Study on the Technology of Supplying Water Safely by Long-Distance Pipeline

The extensively built long-distance water transmission pipelines have become the main water sources for urban areas. To ensure the reliability and safety of the water supply, from the viewpoint of overall management, it would be necessary to establish a system of information management for the pipeline. The monitoring, calculating and analyzing functions of the system serve to give controlling instructions and safe operating rules to the automatic equipment and technician, making sure the resistance coefficient distribution along the pipeline is reasonable; the hydraulic state transition is smooth when operating conditions change or water supply accidents occur, avoiding the damage of water hammer. This paper covered the composition structures of the information management system of long-distance water transmission pipelines and the functions of the subsystems, and finally elaborated on the approaches and steps of building a mathematics model for the analysis of dynamic hydraulic status.

Criterions and Measures of Route Selection of Shallowly Embedded Long-Distance Oil and Gas Pipeline in Mountain Areas

According to the engineering investigation of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, the criterions and measures of route selection are drawn as follows： the flat landform is the first choice in route alignment. The foot of mountain is the first choice when the route passes by the valley. The route should pass by but the shady and deposited slope and not in sunny and erosive slope as possible as it can. The pipeline should be vertical to contour climbing and descending the mountain except steep slope. Tunnel can be used in crossing foothill. Perpendicularly traversing the river is better than beveling; the worst choice is to put the pipeline along the river. Bypass is the best choice in karsts area. The order of route selection should be pre-choosing, investigation, optimization and adjustment.

Oil and Gas Pipeline Construction-Induced Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Loss in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

The impacts of oil and gas pipeline construction on the forest and biodiversity in parts of the Niger Delta was investigated. This was achieved by studying the construction activities and operational phases of two pipelines with cumulative length of 165 km vis-à-vis the biodiversity of the affected area. The study involved field sampling along the RoWs to inventorize the fauna and flora, visual assessments and interview with locals. It was observed that the pipelines traversed moist lowland/freshwater swamp and mangrove forests, and barrier islands with approximately 4,950,000 m2 (equivalent of 495 hectares) of forest cleared and 9,642,000 trees killed to realize the pipelines. A total of 219 plant species in 66 families and 125 different fauna species from 64 families were recorded in these areas. Three out of the 4 recorded species of Meliaceae were threatened based on IUCN Conservation Status. Also based on IUCN Conservation Status, 20 mammals, including Pan troglodytes, Cercopithecus erythrogaster and Trichechus senegalensis, 7 birds, 2 reptiles and 1 amphibian were within threatened group. The results showed that the study area had witnessed colossal loss of biodiversity due to habitat displacement, forest fragmentation and deforestation, and escalated exploitation of species. The study identified the most affected biodiversity, and proffered measures to mitigate such occurrences.

A Review of Deepwater Pipeline Construction in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico-Contracts, Cost, and Installation Methods

The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.

THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-DISTANCE OILPIPELINE ENGINEERING

The oilfield construction and long-distance oil pipeline engineering has been developed extensively in China. The risk assessment of oil industry will, however, be an important objective to cope with the development of oil industry , The risk assessment of oil industry has many subjects worthy to be studied.The major purpose of the paper is to research the risk cases of long-distance oil pipeline engineering in Ganshu and Shaanxi provinces.

Revenue Optimization of Pipelines Construction and Operation Management Based on Quantum Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing Algorithm

For the optimization of pipelines, most researchers are mainly concerned with designing the most reasonable section to meet the requirements of strength and stiffness, and at the same time reduce the cost as much as possible. It is undeniable that they do achieve this goal by using the lowest cost in design phase to achieve maximum benefits. However, for pipelines, the cost and incomes of operation management are far greater than those in design phase. Therefore, the novelty of this paper is to propose an optimization model that considers the costs and incomes of the construction and operation phases, and combines them into one model. By comparing three optimization algorithms (genetic algorithm, quantum genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm), the same optimization problem is solved. Then the most suitable algorithm is selected and the optimal solution is obtained, which provides reference for construction and operation management during the whole life cycle of pipelines.

Status and Trend of Pipeline Construction Machinery and Equipment in China

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Complex Sequence Quality Evaluation Model for Concealed Water Supply Pipeline of Prefabricated Construction

The accurate assessment of the quality can materially affect the safety and life of the prefabricated construction.In this paper,we studied the overall module of concealed water supply pipeline,and a new complex sequence quality evaluation model was established.By analyzing the small evaluation index elements of the model,the weight of the larger evaluation index could be deduced.The total quality evaluation score of the overall module could be obtained by calculating the weight value of the evaluation index,and then the quality standard of the overall module could be obtained.

Water hammer protection for diversion systems in front of pumps in long-distance water supply projects

For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention. In this study, a water hammer protection scheme combined with an overflow surge tank and a regulating valve was developed. A mathematical model of the overflow surge tank was developed, and an analytical formula for the height of the overflow surge tank was derived. Furthermore, a practical water supply project was used to evaluate the feasibility of the combined protection scheme and analyze the sensitivity of valve regulation rules. The results showed that the combined protection scheme effectively reduced the height of the surge tank, lessened the difficulties related to construction, and reduced the necessary financial investment for the project. The two-stage closing rule articulated as fast first and then slow could minimize the overflow volume of the surge tank when the power failure occurred, while the two-stage opening rule articulated as slow first and then fast could be more conducive to the safety of the water supply system when the pump started up.

Status and Trends of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation in China

Overview of natural gas pipeline construction in China.In recent years,the construction of natural gas infrastructure has developed rapidly,and the four major energy channels have been completed.“A network across China”is basically formed,significantly improving pipeline transportation and gas storage capacity,and the natural gas transmission system,characterized by diversified sources,flexible scheduling,robust security,and stable supply,has been continuously improved.

Pipeline Scheduling Based on Constructive Interference in Strip Wireless Sensor Networks

Strip Wireless Sensor Networks(SWSNs)have drawn much attention in many applications such as monitoring rivers,highways and coal mines.Packet delivery in SWSN usually requires a large number of multi-hop transmissions which leads to long transmission latency in low-duty-cycle SWSNs.Several pipeline scheduling schemes have been proposed to reduce latency.However,when communication links are unreliable,pipeline scheduling is prone to failure.In this paper,we propose a pipeline scheduling transmission protocol based on constructive interference.The protocol first divides the whole network into multiple partitions and uses a pipelined mechanism to allocate active time slots for each partition.The nodes in the same partition wake up at the same time for concurrent transmission.Multiple identical signals interfere constructively at the receiver node,which enhances received signal strength and improves link quality.Simulations show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the transmission latency while maintaining low energy consumption compared with other schemes.

2013 Production of China's Shale Gas Reaches 200 Million Cubic Meters and the First Transportation Pipeline Constructed

Results of the global shale gas resources show that minable resources of global shale gas are 187 trillion cubic meters （tern）, of which China accounts for 36 tcm （about 20% of the total amount）, which is mainly distributed in the Sichuan Basin, Yangtze Terrace, and Ordos Basin. From 2009 to 2012, China completed an accumulative number of 129 drilling wells related to shale gas, including 46 investigated vertical wells, 55 exploration wells and 28 evaluation wells, with 2012 production ranging from 25 million cubic meters （mcm） to 30 mcm.

Current Situation and Prevention of Soil Erosion from Construction of West-East Natural Gas Transmission (Ningxia-Shaanxi Section)

In the research, problems and damages of soil erosions in West -East Natural Gas Transmission were analyzed; the reasons were summarized and the characteristics of soil erosion were researched in order to explore principles of pipeline prevention and seek countermeasures.

The CMEKF Method for Sub-Sea Pipeline Monitoring and Leak Detection

A practical approach is discussed for sub-sea pipeline monitoring and leak detection based on the real time transient model . The characteristic method of transient simulation is coupled with the Extended Kalman Filter to estimate the system state where the only observed data are inlet and outlet flow rate and pressure. Because EKF has a time variant track under the non-stationary stochastic process with additive Gaussian noise, the high sensitivity of RTTM to non-stationary operating condition is reduced. A leak location recursion estimation formula is presented based on the real time observed data. The results of 27 groups of test data indicate that the procedure presented is sensitive to a wide range of detectable leak sizes and has a low average relative error of leak location .

Analysing Delay Impact from Potential Risk Factors on Project Delivery of Oil and Gas Pipeline:A Case Study in IRAQ

The aim of this paper is to present the design and specifications of an integrated Delay Analysis Framework(DAF),which could be used to quantify the delay caused by the Risk Factors(RFs)in Oil and Gas Pipelines(OGPs)projects in a simple and systematic way.The main inputs of the DAF are(i)the potential list of RFs in the projects and their impact levels on the projects and the estimated maximum and minimum duration of each task.Monte Carlo Simulation integrated within@Risk simulator was the key process algorithm that used to quantify the impact of delay caused by the associated RFs.The key output of the DAF is the amount of potential delay caused by RFs in the OGP project.The functionalities of the developed DAF were evaluated using a case study of newly developed OGP project,in the south of Iraq.It is found that the case study project might have delayed by 45 days if neglected the consideration of the RFs associated with the project at the construction stage.The paper concludes that identifying the associated RFs and analysing the potential delay in advance will help in reducing the construction delay and improving the effectiveness of the project delivery by taking suitable risk mitigation measures.

给排水管线渗漏对地铁盾构施工影响的模拟分析

针对排水管线渗漏会导致地表沉降,从而影响地铁施工的问题。建立给排水管线渗漏模型,计算管线渗漏的二维渗流场,获取有限元离散化单元渗流方程。建立地铁盾构施工下土体力学模型,得到应力场控制方程,计算地铁盾构施工过程中土体荷载,仿真分析给排水管线渗漏时对地铁盾构施工的影响。仿真结果表明,在管线未渗漏条件下,地铁盾构施工会产生地表沉降;在地铁盾构施工过程中,地表沉降受到管线渗漏范围和地表位置等影响,距渗漏中心点越近,渗漏范围越大,地表沉降值越大;地铁盾构施工结束后,给排水管线发生渗漏时,地表的沉降值会呈现出先增加后趋于不变的趋势。

T/CECS1471—2023《城镇排水管道注浆法修复工程技术规程》关键技术解析

本文重点解析了《城镇排水管道注浆法修复工程技术规程》(T/CECS 1471—2023)中注浆修复设计、施工、质量检验和工程验收等方面的关键技术指标和控制要求,详细剖析了注浆设计的工程技术要点,提出了注浆材料和注浆方式的选择依据和适用范围,明确了注浆修复效果的评估指标建议,创新性发展了适用于排水管道工程修复的注浆材料和管道内部注浆方法,填补了排水管道工程修复中注浆法应用技术标准的空白。该规程的实施应用将对城镇排水管道注浆修复工程的设计、施工、验收具有指导意义。

火电机组大中径管道焊接施工工艺

介绍了某电厂2×66万千瓦机组焊接施工过程,严格执行DL/T 869-2021中国发电厂的焊接工艺规程以及电力建设工程施工及验收规范,阐述了千瓦机组大中径管道焊接施工的前期准备、施工工艺流程、焊接生产工艺和焊接质量控制措施,总结出合理的、保证质量的焊接施工经验,为广大电建企业焊接施工借鉴采用。

基于BIM的大型交通枢纽工程机电安装技术应用

大型交通枢纽工程机电安装体量广,专业管线交叉多,功能设备复杂,传统机电安装工作模式无法保障施工质量和效率。因此,本研究将BIM技术与新型施工技术相结合,用高效、绿色的智慧施工技术来实现正向BIM协同设计和工厂化预制。根据新建长沙西站综合交通枢纽项目机电安装工程特点,系统阐述了BIM技术在管综深化、预制内保温风管、机电消声减振和工厂化支吊架等方面的应用,对今后类似项目的机电安装工程具有较高参考价值。