Super-resolution longitudinally polarized light needle achieved by tightly focusing radially polarized beams

Based on the vector diffraction theory, a super-resolution longitudinally polarized optical needle with ultra-long depth of focus(DOF) is generated by tightly focusing a radially polarized beam that is modulated by a self-designed ternary hybrid(phase/amplitude) filter(THF). Both the phase and the amplitude patterns of THF are judiciously optimized by the versatile particle swarm optimization(PSO) searching algorithm. For the focusing configuration with a combination of a high numerical aperture(NA) and the optimized sine-shaped THFs, an optical needle with the full width at half maximum(FWHM) of 0.414λ and the DOF of 7.58λ is accessed, which corresponds to an aspect ratio of 18.3. The demonstrated longitudinally polarized super-resolution light needle with high aspect ratio opens up broad applications in high-density optical data storage, nano-photolithography, super-resolution imaging and high-efficiency particle trapping.

Semi-analytical investigation of heat transfer in a porous convective radiative moving longitudinal fin exposed to magnetic field in the presence of a shape-dependent trihybrid nanofluid

The thermal examination of a non-integer-ordered mobile fin with a magnetism in the presence of a trihybrid nanofluid(Fe_3O_4-Au-Zn-blood) is carried out. Three types of nanoparticles, each having a different shape, are considered. These shapes include spherical(Fe_3O_4), cylindrical(Au), and platelet(Zn) configurations. The combination approach is utilized to evaluate the physical and thermal characteristics of the trihybrid and hybrid nanofluids, excluding the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. These two properties are inferred by means of the interpolation method based on the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The governing equation is transformed into a dimensionless form, and the Adomian decomposition Sumudu transform method(ADSTM) is adopted to solve the conundrum of a moving fin immersed in a trihybrid nanofluid. The obtained results agree well with those numerical simulation results, indicating that this research is reliable. The influence of diverse factors on the thermal overview for varying noninteger values of γ is analyzed and presented in graphical representations. Furthermore, the fluctuations in the heat transfer concerning the pertinent parameters are studied. The results show that the heat flux in the presence of the combination of spherical, cylindrical, and platelet nanoparticles is higher than that in the presence of the combination of only spherical and cylindrical nanoparticles. The temperature at the fin tip increases by 0.705 759% when the value of the Peclet number increases by 400%, while decreases by 11.825 13% when the value of the Hartman number increases by 400%.

Structural and functional connectivity of the whole brain and subnetworks in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury:predictors of patient prognosis

Patients with mild traumatic brain injury have a diverse clinical presentation,and the underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood.Magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive technique that has been widely utilized to investigate neuro biological markers after mild traumatic brain injury.This approach has emerged as a promising tool for investigating the pathogenesis of mild traumatic brain injury.G raph theory is a quantitative method of analyzing complex networks that has been widely used to study changes in brain structure and function.However,most previous mild traumatic brain injury studies using graph theory have focused on specific populations,with limited exploration of simultaneous abnormalities in structural and functional connectivity.Given that mild traumatic brain injury is the most common type of traumatic brain injury encounte red in clinical practice,further investigation of the patient characteristics and evolution of structural and functional connectivity is critical.In the present study,we explored whether abnormal structural and functional connectivity in the acute phase could serve as indicators of longitudinal changes in imaging data and cognitive function in patients with mild traumatic brain injury.In this longitudinal study,we enrolled 46 patients with mild traumatic brain injury who were assessed within 2 wee ks of injury,as well as 36 healthy controls.Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging data were acquired for graph theoretical network analysis.In the acute phase,patients with mild traumatic brain injury demonstrated reduced structural connectivity in the dorsal attention network.More than 3 months of followup data revealed signs of recovery in structural and functional connectivity,as well as cognitive function,in 22 out of the 46 patients.Furthermore,better cognitive function was associated with more efficient networks.Finally,our data indicated that small-worldness in the acute stage could serve as a predictor of longitudinal changes in connectivity in patients with mild traumatic brain injury.These findings highlight the importance of integrating structural and functional connectivity in unde rstanding the occurrence and evolution of mild traumatic brain injury.Additionally,exploratory analysis based on subnetworks could serve a predictive function in the prognosis of patients with mild traumatic brain injury.

Longitudinal vibration characteristics of a tapered pipe pile considering the vertical support of surrounding soil and construction disturbance

This research is concentrated on the longitudinal vibration of a tapered pipe pile considering the vertical support of the surrounding soil and construction disturbance.First,the pile-soil system is partitioned into finite segments in the vertical direction and the Voigt model is applied to simulate the vertical support of the surrounding soil acting on the pile segment.The surrounding soil is divided into finite ring-shaped zones in the radial direction to consider the construction disturbance.Then,the shear complex stiffness at the pile-soil interface is derived by solving the dynamic equilibrium equation for the soil from the outermost to innermost zone.The displacement impedance at the top of an arbitrary pile segment is obtained by solving the dynamic equilibrium equation for the pile and is combined with the vertical support of the surrounding soil to derive the displacement impedance at the bottom of the upper adjacent segment.Further,the displacement impedance at the pile head is obtained based on the impedance function transfer technique.Finally,the reliability of the proposed solution is verified,followed by a sensitivity analysis concerning the coupling effect of the pile parameters,construction disturbance and the vertical support of the surrounding soil on the displacement impedance of the pile.

Research on the longitudinal protection of a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system based on the empirical wavelet transform

This paper proposes a longitudinal protection scheme utilizing empirical wavelet transform(EWT)for a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system,where both sides of a traction network line exhibit a distinctive boundary structure.This approach capitalizes on the boundary’s capacity to attenuate the high-frequency component of fault signals,resulting in a variation in the high-frequency transient energy ratio when faults occur inside or outside the line.During internal line faults,the high-frequency transient energy at the checkpoints located at both ends surpasses that of its neighboring lines.Conversely,for faults external to the line,the energy is lower compared to adjacent lines.EWT is employed to decompose the collected fault current signals,allowing access to the high-frequency transient energy.The longitudinal protection for the traction network line is established based on disparities between both ends of the traction network line and the high-frequency transient energy on either side of the boundary.Moreover,simulation verification through experimental results demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme across various initial fault angles,distances to faults,and fault transition resistances.

Factor Structure and Longitudinal Invariance of the CES-D across Diverse Residential Backgrounds in Chinese Adolescents

Background:Valid and reliable measures of depressive symptoms are crucial for understanding risk factors,outcomes,and interventions across rural and urban settings.Despite this need,the longitudinal invariance of these measures over time remains understudied.This research explores the structural components of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D)and examines its consistency across various living environments and temporal stability in a cohort of Chinese teenagers.Method:In the initial phase,1,042 adolescents furnished demographic details and undertook the CES-D assessment.After a three-month interval,967 of these participants repeated the CES-D evaluation.The study employed Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)to scrutinize the scale’s structural integrity.We investigated factorial invariance by conducting a twopronged CFA:one comparing urban vs.rural backgrounds,and another contrasting the results from the initial assessment with those from the follow-up.Results:The CES-D demonstrated adequate reliability in both rural and urban high school student samples.The preliminary four-factor model applied to the CES-D demonstrated a good fit with the collected data.Invariance tests,including multigroup analyses comparing rural and urban samples and longitudinal assessments,confirmed the scale’s invariance.Conclusions:The results suggest that the CES-D serves as a reliable instrument for evaluating depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents.Its applicability is consistent across different living environments and remains stable over time.

Distribution Line Longitudinal ProtectionMethod Based on Virtual Measurement Current Restraint

As an effective approach to achieve the“dual-carbon”goal,the grid-connected capacity of renewable energy increases constantly.Photovoltaics are the most widely used renewable energy sources and have been applied on various occasions.However,the inherent randomness,intermittency,and weak support of grid-connected equipment not only cause changes in the original flow characteristics of the grid but also result in complex fault characteristics.Traditional overcurrent and differential protection methods cannot respond accurately due to the effects of unknown renewable energy sources.Therefore,a longitudinal protection method based on virtual measurement of current restraint is proposed in this paper.The positive sequence current data and the network parameters are used to calculate the virtual measurement current which compensates for the output current of photovoltaic(PV).The waveform difference between the virtual measured current and the terminal current for internal and external faults is used to construct the protection method.An improved edit distance algorithm is proposed to measure the similarity between virtual measurement current and terminal measurement current.Finally,the feasibility of the protection method is verified through PSCAD simulation.

Perturbation solutions of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics for longitudinally expanding fireballs

The solutions of the relativistic viscous hydrodynamics for longitudinally expanding fireballs are investig-ated with the Navier-Stokes theory and Israel-Stewart theory.The energy and the Euler conservation equations for the viscous fluid are derived in Rindler coordinates,by assuming that the longitudinal expansion effect is small.Under the perturbation assumption,an analytical perturbation solution for the Navier-Stokes approximation and numerical solutions for the Israel-Stewart approximation are presented.The temperature evolution with both shear viscous ef-fect and longitudinal acceleration effect in the longitudinal expanding framework are presented.The specific temper-ature profile shows symmetric Gaussian shape in the Rindler coordinates.Further,we compare the results from the Israel-Stewart approximation with the results from the Bjorken and the Navier-Stokes approximations,in the pres-ence of the longitudinal acceleration expansion effect.We found that the Israel-Stewart approximation gives a good description of the early stage evolutions than the Navier-Stokes theory.

The equivalent circuit of ultrasonic coupling vibration of a longitudinally-excited short column

On the basis of apparent elasticity method,we derived the equiva-lent circuit of coupling vibration of a short column and discussed its frequencyequation and the effects of the load impedance on the resonant frequency of theshort column.By the equivalent circuit,we calculated the input mechanicalimpedance of the longitudinally-excited short column and the curves of the ap-parent vibration velocity ratio versus the geometrical dimensions of the column.It shows that the equivalent circuit method is a simple and convenient one toanalyze and calculate the coupling vibration of the short column.

Estimating aquifer transmissivity using Dar-Zarrouk parameters to delineate groundwater potential zones in Alluri Seetharama Raju District,Andhra Pradesh, India

This study aimed to explore groundwater potential zones in the EGMB of Alluri Seetharama Raju district, Andhra Pradesh, India, for drinking and agriculture purposes. To achieve this goal, 72 Vertical Electrical Soundings(VES) were conducted using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. The resistivity sounding data were analyzed to determine the aquifer thickness, basement depth, Dar-Zarrouk parameters,and aquifer transmissivity. Spatial distribution maps were generated for these parameters to understand the subsurface formation. The analysis revealed a linear groundwater potential zone(8.46 km~2) in the eastern part of the study area, extending in the NNE-SSW direction for 9.6 km. Six VES locations(P24, P27, P29,P30, P33, and P38) in this zone exhibit good potential(>30 m aquifer thickness), while the three VES locations(OP19, P5, and P46) in the central region are recommended for drilling bore wells. Additionally,moderate aquifer thickness(20–30 m) are identified in other VES locations(OP14, OP20, P4, P10, P12,P13, P15, P17, P18, P31, P46, and P50) along streams in the western and central part of the area, which can yield reasonable quantities of water. This information is useful for groundwater exploration and watershed management to meet the demands of tribal population in the study area.

Analytical solution for longitudinal deformation of shield tunnel induced by overcrossing tunnelling considering circumferential joints

This paper presents a new analytical solution for assessing the longitudinal deformation of shield tunnel associated with overcrossing tunnelling in consideration of circumferential joints.A simplified longitudinal beam-spring model(SLBSM)is established to model the longitudinal behaviours of shield tunnel,which can consider the opening and dislocation between segmental rings simultaneously.Then,the existing tunnel is treated as the SLBSM resting on the elastic foundation.The state equations including tunnel displacements and internal forces are constructed to solve the discontinuous deformation of circumferential joint-segmental ring.The feasibility of the proposed solution is verified through three well-documented cases.The predictions from the proposed method are also compared with other analytical methods.It is found that the proposed method can well capture the deformation of tunnel segmental rings and joints,where the rigid displacement mainly occurs in the segmental rings while the rotation and dislocation occur in the circumferential joints.Some dominant parameters are also analysed to explore the effects on existing tunnel deformation,including the rotation stiffness and shearing stiffness of joints,the skew angle and the clearance between new and old tunnels.

Formation and control of the surface defect in hypo-peritectic steel during continuous casting:A review

Hypo-peritectic steels are widely used in various industrial fields because of their high strength,high toughness,high processability,high weldability,and low material cost.However,surface defects are liable to occur during continuous casting,which includes depression,longitudinal cracks,deep oscillation marks,and severe level fluctuation with slag entrapment.The high-efficiency production of hypo-peritectic steels by continuous casting is still a great challenge due to the limited understanding of the mechanism of peritectic solidification.This work reviews the definition and classification of hypo-peritectic steels and introduces the formation tendency of common surface defects related to peritectic solidification.New achievements in the mechanism of peritectic reaction and transformation have been listed.Finally,countermeasures to avoiding surface defects of hypo-peritectic steels duiring continuous casting are summarized.Enlightening certain points in the continuous casting of hypo-peritectic steels and the development of new techniques to overcome the present problems will be a great aid to researchers.

A numerical method for the simulation of freight train emergency braking operations based on the UIC braked weight percentage

The present paper shows the development of a strategy for the calculation of the air brake forces of European freight trains. The model is built to upgrade the existing Politecnico di Torino longitudinal train dynamics(LTD) code LTDPoliTo, which was originally unable to account for air brake forces. The proposed model uses an empirical exponential function to calculate the air brake forces during the simulation, while the maximum normal force on the brake friction elements is calculated according to the indication of the vehicle braked weight percentage.Hence, the model does not require to simulate in detail the fluid dynamics in the brake pipe nor to precisely know the main parameters of the braking system mounted on each vehicle. The model parameters are tuned to minimize the difference between the braking distance computed by the LTDPoliTo code and the value prescribed by the UIC544-1 leaflet in emergency braking operations. Simulations are run for different configurations of freight train compositions including a variable number of Shimmns wagons trailed by an E402B locomotive at the head of the train, as suggested in a reference literature paper. The results of the proposed method are in good agreement with the target braking distances calculated according to the international rules.

Correlation analysis of longitudinal cracks and vertical deformation within asphalt pavement of cold regions

The asphalt pavement longitudinal crack is a common distress in cold regions,resulting from uneven deformation of the subgrade.Analysis of the correlation law between uneven deformation and crack distress is of positive significance for understanding the mechanism of crack initiation,and putting forward treatment measures.In view of the complexity of longitudinal crack inducement and road surface deformation,the grey relational method was used to analyze this relationship.Through long-term monitoring of the vertical deformation data of typical road sections,the vertical deformation law of the pavement surface and its deformation characteristics under the action of temperature field are analyzed.Parameters such as vertical relative deformation,vertical relative deformation rate and vertical differential deformation VDSr were constructed to describe vertical deformation characteristics.Typical distribution characteristics of longitudinal fractures and their length and distribution characteristics are also described.The grey correlation analysis theory was utilized to analyze the relationship between deformation characteristics of sections,cross sections and monitoring points and longitudinal crack characteristics(length and location).The analysis reveals a linear positive correlation or a high correlation between several indicators.This study can provide a deeper understanding of the occurrence and development mechanism of longitudinal cracks in asphalt pavement of cold areas,and give references for the research of road engineering structure,materials and distress prevention.

The influence of AAR coupler features on estimation of in-train forces

Inadequate management of large in-train forces transferred through coupler systems of a railway train leads to running and structural failures of vehicles.Understanding these phenomena and their mitigation requires accurate estimation of relative motions and in-train forces between vehicle bodies.Previous numerical studies have ignored inertia of coupling elements and the impacts between couplers.Thus,existing models underestimate the additional dynamic variations in in-train forces.Detailed multi-body dynamic models of two AAR(Association of American Railroads)coupler systems used in passenger and freight trains are developed,incorporating coupler inertia and various slacks.Due to the modeling and simulation com-plexities involved in a full train model,with such details of coupler system,actual longitudinal train dynamics is not studied.A system comprising only two coupling units,inter-connecting two consecutive vehicles,is modeled.Considered system has been fixed at one end and an excitation force is applied at the other end,to mimic a relative force transmission through combined coupler system.Simulation results obtained from this representative system show that,noticeable influence in in-train forces are expected due to the combined effect of inertia of couplers and intermittent impacts between couplers in the slack regime.Maximum amplitude of longitudinal reaction force,transferred from draft gear housing to vehicle body,is expected to be significantly higher than that predicted using existing models of coupler system.It is also observed that the couplers and knuckles are subjected to significant longitudinal and lateral contact forces,due to the intermittent impacts between couplers.Thus,accurate estimation of draft gear reaction force and impact forces between couplers are essential to design vehicle and coupler components,respectively.

The default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection:a longitudinal study

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection can lead to cognitive dysfunction represented by changes in the default mode network.Most recent studies have been cross-sectional and thus have not revealed dynamic changes in the default mode network following acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection and antiretroviral therapy.Specifically,when brain imaging data at only one time point are analyzed,determining the duration at which the default mode network is the most effective following antiretroviral therapy after the occurrence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.However,because infection times and other factors are often uncertain,longitudinal studies cannot be conducted directly in the clinic.Therefore,in this study,we performed a longitudinal study on the dynamic changes in the default mode network over time in a rhesus monkey model of simian immunodeficiency virus infection.We found marked changes in default mode network connectivity in 11 pairs of regions of interest at baseline and 10 days and 4 weeks after virus inoculation.Significant interactions between treatment and time were observed in the default mode network connectivity of regions of interest pairs area 31/V6.R and area 8/frontal eye field(FEF).L,area 8/FEF.L and caudal temporal parietal occipital area(TPOC).R,and area 31/V6.R and TPOC.L.ART administered 4 weeks after infection not only interrupted the progress of simian immunodeficiency virus infection but also preserved brain function to a large extent.These findings suggest that the default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection and that it may serve as a potential biomarker for early changes in brain function and an objective indicator for making early clinical intervention decisions.

Failure rate,return-to-sports and magnetic resonance imaging after meniscal repair:119 patients with 7 years mean follow up

BACKGROUND One of the most important factors to consider in relation to meniscal repair is the high failure rate reported in the existing literature.AIM To evaluate failure rates,return to sports(RTS)rate,clinical outcomes and magnetic resonance image(MRI)evaluation after meniscus suture repair for longitudinal tears at a minimum 2-year-follow-up.METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of meniscal repairs between January 2004 and December 2018.All patients treated for longitudinal tears associated or not with an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACL-R)were included.Meniscal ramp lesions,radial and root tears,associated with multiligament injuries,tibial fracture and meniscal allograft transplants were excluded.Surgical details and failure rate,defined as symptomatic patients who underwent a revision surgery,were analyzed.As isolated bucket handle tears(BHTs)were usually associated with higher failure rates,we compared BHTs and not BHTs associated or not with an ACL-R.Since 2014,the inside-out technique using cannulas and suture needles with 2-0 Tycron began to predominate.In addition,the number of stitches per repair was increased.In view of differences in surgical technique,we compared two different cohorts:before and after 2014.We recorded the RTS according to the level achieved and the time to RTS.Lysholm and IKDC scores were recorded.Patients were studied with x-rays and MRI as standard postoperative control.RESULTS One hundred and nineteen patients were included with a mean follow up of 7 years(SD:4.08).Overall failure rate was 20.3%at a mean 20.1 mo.No statistically significant differences were found when comparing failure for medial and lateral meniscal repair(22.7%and 15.3%,P=0.36),BHTs and not BHTs(26%and 17.6%,P=0.27),isolated or associated with an ACL-R(22.9%and 18%,P=0.47),or when comparing only BHTs associated with an ACL-R(23%and 27.7%,P=0.9)or not.When comparing cohorts before and after 2014,we found a significant decrease in the overall failure rate from 26%to 11%(P<0.03).Isolated lesions presented a decrease from 28%to 6.6%(P=0.02),BHTs from 34%to 8%(P=0.09)and those associated with an ACL-R from 25%to 10%(P=0.09).Mean RTS time was 6.5 mo in isolated lesions and 8.64 mo when associated with an ACL-R.Overall,56%of patients returned to the same sport activity level.Mean pre and postoperative Lysholm scores were 64 and 85(P=0.02),and IKDC 58 and 70(P=0.03).Out of 84 asymptomatic patients evaluated with MRI,39%were classified as“not healed”and 61%as“healed”.CONCLUSION Even though the overall failure rate of our series was 20.3%,we found a statistically significant decrease from 26%to 11%,not only for isolated lesions,but also for BHT’s and those associated with an ACL-R when comparing our series in two different cohorts,most probably due to improvements in surgical technique.

Long Term Follow-Up of Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer Treatment: A Case Report

Background: Cardiac toxicity is currently defined as a symptomatic decrease in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) of more than 5% or an asymptomatic decrease of at least 10% to a value of under 50% in repeated evaluations on conventional transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), as well as a Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) value Aims: To highlight using GLS rather than modified Simpson 2D-LVEF for the evaluation of long-term cardiotoxicity. Case Presentation: The case concerns a 73-year-old female patient with a history of breast cancer chemotherapy and anthracyclines-based therapy who presented symptoms of late cardiac toxicity related to the chemotherapeutic treatment. In the following years, the patient remained asymptomatic with a 2D-LVEF of 48%, dilation of the left atrium was found, and the reservoir phase strain was severely decreased. Conclusion: The preferred method for evaluating cardiovascular complications associated with chemotherapy is the TTE, which is performed prior to the start of treatment, during therapy, and in the follow-up. Myocardial deformation as a predictor of cardiotoxicity allows the identification of subclinical heart failure.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Hemiplegic Ankle Rehabilitation Efficacy by Wearable Inertial Sensor Systems with an Assortment of Machine Learning Algorithms

With the amalgamation of wearable systems equipped with inertial sensors, such as a gyroscope, and machine learning a therapy regimen can be objectively quantified, and then the initial phase and final phase of a one year therapy regimen can be distinguished through machine learning. In the context of rehabilitation of a hemiplegic ankle, a longitudinal therapy regimen incorporating stretching and then a series of repetitions for raising and lowering the foot of the hemiplegic ankle can be applied over the course of a year. Using a smartphone equipped with an application to function as a wearable and wireless gyroscope platform mounted to the dorsum of the foot by an armband, the initial phase and final phase of a one year longitudinally applied therapy regimen can be objectively quantified and recorded for subsequent machine learning. Considerable classification accuracy is attained to distinguish between the initial phase and final phase by a support vector machine for a one year longitudinally applied hemiplegic ankle therapy regimen based on the gyroscope signal data obtained by a smartphone functioning as a wearable and wireless inertial sensor system. .

Evolution of the “OS Wheel” Model of Operations Strategy in Continuous Manufacturing Industry

Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award-BNQA-SA was introduced in 1987 in US companies to create overall excellence in all parts of an organisation, leading to “integrated companies” as the ultimate goal for sustained performance by using the Baldrige Excellence Framework (BEF). The “Balanced Score Cards” (BSC) methodology, as an instrument of designing, cascading and communicating strategy, was introduced in 1992. Operations excellence is an outcome of a well-designed, monitored and implemented operations strategy (OS). This paper traces the evolution of an “OS Wheel” model of operations strategy, for continuous manufacturing industries (CMI), deployed using the BEF, using BSC’s, to achieve performance excellence and sustained competitive advantage. The model was applied in a large scale, CMI company in India, over a period of fifteen years (a longitudinal study), the description of which will demonstrate its utility.