Objective: To isolate, characterize and evaluate toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus(B. sphaericus) from beach area of Lombok Island.Methods: Soil was collected from determined locations and suspended in sterile physiolog...Objective: To isolate, characterize and evaluate toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus(B. sphaericus) from beach area of Lombok Island.Methods: Soil was collected from determined locations and suspended in sterile physiological saline water. After heat shock was applied, suspension was spread on NYSM agar medium. Colonies grown were then observed and isolated. Colony, cell morphology,and biochemical/physiological characteristics were tested and compared to B. sphaericus2362 as standard. Initial toxicity testing was done against three species of mosquito larvae(Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles aconitus and Aedes aegypti) and isolates that showed more than 50% larvae killing will be assayed to obtain LC_(50) and LC_(90)values within 48 h.PCR technique were conducted to obtain 16 s r DNA amplicon for sequencing and to detect toxin-expressing genes(using multiplex PCR).Results: Twenty isolates of B. sphaericus have been collected from 20 determined locations and their characteristics were in agreement with standard B. sphaericus characteristics. Bioassay testing showed that four isolates(namely isolate MNT, SLG, TJL2 and PLG) were mildly toxic against all larvae. The rests were either low toxic or non-toxic at all.Phylogenetic analysis showed that all four isolates were clustered with other known mildly and highly toxic strains. The multiplex PCR result showed four toxic isolates owned 1–2bands from Bin toxin genes and three bands from Mtx toxin genes, whereas 16 isolates with low to non-toxic characteristics showed only three bands from Mtx toxin genes.Conclusions: Four toxic isolates of B. sphaericus were isolated from beach area of Lombok Island. They showed mild toxicity against larvae of three mosquito species.展开更多
Lombok Island has been rocked by multiple powerful earthquakes since July 2018 and it remained hundreds of aftershocks.Statistically by August 2018 more than 400 people have lost their lives.This tremendous disaster n...Lombok Island has been rocked by multiple powerful earthquakes since July 2018 and it remained hundreds of aftershocks.Statistically by August 2018 more than 400 people have lost their lives.This tremendous disaster not only affected to damage infrastructures and trauma,but also affected tourism market of Lombok as one of the priority areas for the development of tourism market in Indonesia.It is reported that tourism market in Lombok has decreased dramatically after the earthquake from 1.3 million to 250 thousands tourists.The reduction of tourists visiting Lombok was not only in the affected destinations but also in unaffected destinations.To improve the number of tourists visiting Lombok,promoting several unaffected tourist destinations was carried out after 4 months of earthquake through sales missions and fam trip.Sales missions were conducted in Philippine,Singapore,UK,Thailand,and several main cities in Indonesia,while fam trips were conducted in several affected destinations in Lombok.The results showed that the buyer from sales missions reached 475 pax and potential transaction for fam trip reached up to 108 billion rupiah within a month after the program.Promotion of tourist destinations in Lombok after disaster is then continued with promoting affected destination in 2019,such as Gili islands and Senggigi and Mataram.This resulted in improvement of numbers of hotel occupation for around 10%within six months.Promotion of tourist destinations was not only proposed to improve the number of tourists visiting Lombok but also to improve and promote safety procedures during visiting affected destinations.It was proved by existence of resemble points,safety briefing during event in all hotels and convention halls in Lombok,as well as insurance cover in several tour package on the travel agencies.However,in order to optimize tourism market,government should also contribute to providing better infrastructures and workshop for appropriate safety procedures to people involving in tourism industries.展开更多
Objective:To determine and describe the nematode species of amphibians collected from Lombok Island,West Nusa Tenggara,Indonesia.Methods:The materials examined were found in the intestines of twenty-four Fejervarya ca...Objective:To determine and describe the nematode species of amphibians collected from Lombok Island,West Nusa Tenggara,Indonesia.Methods:The materials examined were found in the intestines of twenty-four Fejervarya cancrivora(F.cancrivora),sixteen Fejervarya verruculosa,six Duttaphyrnus melanostictus(D.melanostictus)from Senaru and Gangga District,Lombok Island on April 2015.The amphibian hosts were collected by hand.Before observing the nematodes,the hosts were anesthesized to death with chloroform.The ventral of the host was opened by longitudinal incision and the internal organs were removed,placed separately in the Petri-dish and then examined under a dissecting microscope.The nematodes found were fixed with warm 70%alcohol.The specimens for light microscope observation were cleared in glycerol and mounted in the same solution,and for the SEM Jeol scanning electron microscope 5310 low vacuum were re-fixed in caccodylate buffer and glutaraldehyde,dehydrated through a graded series of alcohol and vacuum-dried using TAITEC Vacuum-96Nitrogen,prior to attaching to stubs with double sided cello-tape,coated with gold 400?thickness in an Eico I-B2 ion coater.Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to a Nikon compound microscope.Measurements were given in micrometers(μm)as the average,followed by the range in parentheses,unless otherwise stated.Results:Two new species of nematodes were found and described herein:Camallanus senaruensis sp.nov.,and Meteterakis lombokensis sp.nov.,parasitic in the intestine of F.cancrivora and D.melanostictus,respectively.C.senaruensis differs from other congeners in having a bluntly rounded tip of tail in the male and female,the structure of trident and having teeth in the buccal capsule.Meteterakis lombokensis differs from other previously described species in having no vulval flap,has a strongly widened proximal end of spicules,forming a cup shaped,and the number of caudal papillae.Others species found are Meteterakis singaporensis from D.melanostictus,and Chabaudus rauschi(Ch.rauschi)from sixteen F.cancrivora and eight Fejervarya verruculosa.Conclusions:The species of parasitic nematodes from Lombok Island are common in amphibians,but Camallanus,Meteterakis singaporensis,Ch.rauschi are the new record in Indonesia.The dominant species found in Lombok Island is Ch.rauschi.展开更多
基金Supported by Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia,Directorate General of Higher Education(DGHE)scholarship batch 2012(Grant No.2625/E4.4/2012)
文摘Objective: To isolate, characterize and evaluate toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus(B. sphaericus) from beach area of Lombok Island.Methods: Soil was collected from determined locations and suspended in sterile physiological saline water. After heat shock was applied, suspension was spread on NYSM agar medium. Colonies grown were then observed and isolated. Colony, cell morphology,and biochemical/physiological characteristics were tested and compared to B. sphaericus2362 as standard. Initial toxicity testing was done against three species of mosquito larvae(Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles aconitus and Aedes aegypti) and isolates that showed more than 50% larvae killing will be assayed to obtain LC_(50) and LC_(90)values within 48 h.PCR technique were conducted to obtain 16 s r DNA amplicon for sequencing and to detect toxin-expressing genes(using multiplex PCR).Results: Twenty isolates of B. sphaericus have been collected from 20 determined locations and their characteristics were in agreement with standard B. sphaericus characteristics. Bioassay testing showed that four isolates(namely isolate MNT, SLG, TJL2 and PLG) were mildly toxic against all larvae. The rests were either low toxic or non-toxic at all.Phylogenetic analysis showed that all four isolates were clustered with other known mildly and highly toxic strains. The multiplex PCR result showed four toxic isolates owned 1–2bands from Bin toxin genes and three bands from Mtx toxin genes, whereas 16 isolates with low to non-toxic characteristics showed only three bands from Mtx toxin genes.Conclusions: Four toxic isolates of B. sphaericus were isolated from beach area of Lombok Island. They showed mild toxicity against larvae of three mosquito species.
文摘Lombok Island has been rocked by multiple powerful earthquakes since July 2018 and it remained hundreds of aftershocks.Statistically by August 2018 more than 400 people have lost their lives.This tremendous disaster not only affected to damage infrastructures and trauma,but also affected tourism market of Lombok as one of the priority areas for the development of tourism market in Indonesia.It is reported that tourism market in Lombok has decreased dramatically after the earthquake from 1.3 million to 250 thousands tourists.The reduction of tourists visiting Lombok was not only in the affected destinations but also in unaffected destinations.To improve the number of tourists visiting Lombok,promoting several unaffected tourist destinations was carried out after 4 months of earthquake through sales missions and fam trip.Sales missions were conducted in Philippine,Singapore,UK,Thailand,and several main cities in Indonesia,while fam trips were conducted in several affected destinations in Lombok.The results showed that the buyer from sales missions reached 475 pax and potential transaction for fam trip reached up to 108 billion rupiah within a month after the program.Promotion of tourist destinations in Lombok after disaster is then continued with promoting affected destination in 2019,such as Gili islands and Senggigi and Mataram.This resulted in improvement of numbers of hotel occupation for around 10%within six months.Promotion of tourist destinations was not only proposed to improve the number of tourists visiting Lombok but also to improve and promote safety procedures during visiting affected destinations.It was proved by existence of resemble points,safety briefing during event in all hotels and convention halls in Lombok,as well as insurance cover in several tour package on the travel agencies.However,in order to optimize tourism market,government should also contribute to providing better infrastructures and workshop for appropriate safety procedures to people involving in tourism industries.
基金Supported by the project“DIPA of Research Centre for Biology 011/2015:Keanekaragaman dan Potensi Biota Nusa Tenggara”,sponsored by Indonesian Institute of Sciences.
文摘Objective:To determine and describe the nematode species of amphibians collected from Lombok Island,West Nusa Tenggara,Indonesia.Methods:The materials examined were found in the intestines of twenty-four Fejervarya cancrivora(F.cancrivora),sixteen Fejervarya verruculosa,six Duttaphyrnus melanostictus(D.melanostictus)from Senaru and Gangga District,Lombok Island on April 2015.The amphibian hosts were collected by hand.Before observing the nematodes,the hosts were anesthesized to death with chloroform.The ventral of the host was opened by longitudinal incision and the internal organs were removed,placed separately in the Petri-dish and then examined under a dissecting microscope.The nematodes found were fixed with warm 70%alcohol.The specimens for light microscope observation were cleared in glycerol and mounted in the same solution,and for the SEM Jeol scanning electron microscope 5310 low vacuum were re-fixed in caccodylate buffer and glutaraldehyde,dehydrated through a graded series of alcohol and vacuum-dried using TAITEC Vacuum-96Nitrogen,prior to attaching to stubs with double sided cello-tape,coated with gold 400?thickness in an Eico I-B2 ion coater.Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to a Nikon compound microscope.Measurements were given in micrometers(μm)as the average,followed by the range in parentheses,unless otherwise stated.Results:Two new species of nematodes were found and described herein:Camallanus senaruensis sp.nov.,and Meteterakis lombokensis sp.nov.,parasitic in the intestine of F.cancrivora and D.melanostictus,respectively.C.senaruensis differs from other congeners in having a bluntly rounded tip of tail in the male and female,the structure of trident and having teeth in the buccal capsule.Meteterakis lombokensis differs from other previously described species in having no vulval flap,has a strongly widened proximal end of spicules,forming a cup shaped,and the number of caudal papillae.Others species found are Meteterakis singaporensis from D.melanostictus,and Chabaudus rauschi(Ch.rauschi)from sixteen F.cancrivora and eight Fejervarya verruculosa.Conclusions:The species of parasitic nematodes from Lombok Island are common in amphibians,but Camallanus,Meteterakis singaporensis,Ch.rauschi are the new record in Indonesia.The dominant species found in Lombok Island is Ch.rauschi.
