As is known, the Great Red Spot (GRS) is one of the most mysterious sights in the solar system and is a strong storm that is quite large. According to the laws of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics, it should have disappe...As is known, the Great Red Spot (GRS) is one of the most mysterious sights in the solar system and is a strong storm that is quite large. According to the laws of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics, it should have disappeared several centuries ago, but scientists still observe it and cannot accurately explain this phenomenon. Since turbulence and atmospheric waves in the GRS region absorb the energy of its winds, the vortex loses energy by radiating heat. In the work, it is proved with a mathematical and non-classical approach that the GRS and anticyclones will live for a long time;otherwise, we had to first of all prove that the vortex threads (loops) and ovals could not exist. Based on these supports, mathematical methods prove their existence forever by observing a large vortex (GRS);moreover, they are sources of heat. When proofs are obtained, the results are consistent with the previous hypotheses of the researcher. The introduction of the work gives a comparison of various hypotheses;for example, one of them states that the decrease in the size of the GRS is only an illusory observation. Next, we first consider the applicability conditions for the mathematical justification of the hypothesis of the longevity of the Great Red Spot. The wind equation and the GRS are energized by absorbing smaller eddies and ovals, and this total energy is constant. With the help of the KH mechanism in the case of Brunt Vaisala, the frequencies (which can be calculated by a program with given formulas) are determined using very strictly mathematical evidence to substantiate the validity of the hypothesis about the longevity of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has rich theories and techniques for health maintenance.Its cultural tradition of emphasizing health maintenance is not only related to its medical function of treating injuries and di...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has rich theories and techniques for health maintenance.Its cultural tradition of emphasizing health maintenance is not only related to its medical function of treating injuries and diseases and prolonging life span but also closely related to Daoism,which is the fundamental religious tenet of pursuing immortality in Chinese culture.As this paper reviews,the fanatical Daoist religious culture of pursuing immortality has influenced the formation of a medical culture in TCM that cares about longevity and values health and wellness.However,this health and wellness culture is more practical–it replaces immortality with longevity as the goal.The Daoist religious concept of longevity is preserved in the basic principles and ethical values of health care:it emphasizes the harmony and consistency of the spirit and the body.It turns a lifestyle of maintaining physical and spiritual health into the pursuit of an ideal state of life.As for the specific Daoist health techniques,there are various cases of inheritance,change or abandonment:TCM inherited most of the drugs and prescriptions from the Daoist longevity techniques based on natural medicines taking and formed a popular health culture of medicinal and dietary supplements;TCM also developed internal health techniques such as internal elixir and breathing practice from Daoist internal health maintenance techniques for physical health care and disease treatment;TCM did not completely accept recipe techniques such as inedia and sex manual from Daoism because they contradicted with its secularization concept,but their general value orientation of lightness and low desire also influenced its concept of health care.展开更多
In the present study, genetic parameters for longevity and genetic correlations with back fat (BF), average daily gain (ADG), and first mating age (FMA) were estimated from 19 300 Yorkshire and 18 378 Landrace s...In the present study, genetic parameters for longevity and genetic correlations with back fat (BF), average daily gain (ADG), and first mating age (FMA) were estimated from 19 300 Yorkshire and 18 378 Landrace sows from 12 farms derived from one breeding system. General linear models (GLM) were employed to estimate genetic correlations with heritability (h2). Longevity was defined by six different parameters (i.e., traits) and heritability ranged from h2=0.13 to 0.16 (P〈0.05) in both swine breeds. Genetic correlations between different longevity definitions were positive and high (r=0.79 to 0.99; P〈0.05). BF exhibited low positive genetic correlations (r=0.12 to 0.15; P〈0.05) with longevity traits identified in both pig breeds which were dependent on trait definition, whereas ADG and FMA showed weak negative genetic correlations with longevity traits. The influence of BF, ADG, and FMA on longevity traits was examined by dividing the production and reproductive traits into several numerical groups; the influence of each longevity trait was subsequently analyzed among the different groups. The results indicated BF was the best trait to improve longevity among BF, ADG, and FMA, which showed positive effects for almost all longevity traits. For Yorkshire sows, gilts with over 18 mm BF were most desirable; Landrace with 10.6-13 mm BF were suitable for longevity. ADG was not favorable for gilt selection, because the correlation between growth rate and longevity very low. For FMA, our results indicated gilts mating before 230 days exhibited a longer life span. Therefore, we suggest farmers should select for thicker back fat and mate at an earlier age to improve sow longevity.展开更多
The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dis...The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dissolving incubation and higher temperature leaching were used to study the patterns of the nutrient release of the CRFs. The correlation analysis between the days at 25℃ and the hours at 80℃ of Trincote 1 and Trincote 2 for the same cumulative release rates were conducted. Patterns of cumulative nutrient release curve followed one factor quadratic regression equation at each given temperatures, and each of relative coefficient was bigger than 0.995. As the temperature increased, nutrients release of the CRFs increased. The longevity of resin coated CRFs were predicted by use of both the cumulative nutrients release equation at 80℃ and the regression equation of release time needed for the same cumulative release rates between 25 and 80℃. There were only 0.3-6.9% relative errors between the tested longevity and predicted one. In conclusion, the longevity of resin coated CRFs could be predicted more quickly and precisely by use of the higher temperature short-term leaching method than that of the traditional differential release rate. The longevity of resin coated CRF could be rapidly and precisely predicted in a few hours by application of the higher temperature shortterm leaching method.展开更多
Numerous studies have shown associations between the FOXO3A gene, encoding the forkhead box 03 transcription factor, and human or specifically male longevity. However, the associations of specific FOXO3A polymorphisms...Numerous studies have shown associations between the FOXO3A gene, encoding the forkhead box 03 transcription factor, and human or specifically male longevity. However, the associations of specific FOXO3A polymorphisms with longevity remain inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis of existing studies to clarify these potential associations. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify studies of FOXO3A gene polymorphisms and longevity. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) were calculated by comparing the minor and major alleles. A total of seven articles reporting associations of FOXO3A polymorphisms with longevity were identified and included in this meta-analysis. These comprised 11 independent studies with 5241 cases and 5724 controls from different ethnic groups, rs2802292, rs2764264, rs13217795, rs1935949 and rs2802288 polymorphisms were associated with human longevity (OR = 1.36, 95% Cl = 1.10-1.69, P= 0.005; OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.04-1.37, P= 0.01; OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10-1.46, P= 0.001; OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.01-1.27 and OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.07-1.43, P= 0.003, respectively). Analysis stratified by gender indicated significant associations between rs2802292, rs2764264 and rs13217795 and male longevity (OR = 1.54, 95% Cl = 1.33-1.79, P〈 0.001; OR = 1.38, 95% Cl = 1,15-1.66, P= 0.001; and OR = 1.39, 95% Cl = 1.15-1.67, P= 0.001), but rs2802292, rs2764264 and rs1935949 were not linked to female longevity. Moreover, our study showed no association between rs2153960, rs7762395 or rs13220810 polymorphisms and longevity. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates a significant association of five FOXO3A gene polymorphisms with longevity, with the effects of rs2802292 and rs2764264 being male-specific, Further investigations are required to confirm these findings.展开更多
The relationship between gross domestic pro- duct (GDP) and dietary profile, with a focus on polyamine intake, was investigated in 35 Asian countries. Data on food supply, GDP, and health condition were collected from...The relationship between gross domestic pro- duct (GDP) and dietary profile, with a focus on polyamine intake, was investigated in 35 Asian countries. Data on food supply, GDP, and health condition were collected from databases of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Health Organization, respectively. The amount of polyamine intake from food was estimated using polyamine concentrations listed in published sources. The amounts of putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and total polyamines in 1000 kcal of food in Asian countries were 39.07 ± 17.98, 33.74 ± 14.35, 14.05 ± 6.60 and 86.85 ± 33.96 μmol/1000 kcal, respectively. Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine constituted 44, 39, and 17% of total polyamine, respectively. Vegetables contributed the largest amount of both putrescine and spermidine and the second largest amount of spermine (45.5%, 62.2% and 27.2% of total putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, respectively). Meat was the richest source of spermine and contributed the greatest amount (50%) of this polyamine. We showed a significant positive association between GDP and the amount of polyamine per 1000 kcal of food. Lifespan was associated with both GDP and the amount of polyamine per energy quotient of food. As several basic research studies have shown that polyamines help prolong longevity, it follows that polyamines may have a role in determining the lifespan of humans.展开更多
Longevity is regarded as the most important functional trait in cattle breeding with high economic value yet low heritability. In order to identify genomic regions associated with longevity, a genome wise association ...Longevity is regarded as the most important functional trait in cattle breeding with high economic value yet low heritability. In order to identify genomic regions associated with longevity, a genome wise association study was performed using data from 4887 Fleckvieh bulls and 33,556 SNPs after quality control. Single SNP regression was used for identification of important SNPs including eigenvectors as a means of correction for population structure. SNPs selected with a false discovery rate threshold of 0.05 and with local false discovery rate identified genomic regions associated with longevity which were subsequently cross checked with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. This, to identify interesting genes in cattle and their homologue forms in other species. The most notable genes were SYT10 located on chromosome 5, ADAMTS3 on chromosome 6, NTRK2 on chromosome 8 and SNTG1 on chromosome 14 of the cattle genome. Several of the genes found have previously been associated with cattle fertility. Poor fertility is an important culling reason and thereby affects longevity in cattle. Several signals were located in regions sparse with described genes, which suggest that there might be several other non-identified genetic pathways for this important trait.展开更多
Objective: To analyse the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine(DEC), tetramisole and chlorpromazine on the longevity and activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in the microi lariae recovered from the ...Objective: To analyse the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine(DEC), tetramisole and chlorpromazine on the longevity and activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in the microi lariae recovered from the peripheral circulation of the rats before and after the treatment.Methods: Setaria cer vi worms were implanted in white rats via laparotomy and microfilaraemic rats were divided into 4 groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were treated with DEC, tetramisole and chlorpromazine respectively, while Group 4 served as infected control. Longevity of microi lariae and dif erential leucocyte counts were recorded till the disappearance of microi lariae from peripheral blood. Glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase enzymes were localized in the microi lariae recovered from normal and treated rats.Results: The microi lariae survived for 48 days in untreated rats while survival was reduced to 15, 21 and 27 days after treatment with DEC, tetramisole and chlorpromazine, respectively. Eosinophils and neutrophils increased during 2nd and 3rd weeks, whereas the lymphocytes increased during 4-7 weeks. DEC treatment resulted in slight decrease in the localization of succinate dehydrogenase but not in glucose-6-phosphatase. Tetramisole and chlorpromazine treatment did not show any appreciable change in the localization of both the above enzymes. Conclusions: DEC proved the most ef ective drug which cleared the microi laraemia within 15 days and reduced the activity of succinate dehydrogenase to some extent followed by tetramisole and chlorpromazine which took more time for the clearance of microi lariae and had no ef ect on the localization of both glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase.展开更多
This paper reports on the longevity of glycerol-dry(CO2) reforming over the lanthanum(La) promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts.The XRD results showed that the Ni particle was well-dispersed in the presence of La promoter.I...This paper reports on the longevity of glycerol-dry(CO2) reforming over the lanthanum(La) promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts.The XRD results showed that the Ni particle was well-dispersed in the presence of La promoter.In addition,via the NH3-TPD analysis,it was found that the La promoter has reduced the acidity of Ni catalyst which may have explained the mitigation of carbon laydown.It was determined that the 3.0 wt% La-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst possessed the largest BET specific surface area of 97 m2 g-1.Consequently,it yielded the best catalytic longevity performance with conversion attained more than 90%,even after 72 h of reaction duration.Significantly,it can be confirmed that the presence of CO2 during the glycerol dry reforming was essential in reducing carbon deposition,most likely via gasification pathway.This has ensured a stability of catalytic activity for a long reaction period(72 h).展开更多
Background: Occupation is a significant factor in life, health and well-being. Long-term military service is a unique career path that may influence life expectancy, even after excluding obvious risks such as battlefi...Background: Occupation is a significant factor in life, health and well-being. Long-term military service is a unique career path that may influence life expectancy, even after excluding obvious risks such as battlefield mortality. However, it remains unclear what the effects of a military career are on the life trajectory of personnel who retire from service. We aimed to compare life expectancy among retired military personnel(RMP) to their sex- and birth cohortspecific reference populations.Methods: For this historical-cohort study we collected data on sex, year of birth, year of death, time in service, and rank at end of service for 4,862 Israeli RMPs. Data on reference populations were provided by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, by birth decade from 1900 to 1989. We calculated the difference between each individual RMP's age at death and the "expected" age at death, based on sex- and birth cohort-specific means in the reference populations. Results: Overall, 67.9% of RMPs lived longer than average relative to their sex specific birth cohort. This difference in life expectancy was more pronounced among women than among men. There was a significant trend of increasing difference between RMP males and reference males over time(P<0.002), whereas no significant trend was identified among females. Length of service and rank were not associated with relative longevity for RMPs.Conclusions: The mechanism of the protective effect of military service on life expectancy remains unknown, but our findings indicate that it affects men and women differently, with women being more likely to benefit from the protective effect of military service. The healthy worker effect is known to vary from one occupation to another. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quantify the magnitude of the healthy worker effect among career military servicemen and women.展开更多
Based on the current literature, this paper is mainly intended to test whether environmental factors and socio-economic factors will have direct effect on the longevity at county level in China in order to determine t...Based on the current literature, this paper is mainly intended to test whether environmental factors and socio-economic factors will have direct effect on the longevity at county level in China in order to determine the major determinants affecting local longevity level. Using the multi-regression model, we find the result that factors such as temperature, climate, longitude, type of soils, as well as type of agricultural food production play a major role in shaping the longevity at county level, and that socio- economic factors like infant mortality and gross death rate also have some direct impact on longevity, but the degree of impact is not as strong as the above environmental factors.展开更多
The world is projected to experience an approximate doubling of atmospheric CO_2 concentration in the next decades. Rise in atmospheric CO_2 level as one of the most important reasons is expected to contribute to rais...The world is projected to experience an approximate doubling of atmospheric CO_2 concentration in the next decades. Rise in atmospheric CO_2 level as one of the most important reasons is expected to contribute to raise the mean global temperature 1.4 ℃-5.8 ℃ by that time. A survey from 128 countries speculates that global warming is primarily due to increase in atmospheric CO_2 level that is produced mainly by anthropogenic activities. Exposure of animals to high environmental temperatures is mostly accompanied by unwanted acceleration of certain biochemical pathways in their cells. One of such examples is augmentation in generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and subsequent increase in oxidation of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids by ROS. Increase in oxidation of biomolecules leads to a state called as oxidative stress(OS). Finally, the increase in OS condition induces abnormality in physiology of animals under elevated temperature. Exposure of animals to rise in habitat temperature is found to boost the metabolism of animals and a very strong and positive correlation exists between metabolism and levels of ROS and OS. Continuous induction of OS is negatively correlated with survivability and longevity and positively correlated with ageing in animals. Thus, it can be predicted that continuous exposure of animals to acute or gradual rise in habitat temperature due to global warming may induce OS, reduced survivability and longevity in animals in general and poikilotherms in particular. A positive correlation between metabolism and temperature in general and altered O_2 consumption at elevated temperature in particular could also increase the risk of experiencing OS in homeotherms. Effects of global warming on longevity of animals through increased risk of protein misfolding and disease susceptibility due to OS as the cause or effects or both also cannot be ignored. Therefore, understanding the physiological impacts of global warming in relation to longevity of animals will become very crucial challenge to biologists of the present millennium.展开更多
In life insurance business, longevity risk, i.e. the risk that the insured population lives longer than the expected, represents the heart of the risk assessment, having significant impact in terms of solvency capital...In life insurance business, longevity risk, i.e. the risk that the insured population lives longer than the expected, represents the heart of the risk assessment, having significant impact in terms of solvency capital requirements (SCRs) needed to front the firm obligations. The credit crisis has shown that systemic risk as longevity risk is relevant and that for many insurers it is actually the dominant risk. With the adoption of the Solvency II directive, a new area for insurance in terms of solvency regulation has been opened up. The international guidelines prescribe a market consistent valuation of balance sheets, where the solvency capital requirements to be set aside are calculated according to a modular structure. By mapping the main risk affecting the insurance portfolio, the capital amount able to cover the liabilities corresponds to each measured risk. In Solvency II, the longevity risk is included into underwriting risk module. In particular, the rules propose that companies use a standard model for measuring the SCRs. Nevertheless, the legislation under consideration allows designing tailor-made internal models. As regards the longevity risk assessment, the regulatory standard model leads to noteworthy inconsistencies. In this paper, we propose a stochastic volatility model combined with a so-called coherent risk measure as the expected shortfall for measuring the SCRs according to more realistic assumptions on future evolution of longevity trend. Finally empirical evidence is provided.展开更多
Biosynthesis of peanut stilbenes, including resveratrol as the secondary metabolites, could be enhanced by subjecting the kernels to germination and wound-stress. Investigations of the bio-elicited peanut sprout powde...Biosynthesis of peanut stilbenes, including resveratrol as the secondary metabolites, could be enhanced by subjecting the kernels to germination and wound-stress. Investigations of the bio-elicited peanut sprout powder (BPSP) addressed on characterization of the comprising stilbenes and effectiveness in longevity extension deserves intensive research. In this study, peanut kernels were subjected to germination and wound-stress in preparation of BPSP. The methanol extracts of BPSP were medium pressure liquid chromatographic (MPLC) fractionated and semi-preparative HPLC recovered and followed by instrumental identification and biological activity determinations of the isolated stilbenes. In longevity experiments, 16 female 11-mon-old BALB/c mice and both genders of 12-mon-old ICR mice were daily fed with BPSP supplemented diets at doses of 0, 0.1 and 0.5 g BPSP/kg bw for 750 and 762 days, respectively. Based on chemical characterization, enriched quantity of stilbenes in the BPSP up to ca. 1% (w/w) was detected. Two new stilbene compounds, namely, 4, 5’-dihydroxy-6’’-hydroxymethyl, 6’’-methylpyrano [2’’, 3’’: 3’, 4’] stilbene and 3, 4, 5’-trihydroxy-6’’, 6’’-dimethylpyrano [2’’, 3’’: 3’, 4’]stilbene along with 5 known stilbenes were isolated. The 7 stilbenes exhibited potent antioxidative and antiglycative activities and varied with structure-activity nature. Based on the resultant survival curves and average lifespans of both mouse models, basal diets supplemented with BPSP are effective to extend mouse longevity by a dose dependent manner. It is of merit to demonstrate that peanut kernels as a potent producer could be bio-elicited to biosynthesize a broad spectrum of bioactive stilbenes to prepare BPSP which is effective to extend mouse longevity as science-evidenced by the two long-term animal experiments.展开更多
In year 2001 a paper in the ANAS considered links between month of birth and longevity. In the following years we published four papers related to “big killers” (cardiac and oncology) that showed some differences in...In year 2001 a paper in the ANAS considered links between month of birth and longevity. In the following years we published four papers related to “big killers” (cardiac and oncology) that showed some differences in birth months distribution of this group and studied by LA, NS Gavrilov’s centenarians. The aim of this study was to study conception and birth months of another modern “big killer”—cerebral stroke (CVA) that is taking a leading role among cardiovascular causes of death in the last decades. Methods: 130,120 deaths of both gender CVA victims in Lithuania at 1989-2013 were studied. In addition to birth month, the months of conception (9 months before birth) were studied. Our data were compared with results of centenarians (birth of LA, NS Gavrilov’s study and transformed by authors also their conception month). Results: The maximum of births were January, March and May for CVA victims, while the analogical conception maximum were in April, June, May and July. The similar data for centenarians were that maximal births were in November, September, October (LA, NS Gavrilov) and conception in December, January, February. These results are similar to data related to cardiac and oncology deaths published in our previous publications. Conclusion: The conception and birth month of victims of CVA is different of similar data obtained by centenarians study. Different environmental conditions at different parts of the year and solar cycle can play a role affecting the embryo at early stages of development, predisposing to some pathologies in coming years of life.展开更多
Mastitis reduces milk production and causes culling. The NF-κB transcription factor RelA plays a central regulatory role in innate immunity. This study used a candidate gene approach to investigate associations betwe...Mastitis reduces milk production and causes culling. The NF-κB transcription factor RelA plays a central regulatory role in innate immunity. This study used a candidate gene approach to investigate associations between the synonymous C/G SNP rs48035703 in RELA with somatic cell count (SCC) and survival time. Blood samples were collected from 337 Holstein-Friesian heifers on 19 farms and genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Animals were monitored from 6 months until 2340 d of age. Pedigree, milk production and disease records were obtained. Genotype frequencies were CC 0.63, CG 0.30 and GG 0.06. The C allele had a favourable additive effect on survival: average longevities from birth were CC, 1872 d;CG, 1745 d and GG 1596 d (P < 0.003). Log transformed first lactation somatic cell count (SCC)data showed a significant association with this SNP using an allele substitution model (mean residuals ± SD: GG 0.30 ± 1.263;CG 0.22 ± 0.994, CC -0.04 ± 0.803, P < 0.05). More CC cows than expected were classified as intermediate and fewer as mastitic (30.4% v 45.9%) with respect to SCC class when categorised as 0 (unaffected), 1 (intermediate) and 2 (mastitic), whereas for CG heterozygotes fewer were intermediate and more were mastitic (12.1% v 60.3%) (p = 0.05). RELA rs48035703 CC genotype cows were therefore less likely to experience a high SCC and survived longer. These results support a role for RelA in combating mammary gland infection and warrant further studies in additional populations.展开更多
Many organisms have dormant stages with an extension of their life span to increase longevity, and deeper dormancy is usually related to greater longevity. In cereal crops, seed dormancy is significantly associated wi...Many organisms have dormant stages with an extension of their life span to increase longevity, and deeper dormancy is usually related to greater longevity. In cereal crops, seed dormancy is significantly associated with pre-harvest sprouting tolerance during seed development, as seed longevity is a valuable trait for seed banks and providing reliable crop seeds to farmers. In this study, we evaluated both seed dormancy and longevity in bread wheat based on germination and artificial aging tests. According to phenotypic clustering analysis, relative germination rate/potential and relative seedling vigor index were more effective to indicate seed longevity than relative electrical conductivity in wheat, while all the four investigated phenotypes of relative germination potential, relative germination rate, germination index and degree of seed dormancy fit well as a reflex of wheat seed dormancy. In the correlation analysis, the germination level of newly harvested grain negatively reflected its degree of seed dormancy, while the germination ability of grain after artificial aging reflected its seed longevity. However, in contrast to the current opinion in plant, seed dormancy was significantly negatively correlated to seed longevity in our study, and it was not an accidental phenomenon, for that the majority of accessions with high degree of seed dormancy had short seed longevity. To our knowledge, this is the first to report the negative association between seed dormancy and longevity in cereal crops. It would lead to further concerns about how to breed wheat with both prolonged seed longevity and deep dormancy to avoid pre-harvest sprouting.展开更多
Longevity and stay ability are parameters in any breeding programme. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Overstaying of a...Longevity and stay ability are parameters in any breeding programme. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Overstaying of any animal </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">o</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n a farm has got negative effects </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">on</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the farmer. Short stay also means early exit of good animal</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that could have been used for a longer time and more productive. The intention of this review paper is to emphasize the importance of models that an upcoming breeding program can use without affecting the quality of the herd. In this paper</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> longevity is taken purely on </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">performance measure. The functional and type traits of longevity should be studied further before all models are put into play. But the case of closed breeding programmes, performance traits are easily measurable because many animals will exit the herd as they have been sold to farmers hence many functional straits will be expressed outside the herd. Genetic evaluation of the Kenyan Sahiwal should account for inbreeding. This study has also </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">provided genetic and phenotypic parameters to enable </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">inclusion of longevity in the breeding objective for the Sahiwal cattle improvement pro</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gramme.展开更多
The Arabian;horse Equus caballus is belonging to family Equidae that all of its species are in danger of extinction. We sequenced 1059 nucleotides from three mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes for some breeds of t...The Arabian;horse Equus caballus is belonging to family Equidae that all of its species are in danger of extinction. We sequenced 1059 nucleotides from three mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes for some breeds of the Arabian and English horses designated for race, productivity and longevity in order to investigate their genetic variation. The sequenced genes were NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), cyto-chrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6). ATP6 discriminated among the different breeds where seven substitutions were recorded of which 2 were non-synonymous. The other loci recoded 8 synonymous substitutions of transitions most of which were among the breeds of longevity. The data of CO1 gene were used to construct the relationship of the Arabian horse to the thoroughbreds. Maximum-likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-joining (NJ) analytical methods were used. The two analytical methods showed clustering of the Arabian breeds in one group and the non-sister relationship within the thoroughbreds. One of the thoroughbreds clustered within the Arabian breeds suggesting the possibility of their out breeding. Increasing tendency in the variation of the studied genes was proportional to the utility of these genes in energy production within the mitochondria. The present study is therefore a preliminary step in the conservational efforts of the Arabian horse of equestrian..展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Direct selection for longevity results in improved health and fitness and even milk production of cows. However, longevity is lowly heritable and phenotypic informati...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Direct selection for longevity results in improved health and fitness and even milk production of cows. However, longevity is lowly heritable and phenotypic information is obtained at the end of an animal’s life. Traits expressed early in life and which are favorably correlated to longevity can be useful in selecting for this trait. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between longevity and age at first calving, first lactation calving interval, number of services per conception, first lactation milk yield, and first parity lactation length. Heritability estimates for measures of longevity were also calculated. The measures of longevity were time between birth and last milking in days (Long1), time between first calving and last milking record in months (Long2), number of lactations initiated (Long3), and total number of days in lactation over all lactations (Long4), total milk yield over all lactations (kg) (Long5). A series of five-variate animal models were fitted to estimate the nature and magnitude of genetic and phenotypic correlations between each measure of longevity and the fertility and production traits. Genetic correlations between measures of longevity and age at first calving, calving interval and number of services per conception were negative ranging from -0.14 ± 0.05 to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.96 ± 0.06, <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.06 ± 0.03 to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.67 ± 0.08 and <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.02 ± 0.02 to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.73 ± 0.34, respectively. Correlations between measures of longevity and first lactation milk yield ranged from 0.88 ± 0.01 to 0.97 ± 0.03. Those with first parity lactation length ranged from <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.10 to 0.72. Long1, Long4 and Long5, which measure time between birth and last milking day, total number of days in lactation over all lactations and total milk yield over all lactations (kg), respectively, had the highest heritability estimates. These three could therefore be used to directly select for longevity. Among the traits studied, first lactation milk yield and age at first calving had the highest genetic correlation with measures of longevity. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Therefore, first lactation milk yield and age at first calving could</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> therefore</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> be used to indirectly select for longevity.</span>展开更多
文摘As is known, the Great Red Spot (GRS) is one of the most mysterious sights in the solar system and is a strong storm that is quite large. According to the laws of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics, it should have disappeared several centuries ago, but scientists still observe it and cannot accurately explain this phenomenon. Since turbulence and atmospheric waves in the GRS region absorb the energy of its winds, the vortex loses energy by radiating heat. In the work, it is proved with a mathematical and non-classical approach that the GRS and anticyclones will live for a long time;otherwise, we had to first of all prove that the vortex threads (loops) and ovals could not exist. Based on these supports, mathematical methods prove their existence forever by observing a large vortex (GRS);moreover, they are sources of heat. When proofs are obtained, the results are consistent with the previous hypotheses of the researcher. The introduction of the work gives a comparison of various hypotheses;for example, one of them states that the decrease in the size of the GRS is only an illusory observation. Next, we first consider the applicability conditions for the mathematical justification of the hypothesis of the longevity of the Great Red Spot. The wind equation and the GRS are energized by absorbing smaller eddies and ovals, and this total energy is constant. With the help of the KH mechanism in the case of Brunt Vaisala, the frequencies (which can be calculated by a program with given formulas) are determined using very strictly mathematical evidence to substantiate the validity of the hypothesis about the longevity of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.21lzujbkydx036).
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has rich theories and techniques for health maintenance.Its cultural tradition of emphasizing health maintenance is not only related to its medical function of treating injuries and diseases and prolonging life span but also closely related to Daoism,which is the fundamental religious tenet of pursuing immortality in Chinese culture.As this paper reviews,the fanatical Daoist religious culture of pursuing immortality has influenced the formation of a medical culture in TCM that cares about longevity and values health and wellness.However,this health and wellness culture is more practical–it replaces immortality with longevity as the goal.The Daoist religious concept of longevity is preserved in the basic principles and ethical values of health care:it emphasizes the harmony and consistency of the spirit and the body.It turns a lifestyle of maintaining physical and spiritual health into the pursuit of an ideal state of life.As for the specific Daoist health techniques,there are various cases of inheritance,change or abandonment:TCM inherited most of the drugs and prescriptions from the Daoist longevity techniques based on natural medicines taking and formed a popular health culture of medicinal and dietary supplements;TCM also developed internal health techniques such as internal elixir and breathing practice from Daoist internal health maintenance techniques for physical health care and disease treatment;TCM did not completely accept recipe techniques such as inedia and sex manual from Daoism because they contradicted with its secularization concept,but their general value orientation of lightness and low desire also influenced its concept of health care.
基金supported by the grants from the National Swine Industry Technology System,China (CARS-36)the Guangdong Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System,Chinathe project from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2014 FY120800 and 2013 GA790001)
文摘In the present study, genetic parameters for longevity and genetic correlations with back fat (BF), average daily gain (ADG), and first mating age (FMA) were estimated from 19 300 Yorkshire and 18 378 Landrace sows from 12 farms derived from one breeding system. General linear models (GLM) were employed to estimate genetic correlations with heritability (h2). Longevity was defined by six different parameters (i.e., traits) and heritability ranged from h2=0.13 to 0.16 (P〈0.05) in both swine breeds. Genetic correlations between different longevity definitions were positive and high (r=0.79 to 0.99; P〈0.05). BF exhibited low positive genetic correlations (r=0.12 to 0.15; P〈0.05) with longevity traits identified in both pig breeds which were dependent on trait definition, whereas ADG and FMA showed weak negative genetic correlations with longevity traits. The influence of BF, ADG, and FMA on longevity traits was examined by dividing the production and reproductive traits into several numerical groups; the influence of each longevity trait was subsequently analyzed among the different groups. The results indicated BF was the best trait to improve longevity among BF, ADG, and FMA, which showed positive effects for almost all longevity traits. For Yorkshire sows, gilts with over 18 mm BF were most desirable; Landrace with 10.6-13 mm BF were suitable for longevity. ADG was not favorable for gilt selection, because the correlation between growth rate and longevity very low. For FMA, our results indicated gilts mating before 230 days exhibited a longer life span. Therefore, we suggest farmers should select for thicker back fat and mate at an earlier age to improve sow longevity.
基金the National Key Technologies R&D Program during the 11th Five-Year Plan period of China (2006BAD10B02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (39870433,30270769)
文摘The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dissolving incubation and higher temperature leaching were used to study the patterns of the nutrient release of the CRFs. The correlation analysis between the days at 25℃ and the hours at 80℃ of Trincote 1 and Trincote 2 for the same cumulative release rates were conducted. Patterns of cumulative nutrient release curve followed one factor quadratic regression equation at each given temperatures, and each of relative coefficient was bigger than 0.995. As the temperature increased, nutrients release of the CRFs increased. The longevity of resin coated CRFs were predicted by use of both the cumulative nutrients release equation at 80℃ and the regression equation of release time needed for the same cumulative release rates between 25 and 80℃. There were only 0.3-6.9% relative errors between the tested longevity and predicted one. In conclusion, the longevity of resin coated CRFs could be predicted more quickly and precisely by use of the higher temperature short-term leaching method than that of the traditional differential release rate. The longevity of resin coated CRF could be rapidly and precisely predicted in a few hours by application of the higher temperature shortterm leaching method.
文摘Numerous studies have shown associations between the FOXO3A gene, encoding the forkhead box 03 transcription factor, and human or specifically male longevity. However, the associations of specific FOXO3A polymorphisms with longevity remain inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis of existing studies to clarify these potential associations. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify studies of FOXO3A gene polymorphisms and longevity. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) were calculated by comparing the minor and major alleles. A total of seven articles reporting associations of FOXO3A polymorphisms with longevity were identified and included in this meta-analysis. These comprised 11 independent studies with 5241 cases and 5724 controls from different ethnic groups, rs2802292, rs2764264, rs13217795, rs1935949 and rs2802288 polymorphisms were associated with human longevity (OR = 1.36, 95% Cl = 1.10-1.69, P= 0.005; OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.04-1.37, P= 0.01; OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10-1.46, P= 0.001; OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.01-1.27 and OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.07-1.43, P= 0.003, respectively). Analysis stratified by gender indicated significant associations between rs2802292, rs2764264 and rs13217795 and male longevity (OR = 1.54, 95% Cl = 1.33-1.79, P〈 0.001; OR = 1.38, 95% Cl = 1,15-1.66, P= 0.001; and OR = 1.39, 95% Cl = 1.15-1.67, P= 0.001), but rs2802292, rs2764264 and rs1935949 were not linked to female longevity. Moreover, our study showed no association between rs2153960, rs7762395 or rs13220810 polymorphisms and longevity. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates a significant association of five FOXO3A gene polymorphisms with longevity, with the effects of rs2802292 and rs2764264 being male-specific, Further investigations are required to confirm these findings.
文摘The relationship between gross domestic pro- duct (GDP) and dietary profile, with a focus on polyamine intake, was investigated in 35 Asian countries. Data on food supply, GDP, and health condition were collected from databases of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Health Organization, respectively. The amount of polyamine intake from food was estimated using polyamine concentrations listed in published sources. The amounts of putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and total polyamines in 1000 kcal of food in Asian countries were 39.07 ± 17.98, 33.74 ± 14.35, 14.05 ± 6.60 and 86.85 ± 33.96 μmol/1000 kcal, respectively. Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine constituted 44, 39, and 17% of total polyamine, respectively. Vegetables contributed the largest amount of both putrescine and spermidine and the second largest amount of spermine (45.5%, 62.2% and 27.2% of total putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, respectively). Meat was the richest source of spermine and contributed the greatest amount (50%) of this polyamine. We showed a significant positive association between GDP and the amount of polyamine per 1000 kcal of food. Lifespan was associated with both GDP and the amount of polyamine per energy quotient of food. As several basic research studies have shown that polyamines help prolong longevity, it follows that polyamines may have a role in determining the lifespan of humans.
基金financial support of the Austrian Ministry for Transport,Innovation and Technology(BMVIT)and the Austrian Science Fund(FWF)via the project TRP46-B19Part of the study was conducted using a travel grant provided by the European Science Foundation(ESF).
文摘Longevity is regarded as the most important functional trait in cattle breeding with high economic value yet low heritability. In order to identify genomic regions associated with longevity, a genome wise association study was performed using data from 4887 Fleckvieh bulls and 33,556 SNPs after quality control. Single SNP regression was used for identification of important SNPs including eigenvectors as a means of correction for population structure. SNPs selected with a false discovery rate threshold of 0.05 and with local false discovery rate identified genomic regions associated with longevity which were subsequently cross checked with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. This, to identify interesting genes in cattle and their homologue forms in other species. The most notable genes were SYT10 located on chromosome 5, ADAMTS3 on chromosome 6, NTRK2 on chromosome 8 and SNTG1 on chromosome 14 of the cattle genome. Several of the genes found have previously been associated with cattle fertility. Poor fertility is an important culling reason and thereby affects longevity in cattle. Several signals were located in regions sparse with described genes, which suggest that there might be several other non-identified genetic pathways for this important trait.
基金Supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR),King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah(Grant No.407/142/1434)
文摘Objective: To analyse the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine(DEC), tetramisole and chlorpromazine on the longevity and activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in the microi lariae recovered from the peripheral circulation of the rats before and after the treatment.Methods: Setaria cer vi worms were implanted in white rats via laparotomy and microfilaraemic rats were divided into 4 groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were treated with DEC, tetramisole and chlorpromazine respectively, while Group 4 served as infected control. Longevity of microi lariae and dif erential leucocyte counts were recorded till the disappearance of microi lariae from peripheral blood. Glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase enzymes were localized in the microi lariae recovered from normal and treated rats.Results: The microi lariae survived for 48 days in untreated rats while survival was reduced to 15, 21 and 27 days after treatment with DEC, tetramisole and chlorpromazine, respectively. Eosinophils and neutrophils increased during 2nd and 3rd weeks, whereas the lymphocytes increased during 4-7 weeks. DEC treatment resulted in slight decrease in the localization of succinate dehydrogenase but not in glucose-6-phosphatase. Tetramisole and chlorpromazine treatment did not show any appreciable change in the localization of both the above enzymes. Conclusions: DEC proved the most ef ective drug which cleared the microi laraemia within 15 days and reduced the activity of succinate dehydrogenase to some extent followed by tetramisole and chlorpromazine which took more time for the clearance of microi lariae and had no ef ect on the localization of both glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education,Malaysia through MTUN-Co E Research Grant(RDU121216)FRGS Research Grant(RDU140112)
文摘This paper reports on the longevity of glycerol-dry(CO2) reforming over the lanthanum(La) promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts.The XRD results showed that the Ni particle was well-dispersed in the presence of La promoter.In addition,via the NH3-TPD analysis,it was found that the La promoter has reduced the acidity of Ni catalyst which may have explained the mitigation of carbon laydown.It was determined that the 3.0 wt% La-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst possessed the largest BET specific surface area of 97 m2 g-1.Consequently,it yielded the best catalytic longevity performance with conversion attained more than 90%,even after 72 h of reaction duration.Significantly,it can be confirmed that the presence of CO2 during the glycerol dry reforming was essential in reducing carbon deposition,most likely via gasification pathway.This has ensured a stability of catalytic activity for a long reaction period(72 h).
文摘Background: Occupation is a significant factor in life, health and well-being. Long-term military service is a unique career path that may influence life expectancy, even after excluding obvious risks such as battlefield mortality. However, it remains unclear what the effects of a military career are on the life trajectory of personnel who retire from service. We aimed to compare life expectancy among retired military personnel(RMP) to their sex- and birth cohortspecific reference populations.Methods: For this historical-cohort study we collected data on sex, year of birth, year of death, time in service, and rank at end of service for 4,862 Israeli RMPs. Data on reference populations were provided by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, by birth decade from 1900 to 1989. We calculated the difference between each individual RMP's age at death and the "expected" age at death, based on sex- and birth cohort-specific means in the reference populations. Results: Overall, 67.9% of RMPs lived longer than average relative to their sex specific birth cohort. This difference in life expectancy was more pronounced among women than among men. There was a significant trend of increasing difference between RMP males and reference males over time(P<0.002), whereas no significant trend was identified among females. Length of service and rank were not associated with relative longevity for RMPs.Conclusions: The mechanism of the protective effect of military service on life expectancy remains unknown, but our findings indicate that it affects men and women differently, with women being more likely to benefit from the protective effect of military service. The healthy worker effect is known to vary from one occupation to another. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quantify the magnitude of the healthy worker effect among career military servicemen and women.
文摘Based on the current literature, this paper is mainly intended to test whether environmental factors and socio-economic factors will have direct effect on the longevity at county level in China in order to determine the major determinants affecting local longevity level. Using the multi-regression model, we find the result that factors such as temperature, climate, longitude, type of soils, as well as type of agricultural food production play a major role in shaping the longevity at county level, and that socio- economic factors like infant mortality and gross death rate also have some direct impact on longevity, but the degree of impact is not as strong as the above environmental factors.
基金Supported by Biswaranjan Paital availed Dr.D.S. Kothari PDF fellowship scheme during writing the paper,No.F.4-2/2006(BSR)/13-853/2013(BSR)
文摘The world is projected to experience an approximate doubling of atmospheric CO_2 concentration in the next decades. Rise in atmospheric CO_2 level as one of the most important reasons is expected to contribute to raise the mean global temperature 1.4 ℃-5.8 ℃ by that time. A survey from 128 countries speculates that global warming is primarily due to increase in atmospheric CO_2 level that is produced mainly by anthropogenic activities. Exposure of animals to high environmental temperatures is mostly accompanied by unwanted acceleration of certain biochemical pathways in their cells. One of such examples is augmentation in generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and subsequent increase in oxidation of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids by ROS. Increase in oxidation of biomolecules leads to a state called as oxidative stress(OS). Finally, the increase in OS condition induces abnormality in physiology of animals under elevated temperature. Exposure of animals to rise in habitat temperature is found to boost the metabolism of animals and a very strong and positive correlation exists between metabolism and levels of ROS and OS. Continuous induction of OS is negatively correlated with survivability and longevity and positively correlated with ageing in animals. Thus, it can be predicted that continuous exposure of animals to acute or gradual rise in habitat temperature due to global warming may induce OS, reduced survivability and longevity in animals in general and poikilotherms in particular. A positive correlation between metabolism and temperature in general and altered O_2 consumption at elevated temperature in particular could also increase the risk of experiencing OS in homeotherms. Effects of global warming on longevity of animals through increased risk of protein misfolding and disease susceptibility due to OS as the cause or effects or both also cannot be ignored. Therefore, understanding the physiological impacts of global warming in relation to longevity of animals will become very crucial challenge to biologists of the present millennium.
文摘In life insurance business, longevity risk, i.e. the risk that the insured population lives longer than the expected, represents the heart of the risk assessment, having significant impact in terms of solvency capital requirements (SCRs) needed to front the firm obligations. The credit crisis has shown that systemic risk as longevity risk is relevant and that for many insurers it is actually the dominant risk. With the adoption of the Solvency II directive, a new area for insurance in terms of solvency regulation has been opened up. The international guidelines prescribe a market consistent valuation of balance sheets, where the solvency capital requirements to be set aside are calculated according to a modular structure. By mapping the main risk affecting the insurance portfolio, the capital amount able to cover the liabilities corresponds to each measured risk. In Solvency II, the longevity risk is included into underwriting risk module. In particular, the rules propose that companies use a standard model for measuring the SCRs. Nevertheless, the legislation under consideration allows designing tailor-made internal models. As regards the longevity risk assessment, the regulatory standard model leads to noteworthy inconsistencies. In this paper, we propose a stochastic volatility model combined with a so-called coherent risk measure as the expected shortfall for measuring the SCRs according to more realistic assumptions on future evolution of longevity trend. Finally empirical evidence is provided.
文摘Biosynthesis of peanut stilbenes, including resveratrol as the secondary metabolites, could be enhanced by subjecting the kernels to germination and wound-stress. Investigations of the bio-elicited peanut sprout powder (BPSP) addressed on characterization of the comprising stilbenes and effectiveness in longevity extension deserves intensive research. In this study, peanut kernels were subjected to germination and wound-stress in preparation of BPSP. The methanol extracts of BPSP were medium pressure liquid chromatographic (MPLC) fractionated and semi-preparative HPLC recovered and followed by instrumental identification and biological activity determinations of the isolated stilbenes. In longevity experiments, 16 female 11-mon-old BALB/c mice and both genders of 12-mon-old ICR mice were daily fed with BPSP supplemented diets at doses of 0, 0.1 and 0.5 g BPSP/kg bw for 750 and 762 days, respectively. Based on chemical characterization, enriched quantity of stilbenes in the BPSP up to ca. 1% (w/w) was detected. Two new stilbene compounds, namely, 4, 5’-dihydroxy-6’’-hydroxymethyl, 6’’-methylpyrano [2’’, 3’’: 3’, 4’] stilbene and 3, 4, 5’-trihydroxy-6’’, 6’’-dimethylpyrano [2’’, 3’’: 3’, 4’]stilbene along with 5 known stilbenes were isolated. The 7 stilbenes exhibited potent antioxidative and antiglycative activities and varied with structure-activity nature. Based on the resultant survival curves and average lifespans of both mouse models, basal diets supplemented with BPSP are effective to extend mouse longevity by a dose dependent manner. It is of merit to demonstrate that peanut kernels as a potent producer could be bio-elicited to biosynthesize a broad spectrum of bioactive stilbenes to prepare BPSP which is effective to extend mouse longevity as science-evidenced by the two long-term animal experiments.
文摘In year 2001 a paper in the ANAS considered links between month of birth and longevity. In the following years we published four papers related to “big killers” (cardiac and oncology) that showed some differences in birth months distribution of this group and studied by LA, NS Gavrilov’s centenarians. The aim of this study was to study conception and birth months of another modern “big killer”—cerebral stroke (CVA) that is taking a leading role among cardiovascular causes of death in the last decades. Methods: 130,120 deaths of both gender CVA victims in Lithuania at 1989-2013 were studied. In addition to birth month, the months of conception (9 months before birth) were studied. Our data were compared with results of centenarians (birth of LA, NS Gavrilov’s study and transformed by authors also their conception month). Results: The maximum of births were January, March and May for CVA victims, while the analogical conception maximum were in April, June, May and July. The similar data for centenarians were that maximal births were in November, September, October (LA, NS Gavrilov) and conception in December, January, February. These results are similar to data related to cardiac and oncology deaths published in our previous publications. Conclusion: The conception and birth month of victims of CVA is different of similar data obtained by centenarians study. Different environmental conditions at different parts of the year and solar cycle can play a role affecting the embryo at early stages of development, predisposing to some pathologies in coming years of life.
文摘Mastitis reduces milk production and causes culling. The NF-κB transcription factor RelA plays a central regulatory role in innate immunity. This study used a candidate gene approach to investigate associations between the synonymous C/G SNP rs48035703 in RELA with somatic cell count (SCC) and survival time. Blood samples were collected from 337 Holstein-Friesian heifers on 19 farms and genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Animals were monitored from 6 months until 2340 d of age. Pedigree, milk production and disease records were obtained. Genotype frequencies were CC 0.63, CG 0.30 and GG 0.06. The C allele had a favourable additive effect on survival: average longevities from birth were CC, 1872 d;CG, 1745 d and GG 1596 d (P < 0.003). Log transformed first lactation somatic cell count (SCC)data showed a significant association with this SNP using an allele substitution model (mean residuals ± SD: GG 0.30 ± 1.263;CG 0.22 ± 0.994, CC -0.04 ± 0.803, P < 0.05). More CC cows than expected were classified as intermediate and fewer as mastitic (30.4% v 45.9%) with respect to SCC class when categorised as 0 (unaffected), 1 (intermediate) and 2 (mastitic), whereas for CG heterozygotes fewer were intermediate and more were mastitic (12.1% v 60.3%) (p = 0.05). RELA rs48035703 CC genotype cows were therefore less likely to experience a high SCC and survived longer. These results support a role for RelA in combating mammary gland infection and warrant further studies in additional populations.
文摘Many organisms have dormant stages with an extension of their life span to increase longevity, and deeper dormancy is usually related to greater longevity. In cereal crops, seed dormancy is significantly associated with pre-harvest sprouting tolerance during seed development, as seed longevity is a valuable trait for seed banks and providing reliable crop seeds to farmers. In this study, we evaluated both seed dormancy and longevity in bread wheat based on germination and artificial aging tests. According to phenotypic clustering analysis, relative germination rate/potential and relative seedling vigor index were more effective to indicate seed longevity than relative electrical conductivity in wheat, while all the four investigated phenotypes of relative germination potential, relative germination rate, germination index and degree of seed dormancy fit well as a reflex of wheat seed dormancy. In the correlation analysis, the germination level of newly harvested grain negatively reflected its degree of seed dormancy, while the germination ability of grain after artificial aging reflected its seed longevity. However, in contrast to the current opinion in plant, seed dormancy was significantly negatively correlated to seed longevity in our study, and it was not an accidental phenomenon, for that the majority of accessions with high degree of seed dormancy had short seed longevity. To our knowledge, this is the first to report the negative association between seed dormancy and longevity in cereal crops. It would lead to further concerns about how to breed wheat with both prolonged seed longevity and deep dormancy to avoid pre-harvest sprouting.
文摘Longevity and stay ability are parameters in any breeding programme. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Overstaying of any animal </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">o</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n a farm has got negative effects </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">on</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the farmer. Short stay also means early exit of good animal</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that could have been used for a longer time and more productive. The intention of this review paper is to emphasize the importance of models that an upcoming breeding program can use without affecting the quality of the herd. In this paper</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> longevity is taken purely on </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">performance measure. The functional and type traits of longevity should be studied further before all models are put into play. But the case of closed breeding programmes, performance traits are easily measurable because many animals will exit the herd as they have been sold to farmers hence many functional straits will be expressed outside the herd. Genetic evaluation of the Kenyan Sahiwal should account for inbreeding. This study has also </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">provided genetic and phenotypic parameters to enable </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">inclusion of longevity in the breeding objective for the Sahiwal cattle improvement pro</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gramme.
文摘The Arabian;horse Equus caballus is belonging to family Equidae that all of its species are in danger of extinction. We sequenced 1059 nucleotides from three mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes for some breeds of the Arabian and English horses designated for race, productivity and longevity in order to investigate their genetic variation. The sequenced genes were NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), cyto-chrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6). ATP6 discriminated among the different breeds where seven substitutions were recorded of which 2 were non-synonymous. The other loci recoded 8 synonymous substitutions of transitions most of which were among the breeds of longevity. The data of CO1 gene were used to construct the relationship of the Arabian horse to the thoroughbreds. Maximum-likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-joining (NJ) analytical methods were used. The two analytical methods showed clustering of the Arabian breeds in one group and the non-sister relationship within the thoroughbreds. One of the thoroughbreds clustered within the Arabian breeds suggesting the possibility of their out breeding. Increasing tendency in the variation of the studied genes was proportional to the utility of these genes in energy production within the mitochondria. The present study is therefore a preliminary step in the conservational efforts of the Arabian horse of equestrian..
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Direct selection for longevity results in improved health and fitness and even milk production of cows. However, longevity is lowly heritable and phenotypic information is obtained at the end of an animal’s life. Traits expressed early in life and which are favorably correlated to longevity can be useful in selecting for this trait. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between longevity and age at first calving, first lactation calving interval, number of services per conception, first lactation milk yield, and first parity lactation length. Heritability estimates for measures of longevity were also calculated. The measures of longevity were time between birth and last milking in days (Long1), time between first calving and last milking record in months (Long2), number of lactations initiated (Long3), and total number of days in lactation over all lactations (Long4), total milk yield over all lactations (kg) (Long5). A series of five-variate animal models were fitted to estimate the nature and magnitude of genetic and phenotypic correlations between each measure of longevity and the fertility and production traits. Genetic correlations between measures of longevity and age at first calving, calving interval and number of services per conception were negative ranging from -0.14 ± 0.05 to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.96 ± 0.06, <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.06 ± 0.03 to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.67 ± 0.08 and <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.02 ± 0.02 to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.73 ± 0.34, respectively. Correlations between measures of longevity and first lactation milk yield ranged from 0.88 ± 0.01 to 0.97 ± 0.03. Those with first parity lactation length ranged from <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.10 to 0.72. Long1, Long4 and Long5, which measure time between birth and last milking day, total number of days in lactation over all lactations and total milk yield over all lactations (kg), respectively, had the highest heritability estimates. These three could therefore be used to directly select for longevity. Among the traits studied, first lactation milk yield and age at first calving had the highest genetic correlation with measures of longevity. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Therefore, first lactation milk yield and age at first calving could</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> therefore</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> be used to indirectly select for longevity.</span>