4.096 Tbit/s multidimensional multiplexing signals transmission over 1000 km few mode fiber

We experimentally transmit eight wavelength-division-multiplexing(WDM)channels,16 quadratic-amplitude-modulation(QAM)signals at 32-GBaud,over 1000 km few mode fiber(FMF).In this experiment,we use WDM,mode division multiplexing,and polarization multiplexing for signal transmission.Through the multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO)equalization algorithms,we achieve the total line transmission rate of 4.096 Tbit/s.The results prove that the bit error rates(BERs)for the16QAM signals after 1000 km FMF transmission are below the soft-decision forward-error-correction(SD-FEC)threshold of2.4×10^(-2),and the net rate reaches 3.413 Tbit/s.Our proposed system provides a reference for the future development of high-capacity communication.

The Plant Vascular System: Evolution, Development and Functions

The emergence of the tracheophyte-based vascular system of land plants had major impacts on the evolution of terrestrial biology, in general, through its role in facilitating the development of plants with increased stature, photosynthetic output, and ability to colonize a greatly expanded range of environmental habitats. Recently, considerable progress has been made in terms of our understanding of the developmental and physiological programs involved in the formation and function of the plant vascular system. In this review, we first examine the evolutionary events that gave rise to the tracheophytes, followed by analysis of the genetic and hormonal networks that cooperate to orchestrate vascular development in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. The two essentialfunctions performed by the vascular system, namely the delivery of resources （water, essential mineral nutrients, sugars and amino acids） to the various plant organs and provision of mechanical support are next discussed. Here, we focus on critical questions relating to structural and physiological properties controlling the delivery of material through the xylem and phloem. Recent discoveries into the role of the vascular system as an effective long-distance communication system are next assessed in terms of the coordination of developmental, physiological and defense-related processes, at the whole-plant level. A concerted effort has been made to integrate all these new findings into a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art in the area of plant vascular biology. Finally, areas important for future research are highlighted in terms of their likely contribution both to basic knowledge and applications to primary industry.

General hyperentanglement concentration for polarization- spatial-time-bin multi-photon systems with linear optics

Hyperentanglement has attracted considerable attention recently because of its high-capacity for long- distance quantum communication. In this study, we present a hyperentanglement concentration pro- tocol （hyper-ECP） for nonlocal three-photon systems in the polarization, spatial-mode, and time- bin partially hyperentangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger （GHZ） states using the Schmidt projection method. In our hyper-ECP, the three distant parties must perform the parity-check measurements on the polarization, spatial-mode, and time-bin degrees of freedom, respectively, using linear optical ele- ments and Pockels cells, and only two identical nonlocal photon systems are required. This hyper-ECP can be directly extended to the N-photon hyperentangled GHZ states, and the success probability of this general hyper-ECP for a nonlocal N-photon system is the optimal one, regardless of the photon number N.