agriculture and Forestry discipline in local normal colleges and universities plays an important role in cultivating talents and higher education to serve the local"agriculture,rural areas and farmers".The Land Resource Management discipline is a science that studies the use,allocation,and management of land resources and assets,and has comprehensive and practical features.In the context of the proposal of the rural revitalization strategy and the establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the State Council,the importance of cultivating land resource management talents who understands both land planning and urban planning is self-evident,and the teaching reform of Land Resource Management discipline is receiving much attention.Taking the Land Resource Management discipline of Jiangxi Normal University,a key normal university in Jiangxi Province as an example,combining the characteristics of the discipline setting and the development process,we analyzed the existing problems in its development,so as to provide recommendations for the teaching reform of Land Resource Management discipline in local normal colleges and universities.

Research on Signal of Field Monitor of 7220A Localizer Beacon Subsystem of ILS

From the actual perspective of working principle of localizer beacon subsystem of Instrument Landing System (ILS), consideration of the distance information from localizer antenna to field monitor antenna and wide aperture effect of localizer antenna, broke through the limitation of signals synthesized only far-field (FF), established the near-field (NF) model. The three-dimensional mathematical model of localizer beacon was designed, and the signals at both near-field and far-field were analyzed qualitatively. At the environment of Antenna Fault as well as Antenna Distribution Unit (ADU) phase shifter simulation, the characteristics of near-field and far-field were also compared. The simulation results showed that the model met the requirement of theory of localizer beacon, and the gap between two models was so evident, which resulted from the broken geometric symmetry in NF area. The model could provide valuable theoretical basis for performance evaluation and maintenance of the ILS, and meanwhile, provide reference for the further analysis of localizer beacon.

LAND RESOURCES OF INNER MONGOLIA AND THEIR RATIONAL UTILIZATION

1. The Characteristics of land resources in Inner Mongolia1.1 The vast expance of land Accounting for 12.5 per cent of the Total area of China, the land area in InnerMongolia is 1.183 million square kilometer. The land of per person in Inner Mongolia,which was 5.5 hectares, was 6.5 times of per person in China in 1990.

Government's Role in Urban Construction Land Expansion

Focusing on urban construction land expansion,governmental influence on expansion of urban construction land in China is analyzed from fiscal decentralization,government game and land system.Due to fiscal decentralization and coupled with GDP-based performance evaluation system,local government seeks to maximizing economic profits.Whereas,land systems such as land property,land expropriation and land transfer system,let the local governments' profit seeking behavior achieved.The conclusion is that the government's role in urban construction land expansion is mainly from local governments.

纵向监管、地方选择性供地与产业结构绿色转型

地方政府的有效执行是中国式分权下提升中央发展战略实施绩效的关键,而中央政府对地方政府治理行为的有效监督则是其中至关重要的环节。本文基于2007—2019年中国微观工业用地供应以及中央环保督察的通报结果数据,采用广义双重差分法实证考察中央环保督察对地方政府选择性供地策略的影响及其机制。研究表明,中央环保督察促使地方政府降低污染密集型工业用地供应,增加清洁型工业用地供应,从而推动地区产业结构的绿色转型。机制分析发现,中央环保督察通过地方领导人职业发展激励机制以及产业转型能力机制对不同特征的城市工业土地供应结构策略产生异质性影响。本文结论对高质量发展背景下的央地互动关系与地方利用土地偏向性供给推动产业结构绿色转型具有政策启示。

制度变迁背景下集体建设用地改造与政府角色回归:以佛山市南海区为例

集体建设用地再开发是盘活存量,促进城市高质量发展的主要途径,伴随着集体土地产权制度路径依赖式的变迁:自上而下的土地确权正式化集体建设用地的存在,赋予村集体权利,但在土地初次开发中自下而上形成的制度制约着改造。文章探讨制度变迁下,地方政府如何与村集体互动,化解上述制度制约,促进集体建设用地市场化改造的。研究发现,集体建设用地正式化开启了改造市场,但仍受空间破碎、集体土地经营内卷化、开发权模糊的约束。地方政府发挥了企业化的非正式角色,与村集体形成合作与竞争并存的协商型合作关系。合作在于政府从供、需两侧化解前述制约,充当村集体与市场主体间的“交易中介”,降低交易成本,助力改造。竞争表现为村集体为攫取地租把持政府,损害社会公平。地方政府的“非正式”角色应予以制度化,以规避其在维护社会公益上的失灵。

Examining the Relationship Between Spatial Configurations of Urban Impervious Surfaces and Land Surface Temperature

The urban heat island(UHI) effect has significant effects on the quality of life and public health. Numerous studies have addressed the relationship between UHI and the increase in urban impervious surface area(ISA), but few of them have considered the impact of the spatial configuration of ISA on UHI. Land surface temperature(LST) may be affected not only by urban land cover, but also by neighboring land cover. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of the abundance and spatial association of ISAs on LST. Taking Harbin City, China as an example, the impact of ISA spatial association on LST measurements was examined. The abundance of ISAs and the LST measurements were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) imagery of 2000 and 2010, and the spatial association patterns of ISAs were calculated using the local Moran’s I index. The impacts of ISA abundance and spatial association on LST were examined using correlation analysis. The results suggested that LST has significant positive associations with both ISA abundance and the Moran’s I index of ISAs, indicating that both the abundance and spatial clustering of ISAs contribute to elevated values of LST. It was also found that LST is positively associated with clustering of high-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,>50%) and negatively associated with clustering of low-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,<25%). The results suggest that, in addition to the abundance of ISAs,their spatial association has a significant effect on UHIs.

SSP-RCP耦合情景的城市局地气候分区模拟--以南京市为例

基于情景的土地利用变化模拟能够展现未来城市的多种可能性,是当前土地覆被变化领域的热点。现有研究地表分类体系中的建设用地无法精确刻画城市内部空间形态,且土地模拟研究中不统一的模拟情景将影响土地模拟结果的可比性,因此,本文采用了国际耦合模式比较计划(CoupledModelIntercomparisonProject,CMIP)最新提出的三种典型SSP-RCP耦合情景,以南京市为研究区,开展了未来近期(2030年)、中期(2060年)和远期(2090年)的局地气候分区(local climate zones,LCZ)时空模拟。结合马尔可夫模型和多目标规划预测未来耦合情景下各LCZ类型的数量需求,并通过未来土地利用变化模拟模型实现LCZ的空间分布模拟。结果表明:①SSP126情景下生态用地(LCZA/B/D/G)得到了有效保护,且建筑用地(LCZ1~6、LCZ8~10)在主城区的扩张得到有效控制。②SSP245情景中,经济发展的同时也顾及了生态环境保护,尽管建筑用地扩张明显,但生态用地(LCZA/B/D/G)的面积仅出现了轻微下降。③SSP585情景建筑用地(LCZ1~6、LCZ8~10)和耕地(LCZ D)扩张态势十分显著;21世纪中、后期的林地(LCZ A、LCZ B)和水体(LCZ G)将遭到严重破坏。本文首次开展了自然与人文双重驱动下的城市LCZ时空模拟,研究成果能够直接应用于城市气候与规划领域。

Constraints to Tropical Forest Conservation and Successful Monitoring and Assessment of Land Uses Cover and Change: Do the Forest Definition and Administration Really Matter?

We examine the constraints to conservation and to successful forestlands’ monitoring/assessments in central Togo through GIS spatial analyses and through a critical overview of the current forestry administration’s model. The major findings are that the land classification based on few inventory parameters cannot substitute for “what forest is”, rather these inventory parameters constitute a mean to sound forest management and conservation when relevantly decided. Also as these parameters measured from satellite imagery are supplemented by continuous fine management data they may consistently contribute to the classification of the vegetation cover. This helps to suggest that solution to forest degradation/deforestation, and monitoring/ assessment requires data refinement through local forest management. Else, the actual forestry administration is local communities and indigenous people’s needs biased because it has been negligent of the cultural forestry practices, the major constraints to conservation and the monitoring/assessment of forest lands. As a common pool-resource, the questions relative to forest cannot be addressed at a single environmental concerns level. Interests are multiple and various along the spectrum from the global environment level to the local environmental level that should be accounted for. Thus we recommend a reconsideration of the forestry administration model. What is required are simple policies processes to define forest management plans that promote simultaneously sustainable forest management while accounting for any stakeholder concern, importantly the cultural forestry that addresses specific local communities and indigenous people’s forest related interests.

地方政府竞争对土地资源错配的影响研究——基于成渝地区双城经济圈面板数据

成渝地区双城经济圈是我国经济的重要新兴增长极,但其发展相对滞后,经济增长内生动力不足,依靠土地出让的地方政府竞争行为依然普遍存在,不利于土地资源的高效配置。基于政府土地出让视角,构建地方政府博弈模型,选取成渝地区双城经济圈2009—2017年城市面板数据,采用系统GMM的实证研究表明:成渝地区政府竞争与土地资源错配呈现显著的“U”形变化特征,地区经济发展水平是这一影响的重要作用机制;在替换变量和剔除核心城市后,结论依然稳健;此外,由于政府竞争博弈行为的反复特征,土地资源错配程度存在动态循环的正向累积趋势。

2000—2020年非洲耕地资源时空格局变化分析

非洲地区面临严重的粮食安全问题,研究其耕地资源时空格局变化对于保障非洲粮食安全具有重要意义.基于2000—2020年间联合国粮农组织的统计数据,通过重心迁移、标准差椭圆及局部空间自相关等方法对非洲耕地资源时空格局的变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:1)非洲耕地整体数量呈稳定上升趋势,20年间耕地面积增加了6321.92万hm^(2),增长率为53.44%,但不同国家间存在差异;2)非洲耕地在几何中心以北区域分布较多,耕地重心迁移方向先向东北后转向偏西方向,移动总距离为111.86 km,偏移速率先快后慢,从前5年的平均10.27 km/a降至后15年的平均4.00 km/a左右;3)非洲耕地分布呈西北—东南向,20年来标准差椭圆转角有向水平方向倒伏趋势,椭圆面积不断缩小,向心性不断增强;4)非洲耕地分布集聚主要出现在西非的尼日尔和尼日利亚,异常区为南非及贝宁.

东北黑土区典型县域耕地质量对耕地水田化的空间响应

[目的]耕地水田化过程对耕地质量具有至关重要的影响,明确东北黑土区耕地质量对耕地水田化的空间响应,是提升黑土耕地质量实现耕地可持续利用的重要前提。[方法]构建LESA耕地质量评价体系,采用CRITIC模型、双变量局部空间自相关模型,揭示耕地质量和耕地利用变化之间的空间响应关系。[结果](1)研究区耕地水田化现象剧烈,呈现出东部最强、西部次之、中部最弱的时空分异格局;(2)研究区耕地质量变化显著,耕地质量下降比例低于质量提升比例,表现出中部下降最高、西部下降次高、东部下降最低的时空格局;(3)研究区耕地质量对水田化的响应具有双重效应,负向响应更为敏感,整体呈现出东部耕地质量响应程度高于其他区域的空间格局。[结论]研究区耕地水田化对耕地质量具有正、负两种效应,依据效应方向进行耕地利用结构调整,是保护黑土耕地的重要途径。对于具有正向效应的区域应适度推进旱改水项目,而针对具有负向效应的区域应停止旱改水工程,积极进行水田休耕,并可适当地将其恢复为旱地。

土壤污染的乡土景观绿化修复效果评价方法研究

随着工业化城市的发展,土壤污染问题凸显,威胁环境和人体健康。乡土景观绿化修复是有效的土壤污染治理方法,逐渐受到关注。因此,文章研究考虑土壤污染的乡土景观绿化修复效果评价方法。首先,介绍区域概况、评价指标的建立及计算方法以及样品数据的采集与监测;然后,对比参照系统,展开研究区域的土壤质量监测、植物数据监测与记录,并获取乡土景观绿化修复效果评价结果;最后,根据评价结果总结考虑土壤污染的乡土景观绿化修复效果。

文学神州·地方重构·女性经验——马华留华女作家的旅华书写

中国内地改革开放以来,马来西亚的旅华书写经历了从1990年代观光热中的“神州”书写到2000年代后马华留学生中国“在地”书写的阶段性变化。本文选取的四位留学内地的马华女作家其“在地”书写聚焦于北京、南京两座城市,表现出深浅不一的中华文化涵融,她们各具书写个性的文化“混血”式和比较性“在地”审美“凝视”,摒弃了1990年代“神州”书写某种微妙的优势居位的“祛魅”与解构,赋予各自旅居的城市以“地方感”,为马华社会重构作为“异乡”的文化原乡和人文“地方”,实际上也新生成了中国内地城市的“地方感”。其书写同时凸显了马华知识女性的跨域生命经验和自我主体意识,伸展着现代性心灵自由,包容、谦卑、柔软的对话式叙事笔调折射出由跨域文化交流延展出的开放性。

基于自然的解决方案在乡村全域土地综合整治中的本土化转译及评估指标体系构建

为推动基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions,NbS)全球准则在乡村全域土地综合整治中本土化,结合乡村全域土地综合整治的内涵要求,对NbS全球准则28项细则进行了本土化转译,构建并提出了28项本土化指标,并以湖北当阳市玉泉街道办事处全域国土综合整治项目为例进行了实证评估。结果显示,该项目在基于尺度的设计、包容性治理、经济可行性、适应性管理等方面表现优秀,在社会挑战识别、生物多样性净效益、主流化与可持续发展等方面表现良好,而在权衡机制方面则表现薄弱。结果表明,所构建的28项本土化评估指标量化方法简便,可作为决策者和从业者开展NbS本土化自评估的一套有效工具。