General anesthesia is widely applied in clinical practice.However,the precise mechanism of loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics remains unknown.Here,we measured the dynamics of five neurotransmitters,i...General anesthesia is widely applied in clinical practice.However,the precise mechanism of loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics remains unknown.Here,we measured the dynamics of five neurotransmitters,includingγ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,norepinephrine,acetylcholine,and dopamine,in the medial prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex of C57BL/6 mice through in vivo fiber photometry and genetically encoded neurotransmitter sensors under anesthesia to reveal the mechanism of general anesthesia from a neurotransmitter perspective.Results revealed that the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,norepinephrine,and acetylcholine increased in the cortex during propofol-induced loss of consciousness.Dopamine levels did not change following the hypnotic dose of propofol but increased significantly following surgical doses of propofol anesthesia.Notably,the concentrations of the five neurotransmitters generally decreased during sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness.Furthermore,the neurotransmitter dynamic networks were not synchronized in the non-anesthesia groups but were highly synchronized in the anesthetic groups.These findings suggest that neurotransmitter dynamic network synchronization may cause anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness.展开更多
Deaths associated with emergency seat ejection are rare.This is the first case reported in Malaysia since 1980 involving the death of two renowned fighter pilots postejection as safety measures.Ejection mechanism invo...Deaths associated with emergency seat ejection are rare.This is the first case reported in Malaysia since 1980 involving the death of two renowned fighter pilots postejection as safety measures.Ejection mechanism involves several phases which last for splits of seconds.Each phase has its own setback despite serving as a safety mechanism.Both the pilots’death was as a result of the canopy separation,windblast effect,G‑force effect(gravitational force)as well as acceleration effect.High speed and high altitude would have further contributed to the death.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81870841 and 82171192 to X.S.L.,82101349 to G.L.Q.)。
文摘General anesthesia is widely applied in clinical practice.However,the precise mechanism of loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics remains unknown.Here,we measured the dynamics of five neurotransmitters,includingγ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,norepinephrine,acetylcholine,and dopamine,in the medial prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex of C57BL/6 mice through in vivo fiber photometry and genetically encoded neurotransmitter sensors under anesthesia to reveal the mechanism of general anesthesia from a neurotransmitter perspective.Results revealed that the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,norepinephrine,and acetylcholine increased in the cortex during propofol-induced loss of consciousness.Dopamine levels did not change following the hypnotic dose of propofol but increased significantly following surgical doses of propofol anesthesia.Notably,the concentrations of the five neurotransmitters generally decreased during sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness.Furthermore,the neurotransmitter dynamic networks were not synchronized in the non-anesthesia groups but were highly synchronized in the anesthetic groups.These findings suggest that neurotransmitter dynamic network synchronization may cause anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness.
文摘Deaths associated with emergency seat ejection are rare.This is the first case reported in Malaysia since 1980 involving the death of two renowned fighter pilots postejection as safety measures.Ejection mechanism involves several phases which last for splits of seconds.Each phase has its own setback despite serving as a safety mechanism.Both the pilots’death was as a result of the canopy separation,windblast effect,G‑force effect(gravitational force)as well as acceleration effect.High speed and high altitude would have further contributed to the death.