Geochemical genesis of geothermal waters from the Longling hydrothermal area, Yunnan, Southwestern China

Longling is characterized by a wide distribution of hydrothermal areas, among which the Banglazhang hydrothermal system is the most geothermally active. Banglazhang is marked by intensive hydrothermal activities including hot springs, geysers, fumaroles and hydrothermal explosions. The geothermal waters from the Longling region are mainly HCO3-Na type with low but comparable SO4 and Cl concentrations. Calculations based on a variety of chemical geothermometers and a K-Ca geobarometer indicate that the Banglazhang hydrothermal system has much higher subsurface temperature and CO2 pressure compared to the other systems such as Daheba, Dazhulin and Huangcaoba. However, geothermal water samples collected from all these alternative hydrothermal areas are either partially equilibrated with reservoir minerals or are immature. The silica-enthalpy relationships of Banglazhang geothermal waters indicate the presence of a deep geothermal fluid with an enthalpy value and silica concentration of 945 J/g（up to around 220 °C） and 339 mg/L. Our work indicates the Banglazhang area is a promising source in terms of long-term utilization of hydrothermal resources.

Quantitative and Qualitative Body Traits of Longling Yellow Goats in China

Quantitative, qualitative and phenotypic body measurements were determined on Longling Yellow goats in Longling of Yunnan Province in China. Body weight was determined at birth and then at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 mon of age. Body measurements traits including height at wither （HW）, body length （BL）, heart girth （HG）, chest depth （CD）, and circumference of cannon bone （CCB） were determined at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 mon of age. Phenotypic traits including coat colour, horns type, tip horn torsion, nose type, hair on forehead, wattles, ear lobes, black back line, hair on legs, and black hair on belly were determined at 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 mon of age. Males were heavier （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05） than females; and except for chest depth at 24 mon of age （P 〉 0.05）, all other body measurements were also higher （P 〈 0.01 or P 〈 0.05） in males. HW, BL, CD, HG, and BW increased （P 〈 0.01） with age, except for 48 mon of females （P 〉 0.05）; while CCB did not always increase with age. HG had the highest correlation （P〈0.01） with body weights of both sexes. No differences were observed between the two sexes in the colour of the coat, horn type, tip horn torsion, nose type, ear lobes, black back line, and black hair on belly. However, differences exist between the two sexes in the presence of hair on forehead, wattles and long hair on legs. The female goats absence of tip horn torsion had positive effect on all variables measured at 36 and 48 mort of age （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）. The presence of wattles was associated with heavier body weights from 18 mort （P〈0.01） of age onward, and also with longer HW, BL and CD （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05） in female goats. Female goats with ear lobes had heavier body weights at 12, 36 and 48 mon （P〈0.01） and longer CCB at 12 and 24 mon of ages （P〈0.05）. Hair on legs and black hair on belly only had partly effect body measurements on 12 mon of Longling Yellow female goats. Results of this study provide valuable information that will assist breeders and genetic improvement specialists when conducting selection and preservation programs in Longling Yellow goats in China.

The algorithm of decomposing superimposed 2-D Poisson processes and its application to the extracting earthquake clustering pattern

Aiming at the complexity of seismic gestation mechanism and spatial distribution, we hypothesize that the seismic data are composed of background earthquakes and anomaly earthquakes in a certain temporal-spatial scope. Also the background earthquakes and anomaly earthquakes both satisfy the 2-D Poisson process of different parameters respectively. In the paper, the concept of N-th order distance is introduced in order to transform 2-D superimposed Poisson process into 1-D mixture density function. On the basis of choosing the distance, mixture density function is decomposed to recognize the anomaly earthquakes through genetic algorithm. Combined with the temporal scanning of C value, the algorithm is applied to the recognition on spatial pattern of foreshock anomalies by exam-ples of Songpan and Longling sequences in the southwest of China.