Improving Residence Time Distribution in Glass Melting Tanks Using Additionally Generated Lorentz Forces

Continuous glass melting tanks represent thermo-chemical reactors with very complex flow patterns. Controlling the flow patterns within the glass melting tanks with the aim of improving their performance is one of the glass industry primary challenges. The tank performance is basically determined by the RTD （residence time distribution） of the glass melt, which directly impacts the glass quality and energy distribution. In the present work, numerical simulations are carried out on the electromagnetic flow control to investigate how well the flow can be controlled by externally generated electromagnetic （Lorenz） forces that are added to the glass melt. Furthermore, the melting tanks are equipped with supplementary electric heating systems called ＂electric boosters＂. The desired result would be an improved RTD. The electromagnetic flow control is called ＂electromagnetic boosting＂ and can be realized by exposing the glass bath to an external magnetic field generating Lorentz forces on the glass melt as an additional flow component. The numerical simulations of the present study require coupled calculations of electromagnetic field, flow field, and temperature field, because the material properties of glass melt are strongly temperature-dependent. The computational results show that electromagnetic boosting is an excellent way of improving the RTD in glass melting tanks, ultimately resulting in better glass quality and increased productivity. Of course, the glass industry is highly interested in achieving exactly this result.

Effect of a high-gradient magnetic field on grain refinement of a hypoeutectic Mn-Sb alloy during directional solidification

The obvious grain refinement of the primary MnSb phase has been observed in the Mn-89.7 wt%Sb alloy directionally solidified under a high-gradient magnetic field.With the application of a high-gradient magnetic field,the morphology of the primary MnSb phase transformed from developed dendritic-like to equiaxed-like,and the grain size decreased by approximately 93%.Refinement of the primary MnSb phase can be attributed to the constituent supercooling in front of the solidification interface,which promoted nucleation of the primary MnSb phase.The constituent supercooling can be linked to the enrichment of the Mn solute induced by the magnetic force and the Lorentz force that drove Mn solute migration and suppressed convection.

The Pairing Analysis Improvement of Magnetized Structure in Electromagnetic Bulging Process in Case of Tube with Field Shaper

In the current practical science, the accuracy in the formability of metal alloys being the goal when using electromagnetic forming (EMF) technology, which is a high-speed processing technology that uses Lorentz forces to achieve plastic deformation of sheet metal;according to the previous analysis, the results have shown that in most cases, the Lorentz force acting on the workpiece (metal) is not uniform, there are uneven axial deformations of the metal plates which prevent the rapid advancement of today’s technology. In this article, we presented some advanced analyzes which will lead us to improve the technical solution for the problems of non-uniform axial deformations of the metals in the traditional tube electromagnetic forming technology (EMF). A field shaper is used as a practical forming tool to influence the magnetic field and magnetic pressure distribution, thereby improving the forming ability and result during the electromagnetic forming (EMF) process and we see that induced eddy current control is realized by changing the structural parameters of the magnetic field shaper;which improves the strength and controllability of the magnetic force that acts on the workpiece;thereby a greater radial magnetic pressure can be achieved with field shaper than the case without it;the field shaper regulates the electromagnetic force, the distribution of the magnetic pressure decreases, and the uniform force area of the tube increases which effectively enhances the uniform range of the pipe electromagnetic bulging and the electromagnetic induction coupling between the coil and the metallic workpiece is generally required to produce the Lorentz forces. Using COMSOL Multiphysics® simulation software helped us to accurately represent the real world, simulating multiple physical effects that happened in this model during the process.

Suppression of Flow Separation Around A Circular Cylinder by Utilizing Lorentz Force

Both experimental and numerical investigations on the flow past a cylinder under the influence of Lorentz force （electromagnetic force） were conducted in an electrically low-conducting fluid. The Lorentz force is applied beth locally, wholly and periodically on the surface of the cylinder, and their control effects for flow ,separation were investigated Both experimental and numerical results show that Lorentz force can suppress the flow separation with Lorentz force applied on beth local and whole surface of the cylinder. However, when the periodic and opposite Lorentz force adopted, the cylinder wake cannot be stabilized.

Lorentz force electrical impedance tomography using pulse compression technique

Lorentz force electrical impedance tomography （LFEIT） combines ultrasound stimulation and electromagnetic field detection with the goal of creating a high contrast and high resolution hybrid imaging modality. In this study, pulse compression working together with a linearly frequency modulated ultrasound pulse was investigated in LFEIT. Experiments were done on agar phantoms having the same level of electrical conductivity as soft biological tissues. The results showed that：（i） LFEIT using pulse compression could detect the location of the electrical conductivity variations precisely; （ii） LFEIT using pulse compression could get the same performance of detecting electrical conductivity variations as the traditional LFEIT using high voltage narrow pulse but reduce the peak stimulating power to the transducer by 25.5 dB; （iii） axial resolution of 1 mm could be obtained using modulation frequency bandwidth 2 MHz.

Influences of Lorentz force on the hydrofoil lift

In this paper, Lorentz forces are proved to be able to suppress separation in flows over hydrofoils. Furthermore, a differential equation of pressure distributions on the hydrofoil surface is derived, from which it is found that BVF （boundary vortex flux） σ is a suitable criterion for describing the lift coefficient variations during the electromagnetic control process. According to our numerical results, the periodic variations of lift for a hydrofoil at an attack angle of 17 ° are analyzed and its inherent mechanism is discussed in detail with the concept of BVE On the other hand, the effects of Lorentz force on the hydrofoil＇s lift are investigated both experimentally and numerically for different magnitudes and locations.

Experimental Research on the Mechanism of Lift Amplification and Vibration Suppression of Lorentz Force

The Lorentz force generated by electromagnetic field on the surface of the cylinder in the electrolyte solution may modify the structure of the flow boundary layer effectively. The transient control process of Lorentz force is investigated experimentally for lift amplification and vibration suppression. The experiments are conducted in a rotating annular tank filled with a low-conducting electrolyte. A cylinder with an electro-magnetic actuator is placed into the electrolyte. The lift force of cylinder is measured using the strain gages attached to a fixed beam, and the flow fields are visualized by the dye markers. The results show that the upper vortex on the cylinder is suppressed, and the wake becomes a line and leans to the lower side under the action of upside Lorentz force while the lower vortex on the cylinder is suppressed and limited in a small region. Therefore, the value of lift increases with the variation of flow field. However, the vortexes on the cylinder are suppressed fully under the action of symmetrical Lorentz force which leads to the suppression of lift oscillation and then the vibration of cylinder are suppressed fully.

Mechanism of controlling turbulent channel flow with the effect of spanwise Lorentz force distribution

A direct numerical simulation（DNS） is performed to investigate the control effect and mechanism of turbulent channel flow with the distribution of spanwise Lorentz force. A sinusoidal distribution of constant spanwise Lorentz force is selected, of which the control effects, such as flow characters, mean Reynolds stress, and drag reductions, at different parameters of amplitude A and wave number k_x are discussed. The results indicate that the control effects vary with the parameter A and k_x. With the increase of A, the drag reduction rate D_r first increases and then decreases rapidly at low k_x,and slowly at high k_x. The low drag reduction（or even drag increase） is due to a weak suppression or even the enhancements of the random velocity fluctuation and mean Reynolds stress. The efficient drag reduction is due to the quasi-streamwise vortex structure induced by Lorentz force, which contributes to suppressing the random velocity fluctuation and mean Reynolds stress, and the negative vorticity improves the distribution of streamwise velocity. Therefore, the optimal control effect with a drag reduction of up to 58% can be obtained.

Mechanism of drag reduction by spanwise oscillating Lorentz force in turbulent channel flow

Numerical simulations and experimental research are both carried out to investigate the controlled effect of spanwise oscillating Lorentz force on a turbulent channel flow. The variations of the streaks and the skin friction drag are obtained through the PIV system and the drag measurement system, respectively. The flow field in the near-wall region is shown through direct numerical simulations utilizing spectral method. The experimental results are consistent with the numerical simulation results qualitatively, and both the results indicate that the streaks are tilted into the spanwise direction and the drag reduction utilizing spanwise oscillating Lorentz forces can be realized. The numerical simulation results reveal more detail of the drag reduction mechanism which can be explained, since the spanwise vorticity generated from the interaction between the induced Stokes layer and intrinsic turbulent flow in the near-wall region can make the longitudinal vortices tilt and oscillate, and leads to turbulence suppression and drag reduction.

Classical Gravitational Interactions and Gravitational Lorentz Force

In quantum gauge theory of gravity, the gravitational field is represented by gravitational gauge field.The field strength of gravitational gauge field has both gravitoelectric component and gravitomagnetic component. In classical level, gauge theory of gravity gives classical Newtonian gravitational interactions in a relativistic form. Besides,it gives gravitational Lorentz force, which is the gravitational force on a moving object in gravitomagnetic field The direction of gravitational Lorentz force is not the same as that of classical gravitational Newtonian force. Effects of gravitational Lorentz force should be detectable, and these effects can be used to discriminate gravitomagnetic field from ordinary electromagnetic magnetic field.

Numerical investigation of turbulent channel flow controlled by spatially oscillating spanwise Lorentz force

A formulation of the skin-friction drag related to the Reynolds shear stress in a turbulent channel flow is derived. A direct numerical simulation （DNS） of the turbulent control is performed by imposing the spatially oscillating spanwise Lorentz force. Under the action of the Lorentz force with several proper control parameters, only the periodi- cally well-organized streamwise vortices are finally observed in the near-wall region. The Reynolds shear stress decreases dramatically, especially in the near-wall area, resulting in a drag reduction.

The influences of wall Lorentz force and field Lorentz force on the cylinder drag reduction

In this paper,the effects of Lorentz force on drag reduction for a circular cylinder have been studied experimentally and numerically.Based on its effects on drag reduction,the Lorentz force is found to be classified into two parts：one acts directly on the cylinder,named as the wall Lorentz force,and the other called the field Lorentz force acts on the fluid inside the boundary layer.The wall Lorentz force leads to the generation of a thrust,whereas the field Lorentz force results in drag increase.Since the former dominates the drag variation,the drag would reduce accordingly and even turn into negative （thrust） with the application of Lorentz force.

Lorentz Force from a Current-Carrying Wire on a Charge in Motion under the Assumption of Neutrality in the Symmetrical Frame of Reference

It is commonly assumed that a wire conducting an electric current is neutral in the laboratory frame of reference (the rest frame of the lattice of positive ions). Some authors consider that the wire is neutral only in a symmetrical frame of reference, in which the velocities of electrons and protons have equal norm and opposite direction. In this paper, we discuss the Lorentz transformation between different frames of reference in the context of the special theory of relativity for a current-carrying conducting wire and a probe charge in motion with respect to the wire. A simple derivation of the Lorentz force in the laboratory frame of reference for the assumed neutrality in a symmetrical frame of reference is presented. We show that the Lorentz force calculated assuming neutrality in the symmetrical frame of reference and the one assuming neutrality in the laboratory frame of reference differ by a term corresponding to a change in the test charge speed of one half the drift velocity of the electrons.

Analysis of influencing factors of excitation parameters for magnetoacoustic tomography with current injection

Magneto-acoustic tomography with current injection(MAT-CI) is a type of hybrid imaging;under the excitation of the static magnetic field, the thermoacoustic effect and the Lorentz force effect will exist at the same time. Therefore,the detected signal is a mixed signal generated by the simultaneous action of the two effects, but the influence of excitation parameters on the two effects is different. In this paper, for objects with different conductivity, the proportion of thermoacoustic signal(TA) and magneto-acoustic signal(MA) in the mixed signal is quantitatively analyzed in terms of three aspects: the magnetic induction intensity, pulse excitation and injection current polarity. Experimental and simulation analyses show that the intensity ratio of MA to TA is not affected when the conductivity varies from 0.1 S/m to 1.5 S/m and other conditions remain unchanged. When the amplitude of the pulse excitation and the strength of the magnetic induction are different, the growth rates of MA and TA are different, which has a significant impact on the proportion of the two signals in the mixed signal. At the same time, due to the Lorentz force effect, MA is affected by the polarity of the injected current and the direction of the static magnetic field. The combination of the static magnetic field and the injected current can not only distinguish the two signals in the mixed signal, but also effectively enhance the intensity of the mixed signal and improve the quality of the reconstructed image.

Antisymmetric planar Hall effect in rutile oxide films induced by the Lorentz force

The conventional Hall effect is linearly proportional to the field component or magnetization component perpendicular to a film. Despite the increasing theoretical proposals on the Hall effect to the in-plane field or magnetization in various special systems induced by the Berry curvature, such an unconventional Hall effect has only been experimentally reported in Weyl semimetals and in a heterodimensional superlattice. Here, we report an unambiguous experimental observation of the antisymmetric planar Hall effect(APHE) with respect to the in-plane magnetic field in centrosymmetric rutile RuO_(2) and IrO_(2) single-crystal films. The measured Hall resistivity is found to be linearly proportional to the component of the applied in-plane magnetic field along a particular crystal axis and to be independent of the current direction or temperature. Both the experimental observations and theoretical calculations confirm that the APHE in rutile oxide films is induced by the Lorentz force. Our findings can be generalized to ferromagnetic materials for the discovery of anomalous Hall effects and quantum anomalous Hall effects induced by in-plane magnetization. In addition to significantly expanding knowledge of the Hall effect, this work opens the door to explore new members in the Hall effect family.

Detecting magnetic field direction by a micro beam operating in different vibration modes

A new method to detect the magnetic field direction by using a silicon structure is presented in this paper. The structure includes a micro beam and an in-plane coil electrode. When the electrode under a magnetic field is applied with an alternating current, the micro beam is actuated under the effect of the Lorentz forces. Magnetic fields of different directions cause different vibration profiles. The direction of the magnetic field is obtained by measuring the vibration amplitudes of the micro beam, which is driven to work at first- and second-order resonant modes. A micro structure has been fabricated using the bulk microma^hined silicon process. A laser Doppler vibrometer system is implemented to measure the vibration amplitudes. The experimental results show that the amplitude of the structure, which depends on the different modes, is a sine or cosine function of the angle of the magnetic field. It agrees well with the simulation result. Currently a resolution of 10~ for the magnetic field direction measurement can be obtained using the detecting principle.

Open loop control of vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder

In this paper both numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out to suppress the vortex-induced vibration （VIV） of a circular cylinder in an electrically low-conducting fluid. The electromagnetic forces （Lorentz forces） in the azimuthal direction were generated through the mounted electrodes and magnets locally on the surface of the cylinder, which have been proved having an accelerating effect to the fluid on the surface of the cylinder. Results of computations are presented for synchronous vibration phenomenon of a cylinder at Re = 200, which are in good agreement with previous computational results. With the Lorentz forces loaded, the VIV of the cylinder has been suppressed successfully. Experimental results have also shown the same tendency and are in reasonable agreement with the numerical results.

Instability of cylinder wake under open-loop active control

Instability of a wake controlled by a streamwise Lorentz force is investigated through a Floquet stability analysis. The streamwise Lorentz force, which is a two-dimensional control input created by an electromagnetic actuator located on the cylinder surface,adjusts the base flow to affect the three-dimensional wake instability and achieve wake stabilization and transition delay. The instability mode at a Reynolds number Re = 300 can be transformed from B to A with N = 1.0, where N is an interaction number representing the strength of the Lorentz force relative to the inertial force in the fluid. The wake flow is Floquet stable when N increases to 1.3. The spanwise perturbation wavelengths are 3.926 D and 0.822 D in the modes A and B, respectively, where D is the cylinder diameter. In addition, the oscillating amplitudes of drag and lift are reduced with the increase in the interaction number. Particle tracing is used to explore the essential physical mechanism for mode transformation. The path lines show that suppression of flow separation hinders the fluid deformation and rotation, leading to the decrease in elliptic and hyperbolic instability regions, which is the material cause of mode transformation.All of the results indicate that wake stabilization and transition delay can be achieved under open-loop active control via the streamwise Lorentz force.

Effect of an external magnetic field on improved electroslag remelting cladding process

Obtaining a uniform interface temperature field plays a crucial role in the interface bonding quality of bimetal compound rolls.Therefore,this study proposes an improved electroslag remelting cladding(ESRC)process using an external magnetic field to improve the uniformity of the interface temperature of compound rolls.The improved ESRC comprises a conventional ESRC circuit and an external coil circuit.A comprehensive 3D model,including multi-physics fields,is proposed to study the effect of external magnetic fields on the multi-phys-ics fields and interface temperature uniformity.The simulated results demonstrate that the nonuniform Joule heat and flow fields cause a non-uniform interface temperature in the conventional ESRC.As for the improved ESRC,the magnetic flux density(B_(coil))along the z-axis is pro-duced by an anticlockwise current of the external coil.The rotating Lorentz force is generated from the interaction between the radial current and axial B_(coil).Therefore,the slag pool flows clockwise,which enhances circumferential effective thermal conductivity.As a result,the uniformity of the temperature field and interface temperature improve.In addition,the magnetic flux density and rotational speed of the simulated results are in good agreement with those of the experimental results,which verifies the accuracy of the improved ESRC model.Therefore,an improved ESRC is efficient for industrial production of the compound roll with a uniform interface bonding quality.

Multiple reversals of vortex ratchet effects in a superconducting strip with inclined dynamic pinning landscape

Using time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau formalism,we investigate the multiple reversals of ratchet effects in an unpatterned superconducting strip by the tilted dynamic pinning potential.In the case of collinear sliding potential and Lorentz force,vortices are always confined in the channels induced by sliding potential.However,due to the inclination angle of sliding pinning potential with respect to the Lorentz force,vortices could be driven out of the channels,and unexpected results with multiple reversals of vortex rectifications are observed.The mechanism of multiple reversals of vortex rectifications is explored by analyzing different vortex motion scenarios with increasing ac current amplitudes.The multiple reversals of transverse and longitudinal ratchet effects can be highly controlled by ac amplitude and dynamic pinning velocity.What's more,at certain large current the ratchet effect reaches strongest within a wide range of pinning sliding velocity.