In Situ Acquisition of Equivalent Circuit Parameters of Crystal Resonance during Copper Deposition and Dissolution in Acidic Solution by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Impedance System

Electrochemical quartz crystal impedance system (EQCIS) which allows in situ dynamic quartz crystal impedance measurement in an electrochemical experiment was developed by combining an HP 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance analyzer with an EG&G M283 potentiostat. Equivalent circuit parameters of crystal resonance change significantly during electrodeposition and dissolution of copper in 0.1 mol/L H2SO4 aqueous solution in a cyclic potential sweep experiment, which is explained with an overall picture of mass loading, solution density and viscosity, etc..

Electrochemical impedance analysis of nanoporous TiO_2 electrode at low bias potential

TiO2 colloid was prepared by the sol-gel method and was bladed on transparent conduction glass to made nanoporous electrode. The impedance performance of TiO2 electrode was studied at various bias potential.A simplified equivalent circuit was proposed to investigate the charge transport impedance of TiO2 film and good fitting results were obtained.

A Study on a Partially Immersed Gold Electrode Using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Impedance System

The electrochemical quartz crystal impedance system (EQCIS) has been used for the study of a partially immersed Au electrode in 0.2 mol/L NaClO4 aqueous solution. The influences of the immersed area and height of the electrode on the EQCIS responses were evaluated, showing the highest response sensitivity to liquid loading at the center of the piezoelectric quartz crystal electrode. The increase in the immersed height of the Au electrode at oxygen reduction potentials during potential cycling was measured by this technique.

Electrochemical impedance spectra of V_2O_5 xerogel films with intercalation of lithium ion

Vanadium pentoxide xerogel films used for lithium rechargeable batteries were prepared from crystalline c-V2O5 by melt quenching method,then the electrochemical process of lithium intercalation into vanadium pentoxide xerogel films was simulated with an equivalent circuit model, which was derived from the mechanism of electrode reactions. Measured electrochemical impedance spectra at various electrode potentials were analyzed by using the complex non-linear least-squares fitting method. The results show that impedance spectra consist of 2 high-to- medium frequency depressed arcs and a low frequency straight line. The high frequency arc is attributed to the absorption reaction of lithium ions into the oxide film, the medium frequency arc is attributed to the charge transfer reaction at the vanadium oxide/electrolyte interface and the low frequency is characterized by a straight line with a phase angle of 45° corresponding to the diffusion of lithium ion through vanadium oxide phase. The experimental and calculated results are compared and discussed focusing on the electrochemical performance and the state of charge of the electrode. Moreover, the high consistence of the fitted values of the model to the experimental data indicates that this mathematical model does give a satisfying description of the intercalation process of vanadium pentoxide xerogel films.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study on Novel Carbon-Sulfur Nano-Composite Cathodes in Lithium Rechargeable Batteries

Carbon-sulfur nano-composite cathodes for lithium rechargeable batteries were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The novel carbon-sulfur nano-composite material was synthesized by heating sublimed sulfur and high surface area activated carbon (HSAAC) in certain conditions. Equivalent circuits were used to fit the spectra at different discharge states. The variations of impedance spectra, charge-transfer resistance and double layer capacitance were discussed. The changes of EIS with potential were analyzed based on a plausible electrical equivalent circuit model, and some parameters were measured and analyzed about electrochemical performance and state of charge and discharge of the electrode. The good accuracy in fitting values of the model to the experimental data indicates that the mathematical model gives out a satisfying description upon the mechanism of high rate of capacity fade in lithium-sulfur battery.

Analysis of 3.4 Ah lithium-sulfur pouch cells by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Despite great progress in lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries, the electrochemical reactions in the cell are not yet fully understood. Electrode processes, complex interfaces and internal resistance may be characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). EIS is a non-destructive technique and easy to apply, though there are challenges in ensuring the reproducibility of measurements and the interpretation of impedance data. Here, we present the impedance behavior of a 3.4 Ah Li-S pouch cell characterized by EIS. The impedance changes were analyzed over the entire depth-of-discharge, depth-of-charge,and at various temperatures. Based on the formation of intermediates during(dis)charging, the changes of resistances are observed. Overall, the increase in temperature causes a decrease in electrolyte viscosity,lowering the surface energy which can improve the penetration of the electrolyte into the electrode pores. Moreover, the effect of superimposed AC current during EIS measurement was analyzed, and the results show the dependence of the charge transfer resistance on superimposed AC current which was lower compared to steady-state conditions and consents with theory.

Early Debonding Detection of Rebar-Concrete Interface due to External Loading Utilizing AC Impedance Spectroscopy

A novel method for detecting early damage at the steel-concrete interface due to external loading based on AC impedance spectroscopy technology was proposed.Firstly,alkali pretreatment was introduced to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the AC impedance test.Secondly,the AC impedance spectroscopy between the steel bar and concrete surface of different bonding positions was tested,and then the physical quantities reflecting the bonding damage condition were obtained by equivalent circuit fitting.Theoretical debonding position calculation and AC conductive structure analysis indicate that the change of interface resistance and interface capacitance can seize the development of bonding damage during the loading process.As the interface damage develops,obvious changes in interface resistance and interface capacitance are observed,and they cannot be recovered after unloading.

Electrochemical Impedance of Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Media

Nickel modified NiOOH electrodes were used for the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol in alkaline so lutions. The electro-oxidation of ethanol in a 1 mol/L NaOH solution at different concentrations of ethanol was stu died by ac impedance spectroscopy. Electrooxidation of ethanol on Ni shows negative resistance on impedance plots. The impedance shows different patterns at different applied anodic potential. The influence of the electrode potential on impedance was studied and a quantitative explanation for the impedance of ethanol oxidation was given by means of a proposed mathematical model. At potentials higher than 0.52 V（vs. Ag/AgCl）, a pseudoinductive behavior was observed, but at those higher than 0.57 V, impedance patterns were reversed to the second and third quadrants. The conditions required for the reversing of impedance pattern were delineated with the impedance model.

Analyzing Impedance Spectroscopy Results

In this contribution we briefly discuss several analysis techniques for impedance spectroscopy experiments.A number of different approaches,which differ even by the definition of the problem,are used in the literature.Some aimed towards finding an equivalent circuit.Others aimed towards finding directly dielectric properties of the material under an assumed model.Others towards finding distribution of relaxation times,either parametric or point-by point.No matter what the approach is,this will always be an ill-posed problem in the sense that there exist a large number of possible solutions that solve the problem (mathematically) equally well.Therefore some a-priori knowledge about the system must he used.In addition,we should remember that the ultimate goal is to get physical insight about the system.

AC Impedance Spectroscopy of a-nc-Si:H Thin Films

The AC impedance of amorphous-nano-crystalline silicon composite thin films (a-nc-Si:H) from mHz to MHz at different temperatures has been studied. The samples were prepared by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. The X-ray diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy showed that films consist of isolated nano-crystals embedded in amorphous matrix. In analysis of impedance data, two approaches were tested: the ideal Deby type equivalent circuit and modified one, with CPE (constant phase elements). It was found that the later better fits to results. The amorphous matrix showed larger resistance and lower capacity than nano-crystals. By heat treatment in vacuum, the capacity for both phases changes, according to expected change in size of ordered domains.

Preparation of Cauliflower-like ZnO Films by Chemical Bath Deposition: Photovoltaic Performance and Equivalent Circuit of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

The uniform cauliflower-like ZnO films were deposited on the conducting substrate by a chemical bath deposition in urea/water solution. The film structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermo- gravimetric differential thermal analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The average diameter of ZnO nanoparticles and the petal thickness were 25 nm and 8 μm, respectively. Dye- sensitized solar cells based on the cauliflower-like ZnO film electrode showed the short-circuit current density of 6.08 mA/cm2, the open-circuit photovoltage of 0.66 V, the fill factor of 0.55 and the overall conversion efficiency of 2.18%. The equivalent circuit of cells based on the ZnO film electrodes was measured by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the analysis of equivalent circuit provided the relationship between the cell performance and the interracial resistance, such as the shunt resistance and the series resistance.

The circuitry landscape of perovskite solar cells:An in-depth analysis

The extensive research and development in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rekindled the hopes of converting solar energy into electricity.An elusive understanding of underlying mechanisms is required for the development of efficient PSCs.Over the years,Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) characterization,along with complementary techniques,has proven to be an effective way to understand and analyze the charge transport and recombination at interface and bulk of PSCs.The IS of PSCs have been analyzed,interpreted,and improvised continuously,revealing intricate details about the work.However,there is a lack of centralized source of these details,which make it tougher to account for the generalized approach to understand the device properties.The present work is focused on compiling the research done on various PSC device architectures via IS to construct a comprehensive foundation of information on impedance plots,equivalent circuits,and associated processes.

Impedance spectroscopy for quantum dot light-emitting diodes

Impedance spectroscopy has been increasingly employed in quantum dot light-emitting diodes(QLEDs)to investigate the charge dynamics and device physics.In this review,we introduce the mathematical basics of impedance spectroscopy that applied to QLEDs.In particular,we focus on the Nyquist plot,Mott-Schottky analysis,capacitance-frequency and capacitance-voltage characteristics,and the d C/d V measurement of the QLEDs.These impedance measurements can provide critical information on electrical parameters such as equivalent circuit models,characteristic time constants,charge injection and recombination points,and trap distribution of the QLEDs.However,this paper will also discuss the disadvantages and limitations of these measurements.Fundamentally,this review provides a deeper understanding of the device physics of QLEDs through the application of impedance spectroscopy,offering valuable insights into the analysis of performance loss and degradation mechanisms of QLEDs.

基于电路等效的并网逆变器失稳分析与稳定控制

以并网逆变器为功率接口的新能源发电系统在弱电网条件下易发生振荡失稳问题。该文将并网逆变器的控制回路可视化为电路元件组成的虚拟阻抗,基于该电路模型分析了弱电网条件下电流内环与锁相环交互作用导致并网逆变器振荡失稳的机理,在此基础上,提出了基于有源阻尼的稳定控制设计方法,并对不同有源阻尼控制的电路特性以及稳定性提升能力进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,针对锁相环引入负电阻造成的振荡失稳问题,阻抗-高通滤波器型有源阻尼控制策略具有更优的稳定性提升能力。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真和远宽StarSim控制器硬件在环实验对比了不同有源阻尼控制策略的振荡抑制效果,并验证了阻抗-高通滤波器型有源阻尼控制的动态性能。结果表明,所设计的稳定控制能够在200 ms内有效抑制系统振荡,并且可实现在短路比为1的极弱电网条件下稳定运行。

基于电化学阻抗谱的石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体孔结构演化研究

为了研究大掺量(质量分数为20%以上)石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的孔结构演化行为,本文基于电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、压汞(MIP)测试分析,探究大掺量石灰石粉对硬化水泥浆体EIS拓扑结构和孔结构参数的影响规律,并建立大掺量石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的微观结构等效电路,研究等效电路中元器件和孔结构参数之间的关系。结果表明:随水化龄期的延长,石灰石粉掺量对EIS拓扑结构参数中Bode角和θ_(max)的影响规律显著,大掺量石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的孔径分布整体由大孔和毛细孔向过渡孔和凝胶孔发展演化;另外,EIS等效电路中电阻随硬化水泥浆体中毛细孔含量的增加而减小,电容随硬化水泥浆体中凝胶孔含量的增加而减小。

基于电化学阻抗谱的锂离子电池分级安全预警方法

电化学阻抗谱(EIS)是一种无创原位检测和无损检测方法,可以反映电池内部不同结构的状态。基于EIS的指标可以作为故障预警的重要和优良指标,解决不及时和误报的问题。根据不同过充阶段的EIS特点,分阶段建立了与之对应的分数阶模型。用固态电解质相间膜电阻(R_(SEI))和电荷转移电阻(R_(ct))来表示中频段两个电弧随过充的变化。基于与电池内部结构损伤相关的R_(SEI)和R_(ct)指标,提出了三级预警方法。同时采用了新电池和循环老化过的软包电池进行了不同倍率的过充实验,验证了该方法的可靠性。

电化学阻抗谱机器学习评估动力电池状态研究进展

退役动力锂电池(额定容量80%以上)梯次利用可有效缓解电池回收和环境污染压力,提高资源利用率和经济效益,然而对其进行快速、无损和准确的状态评估仍是一个挑战。与其他已报道的方法相比,电化学交流电测量电池并收集数据绘制阻抗谱图是研究电池状态的核心方法,具有快速、无损这两种优势。通过这种方式检测的电池可以建立起内部阻抗和状态相关性,快速完成电池状态评测。电化学阻抗谱图的分析方法主要包括依靠测量数据和机器学习的方法进行阻抗的预测,依靠等效电路图对电路各个等效元件的变化情况进行分析,以及用积分算法将阻抗谱图转化为更直观的弛豫时间分布图谱。这些方法都提供了电池内部老化情况的分析方法,为电池内部阻抗和健康状态之间的联系提供了电化学方面的基础。基于此,综述了电化学阻抗谱结合机器学习评估动力锂电池状态在国内外最新研究进展,重点针对电化学阻抗谱、等效电路模型、弛豫时间分布和机器学习之间的关系进行总结和探讨。

PEMFC冷启动过程阻抗谱及特征频率分析

为优化质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)冷启动过程,提供足量的反馈数据十分必要,常见的阻抗谱和等效电路因其获取周期较长,无法提供足量且实时的反馈。为此,本文在COMSOL中建立冷启动阻抗模型,结合试验分析其阻抗谱变化,分别在高、中、低频区间提出特征频率1 kHz、50 Hz和1 Hz用于表征燃料电池冷启动过程。研究发现,上述特征频率在冷启动的前、中、后3个阶段变化显著,在特征频率1 kHz、50 Hz和1 Hz下阻抗的变化倍率分别为0.38、0.31和1.47。相较于获取完整的阻抗谱和拟合等效电路,在保留了特征信息的情况下提高了采集数据的实时性。因此,可利用特征频率点的阻抗表征冷启动过程,为实时监测冷启动内部状态提供条件。

多因子综合环境下车辆有机涂层的耐蚀性研究

为了研究车辆有机涂层在我国南部沿海、海岛地区的腐蚀电化学机理,以海南岛热带气候为例,在试验室设计了集合湿热、紫外线暴露、中性盐雾和酸性盐雾4种因子的综合环境腐蚀试验,并通过电化学阻抗谱法对某型特种车辆有机涂层的防护性能进行评价。结果表明:该有机涂层的腐蚀过程可分为腐蚀前期(第1周期),涂层处于渗水阶段,整体较完好,低频阻抗模为10^(10)Ω·cm^(2)数量级;腐蚀中期(2~4周期),涂层各参数变化较小,低频阻抗模由107Ω·cm^(2)减至105Ω·cm^(2)数量级,逐渐出现肉眼可见鼓泡;腐蚀后期(5~9周期),阻抗模为10^(4)Ω·cm^(2)数量级,涂层鼓泡逐步破裂,而后出现明显锈迹,涂层完全失效。

等效电路模型法预测动态工况下微型直接甲醇燃料电池剩余使用寿命

微型直接甲醇燃料电池(μDMFC)具有能量密度高、可便携使用、快速补能以及环境友好等优点.然而,由于膜电极在电化学反应中会退化,μDMFC的有效使用寿命有限,所以需要对其健康状态与剩余使用寿命进行评估,为燃料电池改性和控制策略提供决策支持.在结合数据驱动和机理模型预测方法的基础上,针对动态运行工况,提出一种基于等效电路模型(ECM)的μDMFC剩余使用寿命预测方法.在燃料电池的性能退化指标中,电池输出电压可以被实时监测从而获得电池的退化趋势,但这一指标无法单独提供精确的预测结果.通过测量电化学阻抗谱并结合ECM可以得到电池内部阻抗等深层信息,但这些深层信息不易被实时监测,通常只能低频离线测量.此外,燃料电池在实际应用中多处于变工况状态,其退化趋势和使用寿命受工作环境影响,传统基于电压退化趋势回归的预测方法无法应对工况的动态变化.因此,可通过定期离线获取内部退化参量建立预测模型.实验结果表明:与传统数据驱动的方法相比,基于内部退化参量的预测方法能更好地适应变工况环境,在燃料电池剩余使用寿命预测中具有更好的性能.