Effects of welding wire composition and welding process on the weld metal toughness of submerged arc welded pipeline steel

The effects of alloying elements in welding wires and submerged arc welding process on the microstructures and low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals have been investigated. The results indicate that the optimal contents of alloying elements in welding wires can improve the low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals because the proeutectoid ferrite and bainite formations can be suppressed, and the fraction of acicular ferrite increases. However, the contents of alloying elements need to vary along with the welding heat input. With the increase in welding heat input, the contents of alloying elements in welding wires need to be increased accordingly. The microstructures mainly consisting of acicular ferrite can be obtained in weld metals after four-wire submerged arc welding using the wires with a low carbon content and appropriate contents of Mn, Mo, Ti-B, Cu, Ni, and RE, resulting in the high low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals.

Microstructures and Plane Energy Spectra of X80 Pipeline Steel Welded Joints by Submerged Arc Automatic Welding

X80 pipeline steel was welded with submerged arc automatic welding, the microstructures, cavity sizes, fusion depths and plane scanning of chemical elements in the welded zone, fusion zone, heat affected zone and base steel were observed with OM（optical microscope） and SEM（scanning electron microscope）, respectively. The experimental results show that there is main acicular ferrite in the base steel and welded zone, the microscopic structure of fusion zone is a blocked bainite, and the heat affected zone is composed of multilateral ferrite and pearlite. M-A unit of the welded zone is the main factor to strengthen the welded zone, composed of acicular ferrites. The percentage of cavities in the welded joint is less than that in the base steel, which is beneficial to increasing its mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. The fusion depth in the fusion zone and welded zone is 101.13 μm and 115.85 μm, respectively, and the distribution of chemical elements in the welded zone is uniform, no enrichment phenomena.

Effect of the heat input on microstructure and properties of submerged arc welded joint of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel

SAW308L submerged arc welding wire and SJ601A submerged arc welding flux were selected to weld the 12 mm 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N low nickel and high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel plates with three different welding heat input,and microstructure,tensile properties,microhardness and corrosion properties of the welded joints were studied.The results show that no defects are found in the three groups of welded joints,and the welded joints have better performance.The tensile strength of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is slightly lower than that of the base metal,and fracture occurs in the weld zone,and the hardness of the weld zone is lower than that of the base metal.The weld microstructure of stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is composed of austenite+δferrite,and ferrite is uniformly distributed in austenite.With the increase of the welding heat input,the ferrite content in the weld zone decrease gradually,the grain size in the thermal affected zone increase gradually,and the impact toughness reduce.

Research on submerged arc welding wire for X100 pipeline steel

According to the study of the microstructure and properties of X100 pipeline steel, the welding consumable-wire based on Mn-Ni-Mo-B-Ti alloy system was successfully designed and developed. The yield strength of the deposited metal of the developed welding wire was 695 MPa, the tensile strength was 810 MPa, and Charpy impact energy was 92 J at negative 20 ℃ when matching with BSG-SJ101H1 sintered flux. The results of the weldability test for X100 pipeline steel which adopting this developed wire showed that the tensile strength of the weld was 827 MPa, 185 J of Charpy impact energy（ -10 ℃ ） , 97% of section of shear and the weld had good strength and toughness matching when the welding speed got to 1.7 m/min. The microstructure and fracture appearance of the weld were analyzed by using metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and laser confocal microscope, the results indicated that the microstructure was mainly granular bainite in the weld metal, and the fracture was dimple with 200 - 300 μm depth presenting a typical ductile fracture characteristics. The test of welding wire with different content of Ni and Cr element indicated that Ni was better than Cr in improving the strength and toughness of weld metal.

Development of the High Toughness Spirally Submerged Arc Welded Pipe Line

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Arc characteristics of submerged arc welding with stainless steel wire

The arc characteristics of submerged arc welding （SAW） with stainless steel wire were studied by using Analysator Hannover （AH）. The tests were carded out under the same preset arc voltage combined with different welding currents. By comparing the probability density distribution （PDD） curves of arc voltage and welding current, the changes were analyzed, the metal transfer mode in SAW was deduced, and the characteristics of a stable arc were summarized. The analysis results show that, with an increase of welding parameters, the short-circuiting peak in the PDD curves of arc voltage decreases gradually until it disappears, and the dominant metal transfer mode changes from flux-wall guided transfer to projected transfer and then to streaming transfer. Moreover, when the PDD curves of arc voltage are both unimodal and generally symmetrical, the greater the peak probability and the smaller the peak span, the more stable the arc becomes.

Three-roller continuous setting round process for longitudinally submerged arc welding pipes

In order to solve the problems of excess ovality and cross-section distortion of longitudinally submerged arc welding pipes after forming,a new three-roller continuous setting round process was proposed.This process can be divided into three stages:loading stage,roll bending stage and unloading stage.Based on the discretization idea,the mechanical model of the primary statically indeterminate problem of the longitudinally submerged arc welding pipes at the roll bending stage was established,and the deformation response was obtained.The simulation and theoretical results show that there are three positive bending regions and three reverse bending regions along the circumference of the pipe.The loading force of each roller shows growth,stability and downward trend with time.The error between the theoretical fitting curve and the simulated data point is very small,and the simulation results verify the reliability of the theoretical calculation.The experimental results show that the residual ovality decreases with the increase of the reduction,and the reduction of the turning point is the optimum reduction.In addition,the residual ovality of the pipe is less than 0.7%without cross-section distortion,which verifies the feasibility of this process.

Research & Development of Grade X70 LSAW Steel Pipes for West-East Gas Pipeline

In this article the research and development of X70 large diameter longitudinal seam submerged arc welded (LSAW) steel pipes for West East Gas Transportation Pipeline project (WEGTP) in China are introduced, including the key technique, fabrication of pipe production line, mass production and the latest progress of LSAW steel pipe technique.

Simulating molten pool features of shipbuilding steel subjected to submerged arc welding

Submerged arc welding process has been simulated to investigate the molten pool features of EH36 shipbuilding steel.One case only involved the surface tension model,and another one involved both the surface tension model and the interface tension model.The role of interface tension during welding is revealed,and the evolution of molten pool morphology is understood by comparing the surface temperature distribution,surface tension and interface tension distribution,and the streamline of the molten pool for the two cases.When the interface tension model is disregarded,a flow conducive to the outward expansion is formed in the surface area of the molten pool,resulting in a small weld depth-to-width ratio.After applying the interface tension model,the expanding outward flow is restrained,which leads to a deep penetration morphology with a large weld depth-to-width ratio due to the inward flow governed by the Marangoni forces.The simulation results involving the interface tension model have been verified with satisfactory predictability.

Microstructural Evolution and Toughness in the HAZ of Submerged Arc Welded Low Welding Crack Susceptibility Steel

Microstructural characteristics of different sub-regions of heat affected zone （HAZ） of low welding crack susceptibility steel weldment were investigated by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron backscattered diffraction system. And the focus was put on the correlation between microstructural characteristics and HAZ toughness of the weldment. The results reveal that the toughness of fusion line zone （FLZ） specimens is much lower than that of fine grained HAZ （FGHAZ） specimens. The coarse inclusions in the weld metal and the large martensite-austenite constituents in the coarse grained HAZ （CGHAZ） have an obvious negative effect on the crack initiation energy of FLZ. Meanwhile, the coarse granular bainite with large effective grain decreases the crack propagation energy seriously. By contrast, fine crystallographic grains in the FGHAZ play a key role in increasing toughness, especially in improving crack propagation energy.

Impact toughness variations of EH36 weld metal treated by CaF_(2)–SiO_(2)–MnO submerged arc welding flux

Fused ternary CaF_(2)–SiO_(2)–MnO fluxes have been manufactured and applied to join EH36 shipbuilding steel under high heat input submerged arc welding.Five fluxes have been designed to clarify the effect of MnO content in CaF_(2)–SiO_(2)–MnO flux on the impact toughness of the weld metal,with the added amount of MnO from 10 to 50 wt.%at the expense of CaF_(2).With the increase in MnO content,the Charpy impact energy increases first and then decreases,experiencing a maximum value at 30 wt.%MnO.Microstructure of the weld metals has also been studied to account for impact toughness variations.It has been demonstrated that the highest acicular ferrite volume fraction in the weld metal is achieved at 30 wt.%MnO,which is concurrent to the maximum value of Charpy impact energy.It is believed that the Mn and O content variations in the weld metal contribute synergistically to such an interesting phenomenon.

Multi-objective Optimization of Welding Parameters in Submerged Arc Welding of API X65 Steel Plates

Submerged arc welding（SAW）is one of the main welding processes with high deposition rate and high welding quality.This welding method is extensively used in welding large-diameter gas transmission pipelines and high-pressure vessels.In welding of such structures,the selection process parameters has great influence on the weld bead geometry and consequently affects the weld quality.Based on Fuzzy logic and NSGA-II（Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II）algorithm,a new approach was proposed for weld bead geometry prediction and for process parameters optimization.First,different welding parameters including welding voltage,current and speed were set to perform SAW under different conditions on API X65 steel plates.Next,the designed Fuzzy model was used for predicting the weld bead geometry and modeling of the process.The obtained mean percentage error of penetration depth,weld bead width and height from the proposed Fuzzy model was 6.06%,6.40% and 5.82%,respectively.The process parameters were then optimized to achieve the desired values of convexity and penetration indexes simultaneously using NSGA-II algorithm.As a result,a set of optimum vectors（each vector contains current,voltage and speed within their selected experimental domains）was presented for desirable values of convexity and penetration indexes in the ranges of（0.106,0.168）and（0.354,0.561）respectively,which was more applicable in real conditions.

耐候钢Q370qENH埋弧焊焊接接头锈蚀行为与机理研究

为了研究耐候钢Q370qENH埋弧焊材的锈蚀机理,对Q370qENH埋弧焊焊缝试样和基材试样进行浸泡腐蚀实验和电化学腐蚀实验,并对Q370qENH浸泡腐蚀后形成的锈层形貌和成分进行表征。结果表明,Q370qENH埋弧焊焊材焊缝处的耐蚀能力低于基材,其电化学阻抗为基材的38%。分析了Q370qENH埋弧焊材焊缝耐蚀能力低于基材的原因和表面锈层的形成机理,研究结果可为耐候钢在高速铁路钢桥等工程项目中的服役安全评估和维修养护提供科学依据和理论基础。

热输入对440 MPa级HSLA钢埋弧焊对接接头组织及性能的影响

采用20 kJ/cm,25 kJ/cm,30 kJ/cm三种焊接热输入进行440 MPa级HSLA钢埋弧焊试验,使用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、维氏硬度仪以及冲击试验机等实验仪器,研究了焊接热输入对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,三种不同的热输入下的焊缝金属的显微组织主要由先共析铁素体、侧板条铁素体、针状铁素体以及少量残余奥氏体组成,粗晶热影响区的显微组织主要由粒状贝氏体组成。随着焊接热输入的增加,焊缝金属中针状铁素体的含量不断降低,先共析铁素体和侧板条铁素体的含量逐渐升高;粗晶热影响区中粒状贝氏体的晶粒尺寸明显增大,焊缝金属中直径大于1μm的夹杂物占比从40.7%逐渐升高至59.9%,因此使得焊缝金属的强度和低温冲击韧性下降。当热输入为20 kJ/cm时,焊缝金属的平均硬度值最高,且低温冲击韧性达到最优;当热输入从20 kJ/cm开始增大时,焊缝冲击功从186 J下降至130 J,冲击断口中韧窝尺寸逐渐减小,深度变浅,断口形貌由韧性断裂向准解理断裂过渡,降低了裂纹扩展所需的能量,使得冲击吸收功不断减小。

30mm厚EH420船板钢三丝埋弧焊接温度场数值模拟研究

为了减少焊接时产生的高温对热影响区韧性的影响,分别研究了焊接线能量、焊丝功率分配、焊接电压和焊丝间隔对温度场的影响。基于Visual-Environment有限元软件,利用双椭球热源模型,对30 mm厚EH420船板钢三丝埋弧焊接温度场进行了数值模拟。结果表明:1)当线能量从150.26 kJ/cm降低到104.72 kJ/cm时,粗晶区峰值温度降低了322℃;2)当线能量相同时,前丝功率占比从25.00%上升到41.67%,且中丝功率占比不变的情况下,粗晶区峰值温度降低了56.79℃;3)提高焊接电压后,粗晶区峰值温度、熔深和熔宽变化较小;4)焊丝间隔从20 mm增加到45 mm,熔池长度增大了50 mm,并在焊丝间隔40 mm之后出现由单熔池向双熔池转变的现象,粗晶区峰值温度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,焊丝间隔在35 mm达到最高温度1183.62℃;5)从拟合结果得出,在焊接30 mm厚的EH420船板钢“Y”型坡口时,线能量应采用174.54 kJ/cm,在此线能量下前、中、后丝的功率占比采用15∶11∶7且焊丝间隔为20~30 mm,能够有效避免出现焊接缺陷。研究结果既可以保证焊接质量,又可以大幅提高焊接效率,为企业降本增效提供新方法。

U肋全熔透焊接正交异性板构造疲劳性能试验研究

为研究U肋与钢桥面不同焊接工艺接头的疲劳性能,以主跨408 m的中承式连续钢桁拱桥——武汉汉江湾桥主桥为背景,在传统单面埋弧焊基础上,提出一种先平位内焊再船位外焊的双面埋弧全熔透焊接技术,制作不同焊接工艺U肋与钢面板试件,开展丁字接头弯曲疲劳试验、焊接接头拉伸疲劳试验及3种典型构造细节疲劳试验,分析U肋与钢面板构造细节疲劳性能。结果表明:不同焊接方式下U肋与钢面板的疲劳强度差异明显,埋弧焊丁字接头的疲劳强度较高,大于342 MPa。U肋与钢面板双面埋弧熔透焊试件轴向拉伸状态下最低疲劳强度121.6 MPa,在-50~50 MPa拉-压循环应力幅和100 MPa拉应力幅下试件均未开裂;在120 MPa拉应力幅下,疲劳开裂加载次数均大于200万次,顶板内侧焊缝焊趾发生疲劳开裂。U肋与钢面板双面埋弧全熔透焊接构造细节疲劳性能优于单面焊及不开坡口的双面焊部分熔透构造细节,可以提高结构的耐久性和使用寿命。

大直径直缝埋弧焊管矫形工艺研究进展

大直径直缝埋弧焊管特别适用于长输油气管线以及严寒地带或深海海底管线的敷设要求。矫形工艺是大直径直缝埋弧焊管生产中的精整工序,直接决定了其尺寸精度,同时对其服役性能也有重要影响。总结了大型直缝焊管矫圆、矫直及复合矫形工艺研究进展,指出了不同矫形工艺存在的问题和未来发展方向,以期为油气管道研究人员和制造商提供技术参考。

油气输送焊管串列超声检测的技术要求与应用

首先介绍了串列超声检测的原理,然后简述了国家石油天然气管网集团及中国石油天然气股份有限公司的相关企业标准、壳牌标准、DNV GL标准关于SAWL(直缝埋弧焊管)、SAWH(螺旋埋弧焊管)、HFW(高频电阻焊管)的串列超声检测要求、串列超声检测参考反射体的制备方法及相关计算,最后探讨了串列超声检测探头布置和串列超声检测自动探报警后的复查方法。并明确,在超声波自动检测中引入串列超声检测,能有效保障焊管焊缝区域的全覆盖,有助于提高焊管产品质量。

热处理温度对1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属组织和性能的作用机制

采用丝级埋弧焊方法制备1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属,利用SEM、EBSD、XRD和TEM等微观分析方法研究了焊后热处理温度(500~620℃)对1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属组织演变的影响,并通过拉伸和冲击试验评估其力学性能.结果表明,随着热处理温度升高,1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属抗拉强度和屈服强度对比焊态(as welded,AW)先升高后降低,熔敷金属热处理后比AW韧性降低.1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属在540℃热处理时获得较好强韧匹配效果,抗拉强度1030MPa,屈服强度970 MPa,-40℃冲击韧性58 J.1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属在500~620℃热处理过程中M/A组元中的A逐渐分解为碳化物和铁素体,M在620℃热处理时生成逆转变奥氏体并保留至室温.碳化物对于位错具有钉扎作用,但随热处理温度升高碳化物对位错的钉扎作用减弱,位错通过滑移和攀移不断减少.熔敷金属析出的碳化物对位错的钉扎作用强于位错滑移的软化作用时,熔敷金属强度提高,碳化物对位错的钉扎作用弱于位错滑移的软化作用时基体组织软化,熔敷金属强度降低.析出的碳化物导致位错塞积,产生的应力集中区域成为裂纹源,使热处理态熔敷金属韧性低于AW.

12Cr2Mo1V钢凸台附加填充丝埋弧堆焊工艺研究

针对12Cr2Mo1V钢加氢反应器壳体凸台采用单丝埋弧焊进行堆焊、制造效率低的问题,研究了采用附加填充丝埋弧焊的焊接方法堆焊12Cr2Mo1V材质凸台本体的工艺可行性。研究结果表明,在12Cr2Mo1V钢上采用附加填充丝埋弧焊进行本体堆焊,焊接工艺性良好;其工艺评定试验的各项力学性能完全满足母材的要求,特别是-30℃夏比KV_(2)型缺口冲击试验冲击值均≥54 J,抗回火脆化倾向评定试验结果均满足v Tr54+3Δv Tr54≤0℃的要求。与单丝埋弧堆焊相比,两枪六丝附加填充丝埋弧堆焊凸台可提高生产效率200%~250%。该项工艺研究在满足加钒钢凸台性能的前提条件下,能极大缩短凸台制造周期、节能减排,为加氢反应器先进绿色制造的发展提供了新的制造手段。