Stability Analysis of Large Section Rocky Tunnel Support Structure

In order to study the stress characteristics of the initial support and secondary lining of the large section tunnel and to solve the problem of secondary lining cracking during operation. Taking the large section tunnel in Zihong village, Qi County as the research object, a numerical simulation method was used to establish a finite element model of the large section tunnel. So as to simulate and analyze the stress characteristics of the support structure of this tunnel. Through the simulation of the initial support and second lining of this large section tunnel in terms of displacement, stress, plastic zone damage and anchor shaft force, the results show that as the excavation progresses, the stress and displacement on the surface of the newly excavated tunnel profile is faster, especially at the side walls and arch footings, the stress and displacement values are slightly larger than other characteristic points, but the final values are stable and converge, and are basically consistent with the field monitoring results, which indicates that this support system is basically in stable state. Therefore, during the tunnel excavation and support process, special attention should be paid to the stability of the sidewalls and footings, and the results of this study will be of great practical significance for tunnel construction and maintenance.

Numerical simulation of rockburst disaster and control strategy of constant resistance and large deformation anchor cable in Gaoloushan tunnel

The Gaoloushan Tunnel in Longnan City,Gansu Province,China,frequently experiences rockburst disasters due to high in-situ stress.Managing rockburst in deep-buried tunnels remains a challenging issue.This paper employs RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis)software to establish a calculation model of constant resistance and large deformation(CRLD)anchorages and analyzes the effects of different support methods and pre-stress levels on rockburst.We simulate the process of tunnel rockburst disasters and find that ordinary anchor support incurs rockburst on the right arch waist and arch top,forming a V-shaped explosion pit.CRLD anchor support has several advantages in rockburst control,such as more uniform stress distribution in the surrounding rock,a uniform distribution of plastic zones,less noticeable damage to the tunnel,and effective control of the arch top displacement.The effectiveness of the CRLD anchor support under varying pre-stress conditions shows that a higher prestress results in a smaller plastic zone of the surrounding rock and arch top displacement and a lower number of acoustic emission signals,which better explains the excavation compensation effect.Moreover,adding long anchorages in the deep surrounding rock area can better control rockburst and reduce surrounding rock deformation.Based on these findings,we propose a comprehensive control system that combines long and short anchorages and provides the optimal scheme based on calculations.Therefore,by using high-prestress CRLD anchor support and the combination of long and short anchorages at critical positions,we can enhance the integrity of the surrounding rock,effectively absorb the energy released by the surrounding rock deformation,and reduce the incidence of rockburst disasters.

Intelligent optimization of the structure of the large section highway tunnel based on improved immune genetic algorithm

As in the building of deep buried long tunnels,there are complicated conditions such as great deformation,high stress,multi-variables,high non-linearity and so on,the algorithm for structure optimization and its application in tunnel engineering are still in the starting stage. Along with the rapid development of highways across the country,it has become a very urgent task to be tackled to carry out the optimization design of the structure of the section of the tunnel to lessen excavation workload and to reinforce the support. Artificial intelligence demonstrates an extremely strong capability of identifying,expressing and disposing such kind of multiple variables and complicated non-linear relations. In this paper,a comprehensive consideration of the strategy of the selection and updating of the concentration and adaptability of the immune algorithm is made to replace the selection mode in the original genetic algorithm which depends simply on the adaptability value. Such an algorithm has the advantages of both the immune algorithm and the genetic algorithm,thus serving the purpose of not only enhancing the individual adaptability but maintaining the individual diversity as well. By use of the identifying function of the antigen memory,the global search capability of the immune genetic algorithm is raised,thereby avoiding the occurrence of the premature phenomenon. By optimizing the structure of the section of the Huayuan tunnel,the current excavation area and support design are adjusted. A conclusion with applicable value is arrived at. At a higher computational speed and a higher efficiency,the current method is verified to have advantages in the optimization computation of the tunnel project. This also suggests that the application of the immune genetic algorithm has a practical significance to the stability assessment and informationization design of the wall rock of the tunnel.

Dynamic evolution in mechanical characteristics of complex supporting structures during large section tunnel construction

The shallow tunnelling method(STM)often uses temporary supports to divide large section tunnels into several closed or semiclosed sections so as to share the upper load.The complex support system composed of primary and temporary supports can ensure safety during tunnel construction.Based on the large section tunnel of Beijing Subway Line 12,the mechanical characteristics of support system by the double-side-drift method(DSDM)during excavation and demolition were analyzed through numerical simulation and monitoring.The study showed that the middle cave excavation was the most critical stage of the DSDM,during which the load on the supporting structure increased significantly.The temporary vertical support bore most of the new load during middle cave excavation.During the demolition stage,the load was redistributed,which caused arch settlement and section convergence.The removal of the temporary vertical support exerted the greatest impact in this process.The lateral temporary inverted arch changed from axial compression to axial tension after the middle and lower caves were excavated.Based on the mechanical characteristics of the support system,some engineering suggestions were proposed for large section tunnel construction.These research results can provide reference for the design and construction of similar large section tunnels.

The Ceneri Base Tunnel＂ Construction Experience with the Southern Portion of the Flat Railway Line Crossing the Swiss Alps

This paper summarizes the experience that was gained during the construction of the 15.4 km long Ceneri Base Tunnel （CBT）, which is the southern part of the fiat railway line crossing the Swiss Alps from north to south. The project consisted of a twin tube with a diameter of 9 m interconnected by cross- passages, each 325 m long. In the middle of the alignment and at its southern end, large caverns were excavated for logistical and operational requirements. The total excavation length amounted to approx- imately 40 km. The tunnel crossed Alpine rock formations comprising a variety of rock typologies and several fault zones. The maximum overburden amounted to 850 m. The excavation of the main tunnels and of the cross-passages was executed by means of drill-and-blast （D＆B） excavation. The support con- sisted of bolts, meshes, fiber-reinforced shotcrete and, when required, steel ribs. A gripper tunnel boring machine （TBM） was used in order to excavate the access tunnel. The high overburden caused squeezing rock conditions, which are characterized by large anisotropic convergences when crossing weaker rock formations. The latter required the installation of a deformable support. At the north portal, the tunnel （with an enlarged cross-section） passed underneath the A2 Swiss highway （the major road axis connect- ing the north and south of Switzerland） at a small overburden and through soft ground. Vertical and sub- horizontal jet grouting in combination with partial-face excavation was successfully implemented in order to limit the surface settlements. The south portal was located in a dense urban area. The excavation from the south portal included an approximately 220 m long cut-and-cover tunnel, followed by about 300 m of D＆B excavation in a bad rock formation. The very low overburden, poor rock quality, and demanding crossing with an existing road tunnel （at a vertical distance of only 4 m） required special excavation methods through reduced sectors and special blasting techniques in order to limit the blast-induced vibrations. The application of a comprehensive risk management procedure, the execution of an intensive surface survey, and the adaptability of the tunnel design to the encountered geological conditions allowed the successful completion of the excavation works.

大跨度铁路桥附属构件对不同宽高比矩形断面涡振性能的影响

在已建成的大跨度鳊鱼洲长江大桥原设计宽高比为6.7∶1的四线铁路桥矩形箱型主梁断面的基础上,通过调整断面宽高比,设计宽高比为4∶1的二线铁路和宽高比为9∶1的六线铁路桥矩形箱梁断面。通过节段模型风洞试验,在0°,±3°和±5°风攻角的均匀来流下,对以上3种常用二线、四线和六线铁路桥矩形箱梁断面与对应相同宽高比纯矩形断面之间的涡振特性关系,以及铁路桥附属构件对不同宽高比矩形断面涡振性能的影响进行研究。结果表明:在宽高比分别为4∶1和6.7∶1的矩形断面上布置铁路桥附属构件能增大断面在负风攻角下的涡振振幅,在-5°风攻角下竖向涡振振幅增大率高达277.5%,但对正风攻角下的涡振响应起到一定的抑制作用,而在宽高比为9∶1的矩形断面布置六线铁路桥附属构件则能明显增大该断面在各风攻角下的涡振振幅,其扭转涡振振幅增大率均在48.3%以上;铁路桥附属构件对矩形断面涡振性能的降低作用随着断面宽高比的增大而提升,针对气动外形较钝的二线和四线铁路桥箱梁,可参考相似宽高比矩形断面涡振特性,并重点考察箱梁在负风攻角下的涡振响应,而针对宽高比较大的六线铁路桥箱梁,由于附属构件影响较大,参考相似宽高比矩形断面涡振特性的意义较小,均应详细研究其在各风攻角下的涡振性能。

大跨长挑臂钢箱组合梁桥抗风性能试验研究

为了解大跨长挑臂钢箱组合梁桥抗风性能及选取合适的声屏障形式,以挑臂长7.5 m的钢箱组合梁桥——临猗黄河大桥为背景,基于有限元计算的施工及成桥阶段桥梁动力特性指标,制作1个缩尺比1∶50的最大悬臂施工状态钢箱梁、2个缩尺比1∶60的成桥状态不同声屏障设置形式(直线形、折线形,高度均为2.5 m)钢箱组合梁节段模型进行风洞试验,分析施工和成桥状态主梁断面的涡振、颤振和驰振性能。结果表明:施工状态的钢箱梁抗风稳定性良好,涡振、颤振和驰振性能均满足设计要求;常遇风攻角为0°、±3°时,成桥状态下,设置2.5 m高折线形声屏障可有效抑制主梁涡振响应,且颤振与驰振稳定性均满足规范要求;设置2.5 m高直线形声屏障的主梁发生明显的竖向涡振现象。该桥主梁最终采用2.5 m高折线形声屏障。

大断面花岗岩公路隧道快速施工工法研究

大断面隧道施工穿越较破碎花岗岩区段时,采用台阶法开挖会造成工序之间相互影响,严重制约了大型机械的作业空间,为此在台阶法基础上提出了便于大型机械施工的快速施工工法,从而提高了施工效率。文章基于某高速公路隧道,通过有限差分软件,对快速施工工法和施工设计的台阶法留核心土开挖进行两榀开挖下的数值模拟对比分析,并结合FISH语言编程和现场监测数据验证了快速施工工法的围岩损伤及可行性。结果表明:快速施工工法与台阶法留核心土开挖相比,会增大隧道拱肩、边墙以及掌子面处的围岩变形;现场施工时要加强对隧道边墙下方和拱脚处的监测;快速施工工法是一种可应用于现场的、安全高效的施工工法。

凤凰山特大断面黄土隧道五步单侧壁导坑法研究

为解决特大断面黄土隧道采用双侧壁导坑法施工进度慢、成本高的问题,以G30连霍高速公路清水驿至忠和段扩容改造工程凤凰山隧道为背景,提出五步单侧壁导坑法。通过数值模拟对比分析双侧壁导坑法、五步单侧壁导坑法、传统单侧壁导坑法和台阶法在施工过程中的围岩变形及钢拱架应力,并结合现场试验段监测数据验证特大断面凤凰山隧道采用五步单侧壁导坑法施工的可行性。结果表明:1)五步单侧壁导坑法拱顶沉降和水平收敛比传统单侧壁导坑法分别减小3.59 cm和1.31 cm,比双侧壁导坑法分别增大1.4 cm和0.59 cm;钢拱架应力除拱肩外均小于双侧壁导坑法,最大处减少了70 MPa,钢拱架应力最大值与钢材屈服强度的比值比双侧壁导坑法增大0.04,比单侧壁导坑法减小0.08。2)传统单侧壁导坑法的安全性小于五步单侧壁导坑法,改进后的五步单侧壁导坑法相比双侧壁导坑法能在控制围岩变形的同时加快施工进度,降低施工成本。3)五步单侧壁导坑法中隔壁的最优位置应结合具体工程情况进行单独优化计算,针对本工程而言,其最优位置为45%洞宽。

长锚杆/锚索改善深埋大跨度隧道初支结构受力试验研究

针对深埋大跨度软岩隧道拱脚及拱顶处初支开裂、钢架变形过大问题,提出了局部增设长锚杆或锚索的支护技术,以实现对该类隧道初支结构受力的调节改善。基于课题组自主研发的隧道结构性能测试平台,对比分析了同等围岩荷载作用下系统锚杆支护与多类长锚杆/锚索支护方案的初期支护结构受力变形特征,研究了不同环向间距与布设范围的长锚杆/锚索支护效果。研究结果表明:(1)常规支护时,大跨度隧道初期支护整体呈压扁趋势,拱顶内侧与拱脚外侧承受结构最大弯矩而最先开裂,仰拱内侧拉裂后模型加速变形进而引起结构整体失稳破坏;(2)4种增设长锚杆或锚索支护方案下,初支拱顶处结构安全系数分别为常规支护体系的4.59,2.12,1.96,1.80倍,拱脚处结构安全系数分别为常规支护的5.23,2.80,2.34,2.37倍;(3)在拱部120°范围以2 m环向间距布设长锚杆对初支结构内力改善效果最佳,支护点轴向强拉力产生的局部负弯矩组合效应抵消了拱顶处较大正弯矩;(4)不同位置长锚杆/锚索支护力整体呈从拱顶处至拱肩侧先减小后增大的规律。

大断面斋堂隧道爆破近区围岩损伤研究

爆破荷载作用下隧道爆破近区围岩损伤特性研究较少.以斋堂隧道为工程背景,通过现场声波测试和数值模拟的方法,研究了隧道围岩损伤效应及毫秒延期爆破中不同段炮孔对围岩损伤的影响.研究结果表明:隧道围岩损伤范围约为2.4 m,隧道围岩累积损伤由爆炸冲击损伤和爆破振动损伤两部分组成.隧道保留岩体根据损伤分布特征情况可划分为4个不同区域,即严重破坏区、强扰动区、弱扰动区和未扰动区.其中,严重破坏区和强扰动区主要受崩落孔VI和周边孔影响;弱扰动区中的“带状损伤”则是各个段位炮孔综合作用的结果.

大断面浅埋隧道地表沉降Peck修正公式及其应用

针对经典Peck公式未考虑隧道断面形状、埋深对大断面浅埋隧道地表沉降影响的不足,考虑断面形状与隧道埋深修正系数改进Peck公式。利用白塔山隧道地表沉降实测数据对修正公式进行验证,两个监测断面预测值与实测值平均相对误差8.3%,最大相对误差18.4%。进而采用修正Peck公式对不同断面形状、不同埋深隧道开挖引起的地表沉降进行预测。结果表明:地表最大沉降与断面形状修正系数成正相关,地表最大沉降依次为矩形-1(Ⅰ)>马蹄形-1(Ⅱ)>圆形(Ⅴ)>矩形-2(Ⅲ)>马蹄形-2(Ⅳ);随着大断面浅埋隧道埋深增加,地表最大沉降减小而地表沉降槽宽度相应增大。地表沉降曲线形态由窄而深过渡到宽而浅,地表核心沉降区面积也逐渐减小。研究成果可为类似工程提供理论支持和技术参考。

高地应力特大断面隧道的适宜施工工法

为探索高地应力特大断面软岩隧道的适宜施工方法,以桐梓隧道为工程背景,通过现场监测和数值模拟,探索不同高地应力下的3种施工工法[三台阶、CD(cross diaphragm)法、双侧壁导坑法]的适宜性,从围岩变形、施工成本以及施工进度等方面评价施工方法的优劣。结果表明:Ⅴ级围岩:当隧道埋深为300、400 m时,适用三台阶法施工;当埋深为500 m时,适用CD法施工;当埋深为600 m时,适用双侧壁导坑法施工。Ⅳ级围岩:当隧道埋深为300~600 m时,都适用三台阶法施工。

考虑土拱效应的超大断面隧道上覆土影响因素分析

超大断面隧道上覆荷载是隧道支护结构设计的关键参数。依托某超大断面隧道工程,建立数值模型分析不同覆土厚度与洞径之比下土层黏聚力、内摩擦角和剪胀角对隧道上覆土竖向应力的影响。结果表明:随着覆土厚度与洞径之比增加,土拱效应逐渐显现;各地层参数对隧道上覆土竖向应力的影响程度由大到小依次为内摩擦角、黏聚力、剪胀角。

波纹钢板套衬加固大断面隧道衬砌力学性能

采用有限元软件建立了江西省某座大断面隧道地层-结构数值计算模型,对波纹钢板套衬加固隧道衬砌的力学性能进行研究。结果表明:波纹钢板套衬分担了部分围岩压力,隧道衬砌的应力出现重分布;波纹钢板套衬与既有衬砌组合结构的承载力随着锚栓数量的增加而增强,建议拱顶至拱肩区间的锚栓间距为2~3 m、拱肩至拱脚位置锚栓间距为1 m;既有衬砌和波纹钢板套衬对围岩压力的承担比呈负相关;考虑经济性和波纹钢板厚度对锚栓受力的影响,建议波纹钢板厚度不超过6 mm。

高瓦斯长大公路隧道施工通风优化研究

特长大断面瓦斯公路隧道风险大,施工通风是隧道建设的“生命线”。以在建贵州公路第一隧—桐梓隧道为工程背景,综合考虑瓦斯涌出量、爆破炮烟、工作最多人数、作业机械以及最小风速,分别计算压入式通风和巷道式通风需风量、风压及风机功率,分析了风管直径对通风阻力的影响规律,并对2种方案瓦斯浓度和风速进行了数值分析,最后比较2种方案的经济性。结果表明:原设计压入式通风方式未考虑非煤系地层瓦斯涌出而无法满足施工通风要求;风管直径对通风阻力影响显著,结合工程实际选用1.8 m风管直径;数值分析表明,压入式通风断面最大瓦斯浓度始终高于巷道式,巷道式通风的瓦斯浓度比压入式通风提前进入稳定区随后趋向于0,巷道式通风的速度稳定区的值比压入式通风高2~2.5倍;巷道式通风方式相比压入式通风,设备投入和运营费用均较低,经济性更优。研究成果具有典型代表性,可为隧道施工通风提供理论指导和工程参考。

水-岩软化作用下巴东组泥岩隧道大断面开挖掌子面稳定性研究

为明确软弱围岩条件下高速铁路隧道大断面机械化施工过程中的掌子面稳定性特征,以郑万铁路巴东隧道穿越巴东组紫红泥岩段为工程背景,对隧道揭露的巴东组紫红泥岩开展不同含水率下的三轴试验,揭示巴东隧道紫红泥岩的水-岩软化特征;在考虑水-岩软化特征的Hoek-Brown强度准则下,构建考虑水-岩软化作用的隧道穿越巴东紫红泥岩地层流-固耦合数值模型,揭示不同地层水位下巴东组紫红泥岩隧道大断面施工掌子面稳定性特征;最终提出“掌子面喷混凝土+掌子面超前锚杆+超前管棚”的组合式超前加固方案。经过试验和模拟计算,结果表明:1)随含水量的增加,巴东隧道紫红泥岩的刚度与抗剪强度显著降低,与既有研究揭示的浅表地层紫红泥岩相比,巴东隧道紫红泥岩具有更高的抗剪强度;2)掌子面后方拱顶沉降、掌子面前方拱顶预收敛、掌子面挤出变形的最大值均随历史水位的升高而增大;3)根据不同地层历史水位条件下开挖面支护力与挤出变形之间的关系,巴东隧道紫红泥岩掌子面稳定性可以分为A(稳定)、B(短期稳定)以及C(不稳定)3类,对于C类掌子面,采用“掌子面喷混凝土+掌子面超前锚杆+超前管棚”的组合式超前加固措施后,掌子面前后方各项变形最大值可以减小60%~90%。

长距离狭小空间内大截面电缆敷设施工技术

在地下管廊及隧洞的机电安装工程中,经常会遇到狭小密闭空间内敷设大截面电缆。采用传统方式进行存在劳动强度大、作业效率低、安全隐患大等问题。如何在长距离狭小空间内高效、安全敷设大截面电缆是机电安装工程中的一项重要课题。针对近年施工的某工程“U”形洞库内敷设大截面电缆施工特点,研究创新出一种在长距离、狭小密闭空间内进行大截面电缆的敷设新技术,从而实现机械化安装,降低劳动强度,提高施工效率,节省工期,保证施工质量同时达到安全防护要求。

3车道瓦斯隧道通风流场及瓦斯运移规律研究

为有效进行大断面公路瓦斯隧道施工期通风降气,以古金高速公路大梁子隧道工程为依托,采用SCDM软件建立2台阶带仰拱的计算模型,使用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,揭示在不同台阶长度、风筒出风口距掌子面距离、双风筒布设形式下,隧道掌子面及附近区域的通风流场特征和瓦斯运移规律,并结合现场监测数据进行验证。研究结果表明:1)流场在通风20 min后基本稳定,上台阶和仰拱段会形成涡流阻碍瓦斯的运移、扩散和稀释,在风筒非对称布设情况下,掌子面风筒对侧的墙角处出现瓦斯积聚现象;2)隧道内通风降气效果的敏感性影响因素排序为双风筒及布设形式>风筒出风口距掌子面距离>台阶长度,建议优先采用双风筒同侧布设送风,其次调整风筒出风口距掌子面距离为20~25 m和台阶长度为15~20 m;3)采用双风筒同侧布设通风时,掌子面及附近区域风速提高、瓦斯体积分数大幅降低,且施工现场开展的送风试验与数值计算结果吻合度高,验证了双风筒同侧送风的可靠性。

富水超大断面隧道开挖方法比选研究

韶新高速公路的松山隧道穿越富水区域,开挖过程中出现了明显的涌水现象。基于该隧道地质的资料,利用有限元软件FLAC 3D分别模拟全断面法和上下台阶法2种开挖方法。研究结果表明:当水压较小时,宜采用全断面开挖法;当水压力较大时,宜采用上下台阶法施工。研究结论对富水超大断面隧道开挖方法的选择具有一定的参考意义。