Spatial and seasonal dynamics of soil loss ratio in mountain rangelands of south-western Kyrgyzstan

Vegetation cover is the main factor of soil loss prevention.The C-factor of the RUSLE(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) was predicted with NDVI,ground data and exponential regression equation for mountain rangelands of Kyrgyzstan.Time series of C-factor,precipitation and temperature were decomposed into seasonal and trend components with STL(seasonal decomposition by loess) to assess their interrelations.C-factor,precipitation and temperature trend components indicated significant lagged correlation,whereas seasonal components indicated more complex relations with climate factors which can be promoting as well as limiting factors for vegetation development,depending on the season.Rainy springs and hot summers may increase soil loss dramatically,whereas warm and dry springs with rainy summers can decrease it.Steep slopes indicated higher soil loss ratio,whereas flat areas were better protected by vegetation.

Effects of Soil C/N Ratio on Apple Growth and Nitrogen Utilization,Residue and Loss

Soil C /N ratio is an important influencing factor in soil nitrogen cycling. Two-year old apple trees( Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji'/Malus hupehensis) were used to understand the effect of soil C/N ratio [6. 52( CK),10,15,20,25,30,35 and 40]on apple growth and nitrogen utilization and loss by using15N trace technique. The results showed that,with the increasing of soil C/N ratio,apple shoot length and fresh weight increased at first,and then decreased; the higher apple shoot length and fresh weight appeared in C/N = 15,20 and 25 treatments,and there were no significant differences among these three treatments,but significantly higher than the other treatments. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant difference in nitrogen utilization rate between the different treatments,the highest N utilization rate was occurred in soil C/N = 25 treatment which value was 22. 87%,and there was no significant difference between soil C/N = 25 and C/N = 20 treatments,but both the two treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments; Soil C/N = 40 had the lowest N utilization rate which value was 15. 43%,and this value was less than CK( 16. 65%). The proportion of plant absorption nitrogen from fertilizer was much higher when the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25,but the percentage of plant absorption nitrogen from soil was much higher when the soil C/N ratio was too low( < 15) or high( < 25). Amount of residual nitrogen in soil increased gradually with the soil C/N ratio increasing,the amount of residual nitrogen in C/N = 40 treatment was 1. 32 times than that in CK. With the increasing of soil C/N ratio,fertilizer nitrogen loss decreased at first,and then increased,fertilizer nitrogen loss was the minimum in C/N = 25 treatments( 49. 87%) and the maximum were occurred in CK( 61. 54%). Therefore,regarding the apple growth and nitrogen balance situation,the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25 would be favorable for apple growth and could increase effectively nitrogen fixed by soil,reduce nitrogen loss,and improve the nitrogen utilization ratio.

墨鱼干碱水-纯水组合复水工艺优化及复水前后质构特性

目的:探究墨鱼干复水最优工艺参数及其复水前后的质构变化。方法:通过先用碱水后用纯水的组合复水方式进行处理,以复水率和蛋白损失率为优化指标进行条件优化,随后对墨鱼干复水前后的质构特性以及蛋白质二级结构、组织形态等相关指标进行分析。结果:碱水处理墨鱼干的最佳条件为:碳酸钠浓度0.50%、时间2.0 h、温度50℃、料液比1:20 g/mL;在此基础上,进行纯水处理的最佳条件为:时间1.0 h、温度50℃、料液比为1:20 g/mL。两步处理后,墨鱼干的复水率为261.10%±7.10%,蛋白损失率为16.80%±0.74%。复水处理使墨鱼干的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性显著降低,而弹性则显著上升(P<0.05),并使肌原纤维蛋白的结构折叠,且肌纤维的间隙增加。结论:本研究明确墨鱼干最优复水参数并改善其质构特性,为墨鱼干的高质化加工利用提供理论参考。

低轨增强对北斗量化信号载噪比的影响

为了评估频点兼容下低轨增强对北斗信号接收的影响,从而指导接收机设计,通过概率统计理论推导了低轨增强下北斗信号的量化效应和载噪比损耗模型,并通过蒙特卡罗仿真给出了1~6 bit量化位宽下北斗信号的载噪比损耗与前端增益以及低轨增强功率的关系,仿真与理论结果的一致性较好。实验结果表明,北斗信号最小载噪比损耗对应的最优前端增益与低轨增强功率无关,但最小载噪比衰减值会随着低轨信号功率的增强而增大,1~2 bit量化位宽下有明显的量化损耗,3 bit及以上量化位宽下北斗信号载噪比衰减特性基本一致。

Computational Study on Effect of Variation of Pitch-Chord on Secondary Losses in Rectilinear Turbine Cascade

Losses in turbine cascade are categorized as profile loss, secondary loss, tip clearance loss and annulus loss. Profile loss occurs due to development of boundary layer on surface of blade [1]. Increase in thickness of boundary layer and adverse pressure gradient increases profile loss. Secondary loss occurs due to turning of flow through flow passage which results in blowing of energy from pressure side to suction side. In turbine rotor blade suction surface leads and tip clearance loss occurs due to leakage of air from pressure side to suction side of the blade through tip clearance. Annulus loss occurs due to development of boundary layer on stationary row of blade. It also occurs in moving row of blade but in moving row of blades boundary layer is scraped by flow over the blades. This paper presents effects of variation of pitch-chord ratio on secondary loss.

Highly sensitive detection of Rydberg atoms with fluorescence loss spectrum in cold atoms

Fluorescence loss spectrum for detecting cold Rydberg atoms with high sensitivity has been obtained based on lock-in detection of fluorescence of 6 P3/2 state when cooling lasers of the magneto-optical trap are modulated.The experiment results show that the signal to noise ratio has been improved by 32.64 dB when the modulation depth(converted to laser frequency)and frequency are optimized to 4 MHz and 6 kHz,respectively.This technique enables us to perform a highly sensitive non-destructive detection of Rydberg atoms.

Effects of the Mn/Co ratio on the magnetic transition and magnetocaloric properties of Mn_(1+x)Co_(1-x)Ge alloys

We have investigated the magnetic transition and magnetocaloric effects of Mn1＋xCo1-xGe alloys by tuning the ratio of Mn/Co. With increasing Mn content, a series of first-order magnetostructural transitions from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic states with large changes of magnetization are observed at room temperature. Further increasing the content of Mn （x = 0.11） gives rise to a single second-order magnetic transition. Interestingly, large low-field magnetic entropy changes with almost zero magnetic hysteresis are observed in these alloys. The effects of Mn/Co ratio on magnetic transition and magnetocaloric effects are discussed in this paper.

Study of High Capacitance Ratios CPW MEMS Shunt Switches

This paper describes a fixed-fixed beam ohmic switch in series with a fixed capacitor as a replacement for a capacitive switch.In this switch,a metal plate deposited on the dielectric ensures perfectly contact with the dielectric layer in the down state.The area size of the metal plate directly influences the capacitance ratio of the switch,as the area size of the metal cap decreases,the capacitance ratio dramatically rises up.The down/up capacitance ratio can exceed 800 times over the conventional designs using the same materials and the equal size.Measurement results show that high capacitance ratio of the switches has a large effect on the isolation,and can actually improve the performance of the switches.

Syngas Production and Losses Encountered in Gasification of Rice Husks

This paper addresses the syngas production and evaluation losses in high temperature gasification process using coffee husks. A fast and inexpensive way to evaluate the losses in gasification processes is by the application mathematical models which allow to predict the values needed in full scale. Hence, the quantification of gasifier’s losses at temperatures ranges of 800 K - 1400 K at an equivalence ratios of 0.3, 0.35 and 0.4 at 1 bar are revealed by using exergy model incorporating a chemical equilibrium model. The model evaluated the product syngas compositions, syngas heating values and degree of irreversibility values (losses). The results from the model showed that the production of H2 increased from 9.9% to 18.9% and the formation of CO2 ranges from 7.2% to 12.3%. CO production is from 21.8% to 17.2%. The irreversibility values obtained were less than 27%. Hence, reduction of losses protracts biomass resources to be used in energy generation.

宽幅条播对燕麦间作箭筈豌豆产量及种间关系的影响

为明确宽幅条播对燕麦‖箭筈豌豆间作系统生产力的影响,在常规条播和宽幅条播两种播种方式下设置燕麦单作、箭筈豌豆单作及燕麦‖箭筈豌豆间作三种种植方式,比较分析了不同处理间作物产量、种间关系及燕麦产量构成因素的差异。结果表明,与单作相比,间作燕麦的饲草及籽粒产量显著提高,增幅分别为24.25%~32.77%和27.44%~32.69%,而间作箭筈豌豆的饲草及籽粒产量降低为7.16%~8.08%和2.80%~5.48%。宽幅条播可提高燕麦及箭筈豌豆产量,宽幅条播间作饲草和籽粒产量的土地当量比较常规条播间作分别提高0.03和0.06。在间作中,燕麦的侵占力大于0,实际产量损失大于1,竞争比率大于1,且燕麦的相对拥挤系数大于箭筈豌豆,说明燕麦在间作系统中处于竞争优势。间作燕麦穗数、穗粒数和穗重较单作显著提高,平均增幅分别为24.23%、14.84%和17.43%,其中宽幅条播间作处理的穗粒数、公顷穗数和穗重均显著高于其他处理。由此可见,宽幅条播下通过与箭筈豌豆间作,可提高燕麦生产力和土地资源利用效率。

提高湖羊圈养空间利用率的建模方案优化设计

为提高湖羊圈养的空间利用率,采用分期分批连续方式安排交配,根据交配期、怀孕期、哺乳期、休整期、育肥期等5个阶段的期长、容量、流转倍率等参数值,建立各期羊栏需求数的计算模型。针对养殖场现有的羊栏规格,经试算搜索得到其羊只的最佳流转速度,由此编制具体的生产方案,使得年化出栏羊只数量达到最大。继而针对5项不确定因素,构建参数重新选定的计算公式,并在合理范围内,调整哺乳期和空怀期时长,得到多种备选方案,再通过分层次计算比较各方案的期望损失,确定最优方案。

基于NOA-VMD的炮口冲击波谐振噪声降噪算法

火炮发射时产生的炮口冲击波信号频谱范围广,受限于采集系统中压力传感器有效工作带宽导致采集过程引入大量谐振噪声。为了降低谐振噪声对炮口冲击波信号的影响,提出了一种基于星鸦优化算法(NOA)优化变分模态分解(VMD)的炮口冲击波谐振噪声降噪算法。首先以最小包络熵为适应度函数的NOA对VMD的分解模态数与惩罚因子参数进行优化;其次通过NOA-VMD算法对炮口冲击波信号进行分解,计算各分量谐振能量损失比筛选出谐振分量;最后对剩余信号分量进行重构得到去除谐振分量的炮口冲击波。实验结果表明,NOA寻优效果最佳,基于NOA-VMD算法有效降低谐振噪声对炮口冲击波信号的干扰。

不同缩口下闸阀介质流动特性研究

阀门的缩口比是阀门使用单位及生产单位关注的重要因素,直接关系到机组运行性能参数。文中分别以DN100和DN350闸阀,以缩口比0.75、0.8、0.85、0.90、0.95及1.0建立三维模型,并利用FLUENT软件进行流场模拟分析,模拟不同缩口的闸阀内介质的流动状态,获取其速度场和压力场,并计算出不同缩口下阀门的流阻系数。根据流阻系数计算出工况参数下阀门压力损失,为阀门使用单位及生产制造单位提供选型参考方案。

基于距离感知的金属缺陷样本标签分配算法

针对金属表面缺陷检测模型在训练过程中正负样本分配时不考虑金属表面缺陷的宽高比、对目标分布的定位能力差等问题,提出了距离感知的动态标签分配(DDA)算法。DDA不改变原有检测模型的结构也不增加计算开支,根据真实框的几何特性提出新的距离损失计算范式,以优化宽高比悬殊的回归问题,将迭代过程中的回归偏移量解码为预测框坐标,最后计算预测框、锚框和真实框三者之间综合交并比信息,动态地选择正负样本以提高训练精度。在武汉某钢厂冷轧带钢表面缺陷检测中进行了验证,并引入公开的热轧带钢表面缺陷数据集进行了泛化试验,检测效果均有显著改善,对金属表面质量规范有实际应用价值。

基于多维场景划分的台区线损率异常研判及关联用户精准追踪方法

针对台区线损率异常辨识困难,关联用户难以精准追踪的问题,提出一种基于多维场景划分的台区线损率异常研判及关联用户精准追踪方法。首先,提出了一种基于改进完备集合经验的模态分解(improved complete EEMD with adaptive noise,ICEEMDAN)算法的数据预处理策略,通过分析台区历史线损率曲线的变化趋势,构建台区线损率粗放场景集,并在此基础上采用支持向量聚类算法进一步对场景集进行二次精细划分,实现对台区多维场景集的建立。其次,提出一种基于簇类个案数目的区间动态平移策略,用于确定不同场景下线损率标准库的区间范围,并采用区间重叠率策略对划分中的孤立区间进行合并,实现对台区线损率标准库的完备划分。最后,给出一种基于关联分析的线损异常追踪方法,通过灰色关联分析法确定线损异常强相关因素,并基于改进Adtributor算法定量分析各因素和台区用户间的内在关联度,提高对台区线损率异常用户的追踪精度。算例采用台区真实数据进行仿真分析,结果表明了所提方法的有效性和实用性。

矩形波激励对纳米晶合金高频磁化过程的微观影响机理

高频变压器工作时会面临占空比变化的激励情况,由于存在磁弛豫现象,矩形波占空比能通过改变铁心用材料纳米晶合金磁化时间,影响高频变压器能否达到饱和工作点。建立纳米晶合金微磁学模型,对该模型分别施加不同占空比D的矩形波激励,并定义了磁化速率v,从磁滞损耗P_(v)、v及磁矩偏转角速度ω三方面分析D对磁化过程的影响。结果表明,D=0.5时P_(v)最小,增大或减小D,都会导致P_(v)的增加,且满足两组不同占空比和为1的矩形波激励下,材料产生的P_(v)相同。若激励磁场处在上升沿,D=0.1时的v与ω最小,D=0.9时的v与ω最大;若处在下降沿,D=0.9时的v与ω最小,D=0.1时的v与ω最大。D会影响材料磁化时间,由于磁弛豫现象,改变磁化时间可决定材料能否达到饱和磁化状态,因此存在一个临界状态,该文将其定义为临界占空比D_(c)。结果表明,当D<0.5时D_(c1)的范围应处在0.2~0.21,D>0.5时D_(c2)的范围应处在0.8~0.81,为不同工况下高频变压器工作点的选取提供了参考依据。

陆相页岩层系岩心中气态烃井场测定技术初步应用及展望

陆相页岩层系的流体分析是页岩油甜点评价的重要基础,针对岩心样品中气态烃易于散失的特性和页岩油钻井现场的需求,研发了井场岩心气态烃快速采集测定装置及方法,探讨了基于岩心气态烃分析和热解含油性分析资料快速计算视气油比和估算游离油损失的方法。研究表明,该装置适用于全直径岩心和块状样品的气态烃检测,既可以实现全直径岩心在常温、常压下逸散气态烃的采集测定,也可以测定块状岩心样品的气态烃总量,气态烃检测相对误差10%,测试结果可以转换为单位质量岩样气态烃含量。全直径岩心逸散气分析可实现岩心气态烃的非破坏式采集和测定,反映了页岩层系垂向上含油气性及其非均质性的变化特征。视气油比可反映页岩层系含油气性和可流动性的趋势,视气油比越大,代表相应页岩层系页岩油可流动性越好。利用视气油比可估算岩心经历降压降温脱气过程中游离烃的损失量,在建立岩心降温降压脱气过程的热解游离烃损失恢复方法中具有较大应用潜力。岩心气态烃井场测定技术丰富了适用于井场的岩心流体分析实验技术手段和方法,为陆相页岩层系流体评价及甜点确定提供数据支撑。

汶川M_(s)8.0地震隧道易损性及平均损失率分析

基于汶川地震震害资料,通过回归分析得到了山区隧道结构整体与各部分的地震易损性模型。选择峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)作为地震动参数,以对数正态分布函数作为易损性模型,利用极大似然估计得到隧道结构整体及各部分(洞口浅埋段、洞口过渡段、普通段、断层破碎段)的地震易损性曲线,对比分析了隧道整体及各部分的地震易损性特点并进行了探讨。结果表明:轻微破坏条件下,洞口浅埋段的地震易损性要高于其他部分。随着破坏程度的增加,断层破碎带段的地震易损性逐渐高于隧道其他部分。根据隧道结构特定破坏等级的损失比,建立了隧道的平均损失率模型。依据文中建立的隧道易损性模型及平均损失率模型可以在将来发生类似地震时快速地进行地震损失评估。

西安市生产建设项目水土流失评价

[目的]探明西安市城市生产建设项目水土流失特征及不同水土保持措施效应,进而为改善西安市水土流失环境、制定更加精确有效的政策及措施提供科学依据。[方法]以西安市2022年84个生产建设项目为例,构建包含水损失比、土壤侵蚀比和绿地比3个指标在内的城市生产建设项目水土流失评价体系,采用TOPSIS法对不同项目水土流失风险进行评估。[结果]①城市生产建设项目的地表变化主要以农村宅基地、草地、空闲地和耕地向建设用地转变,其中,以农村宅基地的转出为主,约占总转变面积的70%。②83%的生产建设项目绿地比有所增加;61%的生产建设项目径流损失呈现减少趋势并表现为:新建房地产<商业服务<教育医疗<市政设施<城中村改造项目;54%的生产建设项目土壤侵蚀风险降低,并在耕地、草地、空闲地中新建项目减轻土壤侵蚀的程度尤为突出,而城中村改造会加剧区域土壤侵蚀程度;所有项目的水损失量平均减少3.58×10^(4)m^(3),年土壤侵蚀量平均减少了169.05 t。③西安市生产建设项目水土流失风险可划分为高、中等、较低、低4个等级。低和较低等级项目占总数的69%并以城中村改造类项目为主;高风险等级项目均为占用草地项目。[结论]西安市生产建设项目的水土流失防治效果显著,但仍有较大提升空间,未来应进一步加强项目水土流失风险管理。

基于SMX静态混合器的天然气掺氢流动影响研究

为了获取均匀的天然气掺氢混合气,确保掺氢燃气管道稳定、安全输送,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法研究了天然气与氢气在SMX静态混合器中的掺混特性及影响因素,详细分析了掺混单元数量、运行工况和掺氢体积比等因素对掺混性能的影响。研究结果表明,氢气与天然气的混合主要依赖于混合单元不断改变流动状态,实现左旋和右旋相互交替,达到均匀混合。流动损失主要取决于静态混合器内流动速度,综合考虑SMX静态混合器的压力损失和混合均匀度性能指标,采用4个掺混单元、进口气流速度10 m/s是一个优选方案。此外,增大掺氢体积比和加长流经混合器出口下游管道长度均有利于提升氢气和天然气掺混均匀度,要结合燃气管道的具体情况来确定掺氢体积比的合理范围。