Correlation analysis of longitudinal cracks and vertical deformation within asphalt pavement of cold regions

The asphalt pavement longitudinal crack is a common distress in cold regions,resulting from uneven deformation of the subgrade.Analysis of the correlation law between uneven deformation and crack distress is of positive significance for understanding the mechanism of crack initiation,and putting forward treatment measures.In view of the complexity of longitudinal crack inducement and road surface deformation,the grey relational method was used to analyze this relationship.Through long-term monitoring of the vertical deformation data of typical road sections,the vertical deformation law of the pavement surface and its deformation characteristics under the action of temperature field are analyzed.Parameters such as vertical relative deformation,vertical relative deformation rate and vertical differential deformation VDSr were constructed to describe vertical deformation characteristics.Typical distribution characteristics of longitudinal fractures and their length and distribution characteristics are also described.The grey correlation analysis theory was utilized to analyze the relationship between deformation characteristics of sections,cross sections and monitoring points and longitudinal crack characteristics(length and location).The analysis reveals a linear positive correlation or a high correlation between several indicators.This study can provide a deeper understanding of the occurrence and development mechanism of longitudinal cracks in asphalt pavement of cold areas,and give references for the research of road engineering structure,materials and distress prevention.

Significance of pollen and spores distribution to the barrier function of the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region,Southwest China

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.

Discussion on the relationship between longitudinal cracks and alignment of subgrade in permafrost regions

At present, embankment longitudinal cracks are a major problem in highways through permafrost regions, and seriously affect traffic safety and the normal operations of the highway. In the past, roadbed height in permafrost regions was relatively low, and embankment cracks were rare and did not affect traffic safety. Thus, highway designers and researchers paid little attention to this problem, and they knew very little about distribution laws and mechanism of embankment longitudinal cracks. Due to this lack of knowledge, there is no uniform opinion on this problem, making it difficult to find measures that will mediate the impact of longi- tudinal crocks. Temperature is a major factor that affects and controls embankment stability in permafrost regions, especially in ice-rich and high-temperature regions, and solar radiation is the principal factor that determines surface temperatures. Under higher embankment, the difference of temperature will be larger between a sunny slope and a shady slope. Hence, the probability for longitudinal cracks generation is higher. In this paper, a survey and analysis of longitudinal cracks along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway were carried out. The longitudinal cracks are found to be related to the road strikes. Solar radiation is considered to play an important role in the generation of longitudinal cracks.

Variations and trends of trans-boundary runoff in the longitudinal range-gorge region

The mountainous hydrological process usually shows high variation to climate change and human action. In the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region（LRGR）, Southwestern China and Southeast Asian, the transboundary runoff variations are much more sensitive and complex under the interaction of climate change, ＂corridor-barrier＂ functions in LRGR,and dams building. In this paper, based on the long hydrological records（1956-2013） from three mainstream hydrological stations in Nu River,Lancang River, and Red River, the region runoff variations were analyzed. The results show out： i） the regional runoff changes were strongly influenced by the ＂Corridor-Barrier＂ functions in LRGR from west to east, the variability extent of annual runoff increased, but tended to decrease after 2009 and the reduced extents also increased; ii） the annual runoff change in the three rivers had high concentration degrees; iii） there were periodicities of 33 years of runoff change in Nu River and Lancang River, and 30 years in Red River, and the lower flow period would continue for 8-9 years in Nu River and Lancang River but only for 4 years in Red River; iv） since 2010, as the two mega dams of Xiaowan and Nuozhadu built in Lancang River mainstream, their variations of annual runoff were quite different. The research results could offer a scientific base for sustainable utilization,conservation, and management of the regional water resources

寒区隧道内气温分布特征及影响因素

受严寒气候影响,寒冷地区的隧道工程普遍面临不同程度的衬砌挂冰、冻融损伤甚至开裂、路面结冰、排水系统冻结失效等一系列冻害问题,给隧道工程的建设和运营带来了极大的挑战。负温环境是隧道冻害产生的必要条件,掌握隧道内气温沿进深方向的分布是寒区隧道冻害研究和工程防治措施采取的基础和前提。然而,不同寒区隧道工程的隧址区环境气象、工程结构和交通情况等因素各不相同,导致不同隧道内气温的分布特征存在显著差异。因此,准确地预测和获取寒区隧道内气温纵向分布仍是亟待解决的问题。为得到寒区隧道内气温分布特征及其影响因素,本文采用文献调研和数据统计与分析的方法,收集整理了我国52座寒区隧道内气温的现场监测数据以及相关影响因素数据。依据寒区隧道内气温分布特征,将其划分为对称型、非对称型和贯通型三类,并对各类型寒区隧道的长度和埋深情况进行了统计分析。在此基础上,探讨了隧址区气温和隧道围岩地热以及洞内通风对隧道内气温分布的影响机制,之后针对引起隧道内空气流动的自然风、工程建设、机械通风和交通情况四类因素进行了分析,并指出各类因素的主次影响顺序。研究表明,当隧道两端洞口自然环境要素基本相同且两端洞口高差不大时,隧道内气温往往呈对称型分布;当隧道内存在较大纵坡坡度或受洞外盛行风向影响时,隧道内气温多呈非对称型分布;而当隧道长度较短、埋深小且盛行单向风时,隧道内气温分布常为贯通型。隧址区(隧道进出口)环境气温对隧道内气温分布起决定性作用,隧道埋深状况决定了地热作用从而对洞内气温产生重要影响。通风是影响隧道内气温的关键因素,其中自然风、工程中纵坡设计因素分别为进出口高差较小、长度较短的隧道和进出口高差较大、长度较长的隧道内气温分布的主导因素,工程附属结构、机械通风、交通情况为相对次要因素。本研究工作可为寒区隧道冻害问题研究和保温设防设计以及运营维护提供参考。

Regional patterns of atrophy on MRI in Alzheimer’s disease: Neuropsychological features and progression rates in the ADNI cohort

Background: Discrete clinical and pathological subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with variable presentations and rates of progression are well known. These subtypes may have specific patterns of regional brain atrophy, which are identifiable on MRI scans. Methods: To examine distinct regions which had distinct underlying patterns of cortical atrophy, factor analytic techniques applied to structural MRI volumetric data from cognitively normal (CN) (n = 202), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) (n = 333) or mild AD (n = 146) subjects, in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database was applied. This revealed the existence of two neocortical (NeoC-1 and NeoC-2), and a limbic cluster of atrophic brain regions. The frequency and clinical correlates of these regional patterns of atrophy were evaluated among the three diagnostic groups, and the rates of progression from aMCI to AD, over 24 months were evaluated. Results: Discernable patterns of regional atrophy were observed in about 29% of CN, 55% of aMCI and 83% of AD subjects. Heterogeneity in clinical presentation and APOE ε4 frequency were associated with regional patterns of atrophy on MRI scans. The most rapid progression rates to dementia among aMCI subjects (n = 224), over a 24-month period, were in those with NeoC-1 regional impairment (68.2%), followed by the Limbic regional impairment (48.8%). The same pattern of results was observed when only aMCI amyloid positive subjects were examined. Conclusions: The neuroimaging results closely parallel findings described recently among AD patients with the hippocampal sparing and limbic subtypes of AD neuropathology at autopsy. We conclude that NeoC-1, Limbic and other patterns of MRI atrophy may be useful markers for predicting the rate of progression of aMCI to AD and could have utility selecting individuals at higher risk for progression in clinical trials.

高寒地区后张PC梁孔道冻胀损伤研究

预应力孔道内压浆料浆液及自由水冻胀致使混凝土沿纵向开裂,是高寒地区后张预应力混凝土(PC)梁特有的病害,严重影响结构的安全性、适用性、耐久性.为了明确病害特征,对冻胀受损梁体进行钻孔和解剖检测,进一步精细定量地研究冻胀效应,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立孔道冻胀非线性模型,开展压浆料浆液冻胀行为分析和自由水冻胀参数分析,研究孔道内压浆液冻胀率和自由水体积的控制指标.研究结果表明:高寒地区后张PC结构孔道压浆后,受冻并先后发生压浆料浆液冻胀和自由水冻胀,致使孔道周围混凝土反复受拉而沿纵向开裂;压浆料浆液的体积膨胀率宜控制在0.80%以内,最高不得超过1.73%;泌水体积比宜控制在0.04%以内,最高不得超过0.52%,由此可有效降低孔道内压浆液及自由水冻胀的风险.

东北黑土区长缓坡耕地横坡垄作与地形对土壤可蚀性的交互作用

【目的】东北黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀日益加重,研究横坡垄作与地形对土壤可蚀性K值的交互作用,为东北黑土区坡耕地水土流失的精准防控提供科学依据。【方法】选取黑龙江省北安市红星农场内典型坡耕地为研究对象,在横坡垄作方向与顺坡水线方向共布设25个采样点,并计算相应样点的土壤可蚀性K值,采用单因素方差分析(One-wayANOVA)检验土壤可蚀性K值的差异性,并使用地理探测器模型探讨土壤可蚀性K值的影响因子及其交互作用。【结果】横坡垄作方向,土壤可蚀性K值在垄台呈现从坡顶到坡足逐渐减小的变化趋势,坡足比坡顶减小幅度为6.2%;在垄沟呈现从坡肩到坡足逐渐减小的变化趋势,坡足比坡肩减小幅度为5.8%。顺坡水线方向,由于垄台对地表径流的阻挡作用,垄台和垄沟土壤可蚀性K值沿着坡面并没有明显的变化趋势。地理探测器分析表明,横坡垄作对土壤可蚀性K值的影响最大,其垄台和垄沟的解释率分别达51%和18%以上;横坡垄作与其他因子的交互作用增强了对土壤可蚀性K值的解释能力,特别是横坡垄作与地形的交互作用尤为明显。【结论】黑土区坡耕地土壤可蚀性K值具有明显的空间变异性,横坡垄作与地形对土壤可蚀性的影响存在明显的交互作用,横坡垄作可以显著拦蓄径流,减少土壤侵蚀,但因黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作的坡缓而长,在坡足处易于汇集径流,依然有“断垄”潜在风险。

Interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous and hilly regions with an integrated strategy:a longitudinal case study in Sichuan,China

Background:Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in China.Since 2004,an integrated strategy was developed to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China.However,the long-term effectiveness of this integrated strategy for the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission remains unknown in the mountainous and hilly regions of China until now.This longitudinal study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated strategy on transmission interruption of schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province from 2005 through 2014.Methods:The data regarding replacement of bovines with machines,improved sanitation,access to clean water,construction of public toilets and household latrines,snail control,chemotherapy,and health education were captured from the annual report of the schistosomiasis control programmes in Sichuan Province from 2005 to 2014,and S.japonicum infection in humans,bovines and snails were estimated to evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated strategy.Results:During the 10-year period from 2005 through 2014,a total of 536568 machines were used to replace bovines,and 3284333 household lavatories and 15523 public latrines were built.Tap water was supplied to 19116344 residents living in the endemic villages.A total of 230098 hm2 snail habitats were given molluscicide treatment,and 357233 hm2 snail habitats received environmental improvements.There were 7268138 humans and 840845 bovines given praziquantel chemotherapy.During the 10-year study period,information,education and communication(IEC)materials were provided to village officers,teachers and schoolchildren.The 10-year implementation of the integrated strategy resulted in a great reduction in S.japonicum infection in humans,bovines and snails.Since 2007,no acute infection was detected,and no schistosomiasis cases or infected bovines were identified since 2012.In addition,the snail habitats reduced by 62.39%in 2014 as compared to that in 2005,and no S.japonicum infection was identified in snails since 2007.By 2014,88.9%of the endemic counties achieved the transmission interruption of schistosomiasis and transmission control of schistosmiasis was achieved in the whole province in 2008.Conclusion:The government-directed and multi-department integrated strategy is effective for interrupting the transmission of schistosomiasis in the mountainous and hilly regions of China.

Range of ecological impact of highway construction in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region,China

The major features of different road sections were identified.Methods quantitatively determining the ecological impact of highway construction were discussed,and a demonstration was presented.The Dabao highway(from Dali to Baoshan)and the Sixiao highway(from Simao to Xiaomengyang)passing through the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region were used as examples in this paper.For the normal road sections having no important species to protect,a method of ecosystem health assessment was introduced to calculate the overall range of the ecological impact of highway construction.For the road sections having plants or soils of interest,indexes were selected and the range of impact was determined using mathematical methods such as regression analysis and variance analysis.The range of impact on animal populations was also discussed in terms of the minimum living areas required by animal populations and the fragmentation caused by highway construction.The results indicate that the zones impacted by highway construction were composed of both regular and anomalous figures,the range of impacts for different landforms of the two sample highways were substantially different;highway construction had dramatic effects on roadside ecosystem health;the impact on soil factors of farmland was greater than 200 m,and the distance may exceed 1000 m when important large animals were considered.

基于病害特征的湿热地区公路沥青路面破损状况评价研究

针对目前规范中的路面损坏状况指数PCI存在部分地区不适用、难以指导养护决策等问题,该研究通过调研广东省公路沥青路面的损坏状况,基于湿热地区公路沥青路面病害特征,提出路面损坏状况综合指数I_(PCI,n),其包括横向裂缝状况指数I_(PCI,t)、纵向裂缝状况指数I_(PCI,l)、坑槽修补状况指数I_(PCI,p)和其余破损状况指数I_(PCI,a);建立基于不同沥青路面基层类型的横向裂缝评价模型和基于不同成因的纵向裂缝评价模型;分项指标权重采用包含动态客观权重和病害属性权重的组合权重,并将这两种权重视为被加权项,采用熵权理论计算组合权重;最后基于实际项目,对比I_(PCI,n)和PCI的评价结果,分析规范指标和I_(PCI,n)推荐养护措施与实际养护措施的差别。研究结果表明:I_(PCI,n)评定结果符合实际路况,其养护方案制定效率更高,针对性更强。

Mechanism of the effect caused by highway construction on plant biomass in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Taking Dabao （from Dali City to Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, China） and Sixiao （from Simao City to Xiaomengyang Town, Yunnan Province, China） highways in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region as examples. Biomass, coverage and photosynthesis rate of different plant types on sampling points （at the distances from road of 5, 20, 40, 80, 120 and 200 m） and their control points were estimated on ground. The relations among biomass, coverage, photosynthesis rate were analyzed with an aim to explore the mechanism of the effect caused by highway construction on plant biomass. The results show, i） the impacts of highway construction on plant biomass are both positive and negative. Arbor is mainly negatively impacted, while shrub and herbage are mainly positively impacted. The effect of highway construction decrease with the increase of distance from the road; ii） highway construction exert obvious influence on plant biomass through altering the physiologic processes （reflected by the plant number） and photosynthesis, iii） highway construc- tion will result in the decrease of arbor number, photosynthesis rate and biomass, and increase of plant number, photosynthesis rate and biomass of shrub and herbage.

The variation and regional differences of precipitation in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge the Region

这份报纸基于记录在 36 个气象学的车站在 1960 ～ 2001 期间观察了的每日的降雨在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 检验降水的地区性的差别。在不同空间、时间的规模的降水的地区性的差别被分析，在完成在 LRGR 的特殊走廊障碍功能下面。结果显示很靠近的连接在地区性的差别和走廊障碍功能之间存在：在北 LRGR 的大多数区域(> 26 湩？

Effects of highway construction on soil quality in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region in Yunnan Province

在在西南的中国的纵的范围峡区域包围生态系统之上的高速公路建设的影响基于地调查和试验性的分析被检测。我们在达利上进行了研究(从达利城市到丽江城市)省的道路， Dabao (从达利城市到 Baoshan 城市)高速公路和 Baolong (从 Baoshan 城市到 Longling 县)在纵的范围峡区域的高速公路用包围土壤质量的 space-for-time 替换，和预言的补习的方法玷污质量在包围上检测高速公路建设的效果。结果显示出那：(1 ) 自然、栽培的土壤质量上的高速公路建设的效果是重要的，并且效果比在使用的高速公路的时期在高速公路建设的时期是更重要的。(2 ) 高速公路建设的效果是更明显的在上比 upslope，和效果范围下坡是 200 m 在上下坡，当时 upslope 上的 150 m。(3 ) 土壤补习主要与高速公路建设，高速公路服务时间，植被恢复，土壤有机物和土壤的效果程度有关全部的氮，在哪个之中，高速公路建设是最重要的因素。(4 ) 当植被范围能被恢复到 30% 原来的状况时，土壤质量罐头在 10 年以后被补救到 44% 原来的状况，一旦它被破坏，显示土壤富饶补习是相当困难的。

Climatic control of plant species richness along elevation gradients in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 在种类丰富探索举起坡度并且评估气候的变量和区域怎么可以解释种类丰富的模式， 5 座山被选择。根据举起，山，种类丰富，区域的价值和气候的变量的维的坡度在每 100 m 地区被计算。在沿着举起坡度的种子工厂种类丰富和气候的变量和区域之间的关系被分析。结果显示出那：(1 ) 种类丰富的 Elevational 模式不是制服并且能被划分在到二种类型。种类丰富的价值在低地是更高的然后与在热带山增加举起 monotonically 减少。种类丰富在副热带的山在举起坡度的更低的一半向高价值与偏爱有单峰的模式。(2 ) 种类密度的模式在沿着举起坡度的种类丰富与那一样。(3 ) 在气候变量之中，实际土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量(AET ) 与种类丰富作为水精力平衡的大小有强壮的关系。在种类丰富的衰落在副热带的山的低地由于更高的温度和更少的降水。

Study on the spatial differences and its time lag effect on climatic factors of the vegetation in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

这篇文章包括温度和降水分析 NDVI 和二个气象学的数据的关联，并且探查回答植被的敏感到温度和降水变化的空间模式。由构造 NDVIr 索引，在在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 的植被盖子和陆地使用之间的关系被揭示。结论如下：(1 ) 时间落后那植被回答到温度和降水变化的效果被证明。不同区域有相应于最大的关联系数的不同延期时间。根据降水和温度联合的反应时间，也就是，三种温度降水形式被定义在一样的时间的降水和温度，在温度以前的降水和在降水以前的温度。(2 ) 敏感的空间分发，哪个对温度的植被回答，被几个高、低的散布关联中心描绘。与温度，二个感觉迟钝的区域和二条敏感的带不同被形成介绍植被的反应给降水。(3 ) NDVIr 被构造，它能完美地在 LRGR 反映在气象学的因素和陆地使用状况之间的相应关系。

Transboundary eco-security and its regulation system in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

这份报纸讨论了 transboundary eco 安全问题，他们的分发模式，特征和驱动力，和在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 的规定系统。除了沙灰尘暴风雨，主要 transboundary eco 安全问题能在 LRGR 沿着中国的陆上的边阶区域被发现。直接驱动力包括了串联水力发出的电力水坝，高速公路和国际航行开发的构造，斜坡陆地耕作和矿物质探索。Transboundary eco 安全问题沿着国际水路在陆上的区域，和下游的国家影响附近的区域。在邻国的生态的变化在 LRGR 在国内方面上有效果，例如种类侵略。综合措施应该被考虑，包括边阶 eco 保护工程和 transboundary 自然保护区的构造，生态的阀值安装，种类侵略控制，监视平台的 eco 安全的建立，组成生态的赔偿机制和法律(规则) 并且机构，和能力大楼。在 LRGR 处理 transboundary 问题的最重要的任务是国际性地形成参与合作机制，为 transboundary eco 安全建立资金，实现生态的赔偿策略，并且开发信息交换站台和警告系统。

Applicability of cumulus convective parameter schemes in RegCM3 to the rainfall over the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

为了测试丘的适用性，从 1982 ～ 2001 的在到在纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 上的降雨的 RegCM3 的对流参数计划， 5 月和夏天降雨与对流参数在 RegCM3 策划的不同的丘被模仿。与观察的对比模拟降雨的定量分析的结果显示对流参数计划有的那 Fritsch-Chappell 积云在 LRGR 上的 20 年的全部的 5 月降雨的最好的模拟能力，和对流参数计划拿的 Anthes-Kuo 丘的模拟能力第二个地方。对流参数计划有的 Anthes-Kuo 丘在 LRGR 上的 20 年的全部的夏天降雨的最好的模拟能力，和 Fritsch-Chappell 的模拟能力得到第二个地方。在 LRGR 上模仿的全部的降雨是不到观察的。模仿的结果内部在 LRGR 上的 5 月和夏天降雨的年度变化几乎与模仿 20 年的全部的降雨的一样。Anthes-Kuo 和对流参数策划的 Fritsch-Chappell 积云在 LRGR 上在 5 月和夏天使对流过程适应描述丘。