Research on the Establishment of a Long-Term Care System for the Elderly with Alzheimer’s Disease Under the Background of Long-Term Care Insurance: A Literature Review

With the aging of the country’s population structure,the problem of social pensions is becoming more and more serious.As for the issue of social pension,the elderly with Alzheimer’s disease are a special group,and the issue of care services for these elderly has attracted widespread attention from society.However,judging from the current level of social security provided to the elderly with dementia in the country,there is a serious imbalance between supply and demand.Therefore,this problem needs to be solved urgently and is of great significance for further improving the country’s social pension security system.Routine care is limited to hospitals and mainly focuses on the patient’s condition.Patients fail to receive comprehensive care services and the effect is not ideal.Therefore,in order to improve patients’cognitive function and quality of life,and learn from international experience,a“community-institution-home”three-dimensional linkage care model based on long-term care insurance can be established.The application of this model can effectively solve and further improve the country’s elderly care and social security system.

Building Long-Term Care Insurance System in China

The objective is to explore the foundation of the elderly long-term care insurance system in China, which is to face the problem resulted from aging of the population. Adopting the contrastive analysis to introduce briefly the long-term care insurance system in German, Japan and America for our learning. Therefore, China＇s long-term care insurance system could not totally indiscriminately imitate the mandatory long-term care insurance system in German and Japan, it also could not copy the business model of nursing insurance system in America. The conclusion is that long-term care insurance system in China should use the experience of developed countries based on the basic national conditions, doing some relative works, such as establishing policies and regulations, strengthening personnel training, and improving the market specification.

Research on the institutional design of the long-term care insurance in Shanghai

Shanghai went into the ranks of the aging society in 1979, as the first area which entered into the aging society in China. Along with the arrival of the ageing, the nursing problems of the old man and disabled elderly become the important factors which affect social development. The establishment of the legal system, System integration to realize resource optimal allocation, Division of multilevel optimization services provide new pattern can make it happen.

Analysis of the necessity of Shanghai＇s long-term care insurance

The aging population of Shanghai is China one of the most serious city, is also one of the cities of the aging problem is prominent. As a result, the city＇s endowment pressure also with aging and aging aggravate gradually increased, especially the old man nursing problems become the main problem in society. Study abroad to establish a long term care insurance comprehensive factors, considering the feasibility of the long-term care insurance in Shanghai, alleviate the pressure of the pension, the construction of a harmonious society.

Performance of Rural Municipalities After the 2015 Reformation of Long-Term Care Insurance in Japan

Worldwide,welfare is trending from a welfare state model to social participation to ensure the sustainability of health care systems.Japan,where the aging rate will reach 40%by 2060,reformed public Long-Term Care Insurance(LTCI)on a large scale in 2015 and started the Comprehensive Service project(CS project),which emphasizes the prevention of long-term care through social participation in the community.Through this project,communities work to develop prevention efforts revolving around the community salon/caféand mutual support,including all daily tasks that previously were the purview of family members.Each municipality has an obligation to promote a CS project through new community development initiatives among community members.The purpose of this study is to investigate the CS projects performed by rural municipalities and to explore the important factors for their success.The authors used a case study methodology and constant comprehensive methodology for analyzing interview data to pull out the elements of successful initiatives.The study shows that the following factors influence success:recognition of demographic risk,recognition of the ineffectiveness of LTCI services,developing a passionate philosophy and strategy as a municipality,developing community members’initiative,and having many assets and full participation in the community.These factors imply that community development is a critical part of any successful CS project.

Survey of <i>C. difficile</i>-Specific Infection Control Policies in Local Long-Term Care Facilities

Introduction: The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been increasing and long-term care facility (LTCF) residents are at high risk given their age, co-morbidities, and high antibiotic exposure. Infection control policies are crucial for controlling CDI, but there are currently no regulatory guidelines in the United States. Therefore, we evaluated infection control policies in local LTCFs to define the CDI-specific policies and the administrative and staff understanding of CDI, so as to identify perceived barriers for compliance. Methods: IRB approval was sought and exemption granted, all 8 local LTCFs were asked to participate. Each facility was visited by study personnel who interviewed the administrative Infection Control Practitioner (ICP) and 3-4 Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) with distinct survey format. Infection control policies were then compared to the SHEA recommendations for CDI in LTCFs. Results: Of the eligible facilities, 75% (n = 6) participated. ICP (n = 6) and LPNs (n = 21) were interviewed. All facilities accept residents with active CDI and 2 had written CDI-specific infection control policies. All facilities had hand hygiene or glove use policies and 2 had policies for the use of sporicidal environmental cleaning. No facility restricted antibiotic use. Each facility has a policy to instruct their staff through in-services, either annually or upon new hire, but 33% (n = 7) LPNs reported no facility-based CDI training. While 80% (n = 17) of LPNs felt comfortable with the facility CDI policies, only 11 accurately restated it. ICPs felt the most relevant barrier to staff compliance was time constraints (n = 4, 67%), however, LPNs felt it was limited knowledge (n = 10, 48%) and poor communication (n = 2, 10%). Discussion and Conclusions: With the increasing incidence and severity of CDI in LCTF, few of the facilities surveyed had CDI-specific policies. Despite CDI-specific training, there is a perceived knowledge and communication gap for staff caring for residents with CDI.

Long-term care policy simulation of disabled elderly

With the accelerating process of population aging in our country, the physical function of the elderly will decline, the possibility of suffering from acute and chronic diseases will increase, and the occurrence of disability will become more common and normal. The potential demand for elderly care is rapidly increasing. With the growth, the care of the disabled elderly has become increasingly acute. At the same time, due to the intensification of family miniaturization and population migration, the traditional family-based long-term care has been difficult to sustain. How to incorporate long-term care into our social security system as soon as possible has become the focus of the whole society. The thesis through the combination of public policy simulation methods and the research data, the long-term care insurance system implemented at the beginning of 2018 in Shanghai is a policy blueprint. It uses statistical software SPSS, MATLAB, etc. to achieve data collation, analysis and prediction, and at the same time integrates the pilot of the long-term care insurance system. The implementation of policies in cities such as Qingdao and Nantong has been simulated. Finally, on the basis of simulation results, suggestions have been made for the future development of China＇s long-term care insurance system.

Research on the development mode of long-term nursing insurance ——taking Qingdao as an example

With the gradual development of society, scientific and technological progress, aging gradually aggravated, has become a hot topic of society. People to old age, self-care ability than in the past, not only suffer from disease, life has become difficult, coupled with the large number of empty nest family, the cost of care is also very high, whether it is to receive home care or professional institutions of care have great difficulties. Therefore, the community should be a large number of people with long-term care needs of the appropriate economic compensation, in this context, long-term care insurance is born. As a leading city in Shandong Province, Qingdao has introduced long-term care insurance and achieved good results. This paper analyzes the practical problems faced by Qingdao, that is, the development background of Qingdao long-term nursing insurance model, obtains the deficiency of Qingdao long-term nursing insurance, and then puts forward the corresponding countermeasures, and then ponders how to choose the long-term nursing insurance model of our country＇s future development.

Influence Factors of Mobility-Related Activities of Daily Living in Chronic Dialysis Patients Needing Long-Term Care: Analysis of Long-Term Care Eligibility Assessment Survey Data

Background: In the near future in Japan, chronic dialysis patients will likely face a situation where the aging and the lengthening of hemodialysis treatment periods will adversely affect the mobility-related activities of daily living (MR-ADL). The aim of this study was to investigate chronological change in MR-ADL among chronic dialysis patients in need of long-term care and the effect of admission to long-term care facilities on their MR-ADL. Methods: Data were analyzed from a long-term care eligibility assessment survey conducted in late March 2009 of 1000 individuals residing in Niigata City, Japan who were approved to receive long-term care. Then data from those individuals who had undergone the assessment survey ≥4 times over a period of ≥4 years were statistically evaluated. To reveal change in MR-ADL, this study performed a three-way analysis of variance with mean survey scores from assessment categories 2 - 5 containing questions related to MR-ADL as the independent variable and the number of eligibility assessment surveys (within-subjects factor), facility admission, and dialysis therapy (between-subjects factors) as dependent variables. Results: We observed the effect of facility admission in individuals aged >70 years for categories 2 - 5, and observed the effect of the number of assessment surveys taken only in women ≥80 years for categories 2 and 5. Regarding the effect of dialysis therapy, female dialysis patients aged ≥80 years and in need of long-term care scored significantly higher on survey items for transferring, grooming, toileting, eating, and instrumental activities of daily living, all of which are indicators of a moderate decline in ADL. Conclusions: Because dialysis is often initiated in women aged around 80 years, ADL in this group of individuals can be improved by the initiation and proper provision of dialysis.

我国养老服务产业优化发展策略研究

我国正处在人口老龄化进程加速发展的关键期,对养老服务产业提出了庞大需求。文章探索养老服务产业发展的优化策略,为政府决策提供现实依据。通过实地调研、访谈等方式调查国内养老服务产业的需求和供给现状,查找养老服务产业发展过程中的难点,结合对美国、澳大利亚、日本和德国等国家养老服务产业的文献分析,总结其成功的经验。基于上述分析研究,提出增加制度供给引导行业有序发展、鼓励参与主体公平竞争、建立多渠道筹资机制、探索长期护理保险制度、完善养老服务服务人才培养体系、建立资格准入制度、搭建人才发展平台等方面提出具体对策。

广州市长期护理保险试点现状、问题及对策分析

广州市自2017年试点运行长期护理保险以来,在参保人群范畴、筹资与待遇、失能认定与护理服务等级划分、护理服务项目、服务定点机构以及监督管理体系等方面进行了积极探索,取得了长护险制度逐步优化、服务主体产业化、社区居家模式逐步成熟、服务及管理水平提升等成效。广州市长期护理保险目前尚存在人口老龄化趋势与长护险定点机构区域发展失衡、部分定点机构服务监管质量欠佳、服务实践覆盖面有待提升等问题。结合国家保险制度政策及信息化发展,提出了优化提升长护险服务主体空间布局、扩大长护险服务保障项目范围、灵活长护险给付制度、监管制度闭环体系和智慧化运行体系等建议。

两批试点城市长期护理保险政策比较——基于政策工具-福利要素的二维框架

构建长期护理保险政策工具-福利要素二维分析框架,对两批共28个国家级长期护理保险试点城市的长期护理保险政策文本进行计量分析。研究发现,政策工具维度呈现出使用频次差异大且内部结构不均衡的特点;福利要素维度呈现出要素完整且内部结构较为均衡的特点;各政策工具与福利要素耦合度有待提高;两批试点城市长期护理保险政策差异较小,发展阶段具有相似性。对此,提出合理调整三大类政策工具,优化次级政策工具结构;科学配置政策福利要素,完善要素内容;增强政策工具和福利要素耦合度,整合资源协调发展的优化建议。

我国医保支持医养结合服务的政策分析

目的:分析我国医保支持医养结合服务的相关政策,为完善医养结合政策及推进医养结合服务提供参考。方法:以国家层面颁布的医保支持医养结合服务的政策文件为研究对象,采用内容分析法,对颁布时间、政策力度、颁布主体、医保支持医养结合服务的具体规定进行量化分析。结果:2013—2023年,国家层面颁布了16项相关政策,年均颁布1.45项政策。政策力度的平均值为2.25。国务院及部委均颁布了8项政策,部委颁布的8项政策中的7项为联合发文,占87.50%。16项政策中,对纳入医保支付的服务机构、服务项目、服务对象3个方面均有规定的政策有3项,占18.75%;两项政策涉及医保基金监管,占12.50%;1项政策对医保支付方式提出指导意见,占6.25%。结论:政策颁布的持续性较好,政策制定过程中部门间协同性较好。医保支持医养结合服务的政策有待在实施中细化,医保基金监管亟待加强,医保支付方式需进一步优化。

长期护理保险筹资政策有效性研究--基于49个试点城市的实证分析

随着人口老龄化的加深与家庭结构的变迁,失能失智老年人群的照护需求增加,而长期护理保险是解决我国老年人照护难题的关键。在建立长期护理保险体系过程中,资金筹措是迫切需要解决的核心问题。文章以长期护理保险49个试点城市政府公开发布的57份政策文本为研究对象,利用文本挖掘手段分析政策内容,并参考PMC模型相关研究的评价指标,构建了长期护理保险筹资政策的量化评价指标体系,分别从人口老龄化程度与空间视角对各试点城市政策文本进行量化评价与对比研究。为更全面地了解长期护理保险筹资政策的演进过程,选择了典型试点城市更新前后的政策文本进行实证研究。研究表明,长期护理保险筹资政策的整体评级合格,但存在一定程度的政策供需错配问题,一是政策有效性与人口老龄化水平之间存在错配,二是在“参保范围”和“支付范围”等方面存在较大的改进空间。从空间区域的角度看,我国长护险试点政策的有效性与一致性呈现出“北高南低”的特征。从政策延续性方面则发现同一试点城市更新前后的长期护理保险政策在筹资方面改善不大。文章通过对长期护理保险筹资政策的细致研究,为我国建设更为完善和适应性强的长期护理保险体系提供了有益的政策建议。深入了解政策的强项和薄弱点,有助于更有针对性地改善政策,以应对不断变化的老龄化社会的挑战。

长期护理保险制度衔接、政策整合与机制协同

建立长期护理保险制度是党中央和国务院积极应对人口老龄化、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要战略决策。研究发现,目前长护险已经试点7年,成绩与问题并存。基于此,提出“十四五”期间长护险建制在从一开始就需要厘清多元复杂的相关关系,不能因循守旧,应该统领全局,提前谋划长护险与社会保险和商业保险、老年和残疾人福利以及低保和特困救助等社会保障制度的衔接,从分配对象、分配内容、服务输送和资金运作4个维度做好长护险与相关社会福利政策的整合,在人才培育发展机制、定点机构遴选机制、服务购买机制、激励机制、信息化和技术创新机制、质量监督机制等方面做到与公共服务多主体机制的协同。只有这样才能保证这项惠及民生的“第六险”制度少走弯路、少犯错误。

积极推进长期护理保险制度建设的思考:基于我国49个长期护理保险试点城市的政策分析

目的对长期护理保险制度(长护险)政策文件进行分析,剖析存在问题,为其可持续发展提供参考。方法从中国长期护理保险试点政策数据库和各试点城市政府网站收集49个长护险试点城市的相关政策和实施方案,从参保对象、保障对象、筹资渠道、方式与标准、服务形式与内容等4个方面进行比较分析。结果试点城市在长护险建设过程中,参保对象和保障对象范围有所扩大,但仍存在参保对象范围不一、保障对象准入门槛较高、筹资可持续性面临挑战、筹资标准不统一、服务内容有待优化等问题。建议逐步实现参保对象城乡居民全覆盖,适当扩大保障范围,探索独立的筹资机制和统一的筹资标准,以需求为导向,建立政府、社区和家庭等共同参与的多层次、多元化服务体系。

中央政策试验的差异化模式及其选择逻辑——基于两项社会政策的案例研究

政策试验是中国社会政策建立及发展的重要机制。政策试验具有多种类型,但中央政府准备开展政策试验时,如何对此前地方自主试验的政策进行评估并考量以何种方式在全国范围内进行试点推广,已有研究对此讨论不足。论文依据政策试验及政策学习理论建立分析框架,通过对城镇职工基本医疗保险和长期护理保险这两项社会政策试点过程的回顾,从“创制紧迫性”和“政策工具确定性”两个维度,分析中央政府在开展试点过程中如何进行政策试验的模式选择。在“创制紧迫性”和“政策工具确定性”都较高的情况下,政策试验项目会采用政策目标和政策工具均比较明确的“由点至面验证型”的“金字塔模式”,而在上述两者都较低的情况下,政策试验项目会采用政策工具比较模糊的“多点试验探索型”的“木桶模式”。论文阐释了中央政府进行试点方案的选择机制,细化了社会政策试验策略选择中的评议标准,展示了政府在社会政策学习中的多元学习源及学习渠道。论文通过论证梳理了中国政策试验中纵向政府间的复杂互动关系,进一步深化了对于中央政府在政策试验中行动逻辑的理解。

我国长期护理保险制度发展现状与思考——基于成都和上海试点城市政策的比较分析

我国自2016年开展长期护理保险制度试点来,各城市在实践中对长护险筹资机制、保障范围、待遇支付和服务供给方面进行了有益探索。通过总结成都和上海两地开展长期护理保险的试点经验,比较两地政策共性与差异,分析两地试点中存在的问题,提出通过拓宽长护险筹资渠道,建立合理筹资机制、构建完善长护险服务供给体系、加强长护险监督管理、健全培育长护险市场等路径完善长期护理保险制度。

成都市长护险制度演化、试点经验及启示——基于西南五省政策对比

随着长期护理保险制度的完善,国内试点经验的本土化分析对于形成中国特色长护险模式至关重要。作为国内首批试点城市,成都市在过去七年的实施过程中,经历了探索性试点、深化实施到系统完善等三个阶段。这一演进不仅深化了制度内涵,而且逐步构建了权责明晰的筹资机制、科学精准的评估体系、广泛覆盖的服务供给和高效有序的管理体系。本文旨在梳理成都市长期护理保险制度的发展历程,并通过与西南五省其他试点城市的政策对比分析,提炼成都市的试点经验与不足,为进一步优化当地长护险政策提供参考,并为全国性制度的顶层设计提供启示。

长期护理保险预期效应的政策注意力分配研究——基于试点政策的文本分析

目的:政策注意力是决策者价值判断和价值排序的重要反映。在制度定型和全面推广的关键准备时期,探究长期护理保险预期效应的政策注意力配置情况,对于深化政策认知、优化政策设计具有参考意义。方法:使用文本分析方法,借助Nvivo14软件对中央及各地方指导和规划性文件进行自下而上逐句编码和分析讨论。结果:政策制定者对于长期护理保险产生的效应预期主要指向七大方面、二十三项内容,其中,注意力更多地聚焦于应对社会的失能照料风险和推动经济发展。结论:相关决策者对于长期护理保险预期效应的注意力分配在长期性和连续性视角的嵌入、人文关怀属性的融入、向家庭社会溢出性效应的考虑等方面还存在完善空间,未来仍需进一步融入预防性思维和人文关怀、提高政策的衔接性和连续性、加强对社会效应的关注,以优化长期护理保险政策发展。