Non-flammable long chain phosphate ester based electrolyte via competitive solventized structures for high-performance lithium metal batteries

Safety remains a persistent challenge for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries(LMBs).The development of safe and non-flammable electrolytes is especially important in harsh conditions such as high temperatures.Herein,a flame-retardant,low-cost and thermally stable long chain phosphate ester based(tributyl phosphate,TBP)electrolyte is reported,which can effectively enhance the cycling stability of highly loaded high-nickel LMBs with high safety through co-solvation strategy.The interfacial compatibility between TBP and electrode is effectively improved using a short-chain ether(glycol dimethyl ether,DME),and a specially competitive solvation structure is further constructed using lithium borate difluorooxalate(LiDFOB)to form the stable and inorganic-rich electrode interphases.Benefiting from the presence of the cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)and solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)enriched with LiF and Li_(x)PO_(y)F_(z),the electrolyte demonstrates excellent cycling stability assembled using a 50μm lithium foil anode in combination with a high loading NMC811(15.4 mg cm^(-2))cathode,with 88%capacity retention after 120 cycles.Furthermore,the electrolyte exhibits excellent high-temperature characteristics when used in a 1-Ah pouch cell(N/P=0.26),and higher thermal runaway temperature(238℃)in the ARC(accelerating rate calorimeter)demonstrating high safety.This novel electrolyte adopts long-chain phosphate as the main solvent for the first time,and would provide a new idea for the development of extremely high safety and high-temperature electrolytes.

Molecular Modeling of the Chain Structures of Polybenzoxazines

The structures and properties of benzoxazines were investigated by virtue of molecular modeling at a molecular level. By means of Cerius software(version 4.0) supplied by Molecular Simulations Inc., the molecular mechanics and the molecular dynamics were performed under a PCFF force field. Five kinds of the polymeric chains of benzoxazines were created by using polymer builder and energy minimization. The relaxation process was conducted with both energy minimization and molecular dynamics.

Effect of salt solutions on chain structure of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide

The effect of salt solutions(NaCl,Na2SO4 and CaCl2) on the conformational properties of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) was investigated by using static laser light scattering(SLLS).The special interaction between CaCl2 solution and HPAM was also researched.Experimental results show that the chain structure of HPAM is interrelated with the charge density,the kind and the concentration of salt solutions.The mean-square radius of gyration(Rz) and the second virial coefficient(A2) of HPAM decrease with increasing concentration of salt solutions,and the salt effect tends towards the maximum when the concentration of salt solution is increased to some amount.

Structures of Textile-apparel Supply Chain: Concepts and Cases

In recent years, supply chain management （SCM） has been in popularity as a new management philosophy for all industries, including textile and apparel industries. The textile-apparel supply chain is relatively complex because it encompasses many participants such as yarn manufacturers, fabric manufacturers, garment manufacturers and retailers. Although many scholars are engaged in researching SCM in textile and apparel industries, a systematic classification of textile-apparel chain does not exist. The paper proposes three types of textile-apparel chain, nominated vertical integration chain, traditional sourcing chain and 3P-hub （third party as the hub） chain. Different coordinators exist in different types of chain. Three Hong Kong headquartered companies, Esquel Group, TAL Apparel Ltd., and Li ＆ Fang （Trading） Ltd. are used as cases responding to each type of the structures respectively.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 1D Chloride Bridged Cadmium(Ⅱ) Chain

Hydrothermal reaction of 1,10-phenanthroline with CdCl2·2.5H2O in aqueous solution leads to the complex of [Cd(μ-Cl)2(phen)]n (phen = 1-10-phenanthroline). The crystal structure has been determined by X-ray analysis. It crystallizes in monoclinic with space group C2/c, a = 16.947(3), b = 10.529(2), c = 7.235(1) , β = 110.795(3)°, V = 1208.8(3) 3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.997 g.cm-3, μ= 2.22 mm-1, F(000) = 704, R = 0.0231, Rw = 0.0626 for 1194 reflections with I > 2σ (I). In the crystal structure, the [Cd(phen)]2+ units are bridged by chloride ions to form 1D chain. The 1D chains combine through π……π interactions of phen groups to form 2D infinite molecular zipper.

Structural Stabilities and Electronic Structures of Ga Atomic Chains

The structural stabilities and electronic structures of Ga atomic chains are studied by the first-principles plane wave pseudopotential method based on the density functional theory. The present calculations show that gallium can form planar chains in linear-, zigzag- and ladder-form one-dimensional structures. The most stable one among the studied structures is the zigzag chain with a unit cell rather close to equilateral triangles with four nearest neighbors, and all the other structures are metastable. The relative structural stability, the energy bands and the charge densities are discussed based on the ab initio calculations and the Jahn-Teller effect.

Effects of Irradiation on the Structure-activity Relationship of Konjac Glucomannan Molecular Chain Membrane

To know the effects of irradiation on the konjac glucomannan （KGM） molecular chain membrane, KGM membrane solution was treated with the irradiation dose of 0-20 kGy in this study, and the structure and properties of KGM membrane were analyzed with Infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum, X-ray, SEM scanning and so on. The results revealed that the effects of different irradiation doses on the KGM molecular chain structure were different. Higher irradiation dose （20 kGy） resulted in partial damage against KGM membrane crystal structure, and there was no obvious change for the amorphous structure; with membrane property test, the tensile strength of KGM membrane gradually increased with the increase of irradiation dose and its elongation at break reduced, but these changes were not significant, WVP value reduced; with SEM, the membrane surface treated with irradiation was smoother even than the membrane without treatment. In addition, when increasing the irradiation dose, membrane surface became more even, and arrangement was more orderly and compact. KGM membrane nrooerties, and it is an ideal Irradiation modification could effectively improve the modification method.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMPHIPHILIC GRAFT COPOLYMER CONTAINING MICROPHASE SEPARATED AND LONG POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) SIDE CHAIN STRUCTURES

Acryloyl terminated Poly (ethyleneoxide)macromonomers (PEO-A) with different PEO chain lengths have been prepared by deactivation of PEO alkoxide with acryloyl chloride. A new kind of amphiphilic polystyrene-g-poly (ethylene oxide)graft copolymer containing both microphase separated and PEO side chain structures has been synthesized from radical copolymerization of PEO-A macromonomer with styrene. After careful purification by a newly-developed method called 'selective dissolution', the well-defined structure of the purified copolymers was confirmed by IR, ~1H-NMR and GPC. Various experimental parameters controlling the copolymerization were studied in detail. The results indicated that the feed ratio of styrene to macromonomer(S/M) was the most important determining factor for the composition of the copolymers. A detailed 'comb- model' was proposed to describe the molecular structure of the graft copolymers. Finally, this amphiphilic graft copolymers may readily form microphase separated structures as clearly indicated by transmission electron microscopy.

Design,Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Two One-dimensional Zigzag Chain-like Compounds

Two one-dimensional chain-like cyanide-bridged compounds, [Fe（Phen）2（CN）2Ni（Cyclam）]（ClO4）2·DMF-2H2O 1 （Cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraaza-cyclotetradecane, Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide） and [Fe（Phen）2（CN）2Zn（Cyclam）]（PF6）2·CH3CN 2, were prepared by the reaction of [Fe（Phen）2（CN）2]·2H2O with M（Cyclam）^2＋ （M = Ni, Zn）. In complexes 1 and 2, the metal atoms are connected alternatively with CN groups. X-ray structure and IR analyses for 1 and 2 were performed. Structure analysis revealed that both complexes are centrosymmetric and the geometry around each metal atom is an octahedron. The two complexes crystallize in triclinic with space group of P^1-. For 1, a = 10.439（4）, b = 14.976（7）, c = 15.914（8）A,α = 83.168（15）, β = 74.338（15）, γ = 78.023（15）°, V = 2338.3（18）A^3, Z = 2, Mr = 1035.37, Dc = 1.471 g/cm^3, F（000） = 1076,μ = 0.895 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0616 and wR = 0.1414 for 5849 observed reflections （1 〉 2σ（I））. For 2, a = 9.656（6）, b = 15.404（9）, c = 15.822（10）A, α = 78.68（2）, β= 78.917（19）, γ = 77.15（2）°, V = 2223（2）A^3, Z = 2, Mr = 1064.87, Dc = 1.587 g/cm^3, F（000） = 1078,μ = 1.032 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0672 and wR = 0.1595 for 6819 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））.

Analysis on the Structure of Influencing Factors of Sustainable Supply Chain Implementation of Water Diversion Project

The systematic analysis of the hierarchical relationship among the factors affecting the sustainable supply chain implementation of water diversion projects has theoretical value and practical significance for the sustainable development of large-scale water diversion projects. Through the investigation of relevant literature, books, web pages, materials, and discussions with relevant experts and scholars, a total of 23 factors influencing the sustainable supply chain implementation of water diversion projects were identified. Then using ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling Method) to analyze the causality of each factor, a multi-level hierarchical structure model was obtained. The results showed that: 1) The surface-level influencing factors of the sustainable supply chain implementation of the water diversion project mainly included 8 factors such as water-saving awareness and water-saving intensity in the diversion area, water quality, water pollution and other disasters, effective incentive mechanisms, etc., and surface-level influencing factors were directly related to the sustainable supply chain implementation of water diversion projects. 2) The indirect influencing factors of the sustainable supply chain of water diversion projects included 12 factors such as the water quality and quantity guarantee rate of the supply chain, the government’s enforcement of laws and regulations, water distribution, ecological compensation, and compensation mechanisms for residents in the water source area. Indirect influencing factor scan acts directly on the direct influencing factors, and intervening in the factors that can be controlled by humans is one of the important ways to improve the sustainable operation of water diversion projects. 3) The fundamental influencing factors for the sustainable supply chain implementation of water diversion projects included three factors: Resettlement policy, government financial support, and sound laws and regulations. Deep influencing factors had multi-channel influence and controllability, and intervening in them was the main means to improve the sustainable operation of water diversion projects.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 1-D Chain Copper(Ⅱ) Complex: [Cu(L)Cl_2]_n (L=2,5-Di-2-pyridyl-1,3,4-oxodiazole)

The title complex, [Cu(L)Cl2]n (L = 2,5-di-2-pyridyl-1,3,4-oxodiazole) 1, has been obtained from the reaction of 3,6-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (bptz) and CuCl2?H2O in a mixture solvent of CH3CN and CH2Cl2 (L is generated from the metal-assisted hydrolysis reaction of bptz) and structurally characterized. It crystallizes in space group C2/c of monoclinic system with cell parameters: a = 9.812(2), b = 12.679(3), c = 11.111(2) ? b = 103.92(3)? V = 1341.6(5) 3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.776 g/cm3, Mr = 358.66, F(000) = 716, ?= 2.024 mm1 and S = 1.004. The final R = 0.0346 and wR = 0.0938 for 1011 observed reflections with I > 2(I). The Cu(Ⅱ) ion is six-coordinated by four N atoms of two L ligands and two Cl ions in a distorted octahedral geometry. The ligand L acts as a bis-bidentate ligand to bridge the Cu(Ⅱ) ions, resulting in an infinite chain structure.

Durable poly(binaphthyl-co-p-terphenyl piperidinium)-based anion exchange membranes with dual side chains

Building well-developed ion-conductive highways is highly desirable for anion exchange membranes(AEMs).Grafting side chain is a highly effective approach for constructing a well-defined phaseseparated morphological structure and forming unblocked ion pathways in AEMs for fast ion transport.Fluorination of side chains can further enhance phase separation due to the superhydrophobic nature of fluorine groups.However,their electronic effect on the alkaline stability of side chains and membranes is rarely reported.Here,fluorine-containing and fluorine-free side chains are introduced into the polyaromatic backbone in proper configuration to investigate the impact of the fluorine terminal group on the stability of the side chains and membrane properties.The poly(binaphthyl-co-p-terphenyl piperidinium)AEM(QBNp TP)has the highest molecular weight and most dimensional stability due to its favorable backbone arrangement among ortho-and meta-terphenyl based AEMs.Importantly,by introducing both a fluorinated piperidinium side chain and a hexane chain into the p-terphenyl-based backbone,the prepared AEM(QBNp TP-QFC)presents an enhanced conductivity(150.6 m S cm^(-1))and a constrained swelling at 80℃.The electronic effect of fluorinated side chains is contemplated by experiments and simulations.The results demonstrate that the presence of strong electro-withdrawing fluorine groups weakens the electronic cloud of adjacent C atoms,increasing OH^(-)attack on the C atom and improving the stability of piperidinium cations.Hence QBNp TP-QFC possesses a robust alkaline stability at 80℃(95.3%conductivity retention after testing in 2 M Na OH for 2160 h).An excellent peak power density of 1.44 W cm^(-2)and a remarkable durability at 80℃(4.5%voltage loss after 100 h)can be observed.

MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION IN PTFE AS A FUNCTION OF MELT TIME AND TEMPERATURE——Ⅱ.LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT FOLDED CHAIN SINGLE CRYSTALS AND BAND STRUCTURES

The effect of sintering dispersed and bulk,low molecular weight(M_n=50,000 Da),nano-emulsionpolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)particles near their melting point is described.With the nascent particles consisting of ca.75 nm diameter,hexagonal,single crystals,sintering at,e.g.,350℃,results,initially,in merger of neighboring particles,followed by individual molecular motion on the substrate and the formation of folded chain,lamellar single crystals andspherulites,and on-edge ribbons.It is suggested these structures develop,with time,in the mesomorphic“melt”.Sintering ofthe bulk resin yields extended chain,band structures,as well as folded chain lamellae;end-surface to end-surface merger,possibly by end-to-end polymerization,occurs with increasing time.

Energetics and electronic structure of a single copper atomic chain wrapped in a carbon nanotube:a first-principles study

In the generalized gradient approximation, the energy and electronic structure are investigated for a single copper atomic chain wrapped in （4, 4）, （5, 5） and （6, 6） armchair carbon nanotubes by using the first-principles projector-augmented wave potential within the framework of density functional theory. The results show that the （4, 4） and （5, 5） tubes are too narrow to wrap a Cu chain, but the （6, 6） tube is nearly ideal to wrap a Cu chain on its centre axis. Wider tubes are anticipated to wrap more than one Cu chain spontaneously with forces amounting to a fraction of a nanonewton. Although the tube-chain interaction decreases with the increase of the tube diameter of （4, 4）, （5, 5） and （6, 6） successively, the charge density of the Cu@（6, 6） combined system still does not show complete superposition of that of the pristine （6, 6） tube and Cu chain. Successively reducing the restrictions of （4, 4）, （5, 5） and （6, 6） tubes on the Cu chain leads to a reduction in shift of the highest peak of the Cu chain towards lower energies, that is from -0.5177 eV of the isolated Cu chain to -1.36785 eV, -0.668 eV and -0.588 eV for the Cu@（4, 4）, Cu@（5, 5） and Cu@（6, 6） systems, respectively. In reverse, the strong metallic character of the Cu chain also enhances the metallic character of the combined systems so that the broader pseudogaps of the pristine carbon nanotubes around the Fermi level change into the narrow pseudogaps of the combined systems.

Structures and magnetic properties of Fe and Ni monoatomic chains encapsulated by an Au nanotube

Structures and magnetic properties of transition metal （TM） Fe or Ni monoatomic chains （MACs） encapsulated by a Au （5, 5） nanotube （Fe@Au and Ni@Au） are investigated using the density functional theory （DFT）. The calculated results show that both Fe@Au and Ni@Au prefer to adopt ferromagnetic （FM） orders as ground states. In particular, the Fe@Au keeps the magnetic properties of free-standing Fe MAC, indicating that this system may be viewed as a new candidate in electromagnetic devices.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of One-dimensional Chain Complexes [K(18-C-6)]_2[M(mnt)_2](M=Zn,Hg)

The reactions of 18 crown 6 with each of K 2(M=Zn, Hg; mnt=1,2 dicyanoethene 1,2 dithiolate, C 2S 2(CN) 2- 2) were studied and novel complexes [K(18 C 6)] 2[Zn(mnt) 2](1) and [K(18 C 6)] 2[Hg(mnt) 2](2) were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum and X ray diffraction analysis. Complex 1 displays a one dimensional chain of [K(18 C 6)] 2[Zn(mnt) 2] bridged by K O interactions between adjacent [K(18 C 6)] + units. Complex 2 is also a one dimensional chain of [K(18 C 6)] 2[Hg(mnt) 2] bridged by K...S weak interactions between adjacent [K(18 C 6)] + and [Hg(mnt) 2] 2- .

Differences in Starch Chain Length Distribution and Structure Characteristics of Early-Indica Rice Under Different Temperature Treatments During Grain-Filling

Effects of temperature during grain-filling on chain length distribution and structure characteristics of 4 early-seasonindica rice cultivars were investigated under the environment-controlled conditions. The plants at flowering stage weresubjected to two temperature treatments until maturity (the mean dairy air temperature, 22 and 32C for optimum temperaturetreatment and high temperature treatment, respectively). The result showed that high temperature during grain-fillingsignificantly decreased the long B-chain content and increased the intermediate B-chain content. But the effect of hightemperature on other starch chains appeared to be cultivar-dependant. The crystalline characteristics of rice starch werealso affected by temperature during grain-filling. The intensity at 18 2q of X-ray diffraction pattern of rice samples underhigh temperature was higher than those under optimum temperature, though all rice starches performed A-crystallinetype. Moreover, the intensity at 18 2q was positive correlation with intermediate B-chain content and negative correlationwith long B-chain content.

Analysis of Hongdao Clam Industrial Structure Based on Industry Chain

The vertical and transverse structures of Hongdao clam industry are described and analyzed objectively based on the perspective of industry chain. On the basis of field investigation,the key nodes of Hongdao clam industry chain,including nursery,breeding,processing,transportation and sale,are analyzed. It can be concluded that the development of clam industry chain is unbalanced,especially the deep-processing capacity is not strong,and the development of supporting industy lags behind. The horizontal industry chain of clam needs to be further improved. The corresponding suggestions are put forward: strengthening research on new nursery technology in later period,further extending the horizontal industry chain of clam,mining the depth of clam-related leisure industry,and upgrading service level of leisure travel.

Novel Poly m eric Transition Metal Co m plexes Having1D Chain and 3D Networks Structures

The syntheses and structures of eleven novel polymeric transition metal complexes having one dimensional chain structures or three dimensional networks are summarized. They are prepared from the controlled assembling reactions in organic solvents and characterized by X ray diffraction analyses. The spectroscopic or magnetic properties of some complexes are studied.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF LONG CHAIN COMPLEX OF [Cu(TTA)(4,4'-BIPYRIDINE)]_n

The crystal structure of[Cu(2-thienoyl-trifluoroacetone)(4,4—bipyridine)]_n was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belongs to monoclinie with the space group C2/c, Mr=440.91, a=9.640(5) A, b=24.97(1) A, c=16.032(7) A, β=106.76(3)°,V=3695(3) A^3, Z=8, Dc=1.58g/cm^3, F(000)=1776. Final R and Rw are 0.062 and 0.069, respectively. The local coordination geometry around Cu(I) ion is a distorted tetrahedron. Cu(TTA) are linked with 4,4-bipyridine, forming long chain in the crystal.