Properties and Characterization of Two Clays Raw Material from Mountain District (West of Côte d’Ivoire) for Use in Low-Carbon Cements

This work was devoted to the study of the physico-chemical properties of two clay minerals from the Mountain District (West Côte d'Ivoire) referenced ME1 and ME2. These samples were characterized by the experimental techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermogravimetry (DTA-TG), Brunauer, Emett and Teller method (BET), laser particle size analysis and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The main results of these analyses reveal that the two clay samples mainly contain quartz (52.91% for ME1 and 51.72% for ME2), kaolinite (36.60% for ME1 and 41.6% for ME2) and associated phases, namely goethite and hematite (13.47% for ME1 and 11.00% for ME2). The specific surface values obtained for samples ME1 and ME2 are 34.78 m2/g and 29.18 m2/g respectively. The results obtained show that the samples studied belong to the kaolinite family. After calcination, they could have good pozzolanic activity and therefore be used in the manufacture of low-carbon cements.

Thermodynamic Research on Precipitates in Low Carbon Nb-Microalloyed Steels Produced by Compact Strip Production

Microalloying element Nb in low carbon steels produced by compact strip production （CSP） process plays an important role in inhibiting recrystallization, decreasing the transformation temperature and grain refinement.With decreasing the rolling temperature, dislocations can be pinned by carbonitrides and the strength is increased. Based on the two sublattice model, with metal atom sublattice and interstitial atom sublattice,a thermodynamic model for carbonitride was established to calculate the equilibrium between matrix and carbonitride. In the steel produced by CSP, the calculation results showed that the starting temperature of precipitation of Ti and Nb are 1340℃ and 1040℃, respectively. In the range of 890-950℃, Nb rapidly precipitated. And the maximum of the atomic fraction of Nb in carbonitride was about 0.68. The morphologies and energy spectrum of the precipitates showed that （NbTi） （CN） precipitated near the dislocations. The experiment results show that Nb rapidly precipitated when the temperature was lower than 970℃, and the atomic fraction of Nb in carbonitride was about 60%-80%. The calculation results are in agreement with the experiment data. Therefore the thermodynamic model can be a useful assistant tool in the research on the precipitates in the low carbon steels produced by CSP.

Analysis on Impacts and Co-Abatement Effects of Implementing the Low Carbon Cement Standard

Based on the MAP-CGE model,this paper simulated the impacts on the output,energy consumption and pollutant emissions of different cement production processes when implementing a low carbon cement standard in China.It also calculated the impacts on the marginal abatement cost and equilibrium price of the cement industry,and analyzed the co-abatement effects of different pollutants.The results showed that implementing the low carbon cement standard will be beneficial in promoting an upgrading of cement production processes,and strengthening the energy conservation and emission reduction in the cement industry.If there is no change in the existing technology,the cement industry will reduce SO2emissions by 1.17 kg and NOxemissions by 4.44 kg per ton of CO2emission reduction.Implementing low carbon cement standard can also promote NOxabatement in the cement industry.However,the cement industry will bear the abatement costs,and their equilibrium price will increase slightly.

Biohydrogen production with anaerobic sludge immobilized by granular activated carbon in a continuous stirred-tank

A continuous stirred-tank reactor （CSTR） process with granular activated carbon （GAC） was developed for fermentation hydrogen production from molasses-containing wastewater by mixed microbial cultures. Operation at 35℃, an initial biomass of 17.74 g·L^-1 and hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 6 h, the CSTR reactor presented a continuous hydrogen production ability of 5.9 L·d^-1 and the biogas was free of methane throughout the experiment. Dissolved fermehtation products were predominated by ethanol and acetate acid, with smaller quantities of propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid. It was found that GAC could make the immobilized system durable and stable in response to organic load impacting and low pH value. When the organic loading rate （OLR） ranged from 8 kgCOD/（m^3d） to 4 kgCOD/（m^3d）, stable ethanol-type fermentation was formed, and the ethanol and acetate concentrations account for 89% of the total liquid products.

Research on Products Design of Low-carbon Tourism Development in Nature Reserve——A Case Study of Guangxi Longhu Mountain Scenic Area in China

After analyzing three misunderstandings about eco-tourism development,the paper pointed out that low-carbon tourism based on control of carbon emission had larger implementation space,which could be applied in all types of tourist destinations,with strong operability and the effectiveness evaluation of which was easier to be quantized.On this basis,low-carbon development thought of nature reserve was proposed by taking Guangxi Longhu Mountain Nature Reserve as the example.Through introduction of general situation of low-carbon tourist resources in Longhu Mountain,it analyzed necessity to design low-carbon tourist products in Longhu Mountain Nature Reserve,designed low-carbon tourist activities according to resources characteristics,and proposed five distinctive low-carbon tour routes in light with different tourists markets.Finally,some relevant suggestions on development had been put forward.

Process Reengineering of Cold Chain Logistics of Agricultural Products Based on Low-carbon Economy

Through the process analysis of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,we find that cold chain logistics of agricultural products contradict the development model of low-carbon economy to some extent.We apply the development idea of low-carbon economy,introduce the thirdparty logistics companies,establish distribution center of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,and strengthen information sharing,to reengineer the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China.The results show that applying low-carbon economy to process reengineering of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,has advantages of increasing added value of products,promoting scale merit and abating lag,plays a role in promoting emission reduction,high efficiency and environmental protection in the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China.

Saturation evaluation of microporous low resistivity carbonate oil pays in Rub Al Khali Basin in the Middle East

To solve the problem that it is difficult to identify carbonate low resistivity pays(LRPs) by conventional logging methods in the Rub Al Khali Basin, the Middle East, the variation of fluid distribution and rock conductivity during displacement were analyzed by displacement resistivity experiments simulating the process of reservoir formation and production, together with the data from thin sections, mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. In combination with geological understandings, the genetic mechanisms of LRPs were revealed, then the saturation interpretation model was selected, the variation laws and distribution range of the model parameters were defined, and finally an updated comprehensive saturation interpretation technique for the LRPs has been proposed. In the study area, the LRPs have resistivity values of less than 1 Ω·m, similar to or even slightly lower than that of the water layers. Geological research reveals that the LRPs were developed in low-energy depositional environment and their reservoir spaces are controlled by micro-scale pore throats, with an average radius of less than 0.7 μm, so they are typical microporous LRPs. Different from LRPs of sandstone and mudstone, they have less tortuous conductive paths than conventional reservoirs, and thus lower resistivity value under the same saturation. Archie’s formula is applicable to the saturation interpretation of LRPs with a cementation index value of 1.77-1.93 and a saturation index value of 1.82-2.03 that are 0.2-0.4 lower than conventional reservoirs respectively. By using interpretation parameters determined by classification statistics of petrophysical groups(PGs), oil saturations of the LRPs were calculated at bout 30%-50%,15% higher than the results by conventional methods, and basically consistent with the data of Dean Stark, RST, oil testing and production. The 15 wells of oil testing and production proved that the coincidence rate of saturation interpretation is over 90%and the feasibility of this method has been further verified.

Operation Mechanism of Farmers' Professional Cooperatives from the Point of Low-Carbon Agricultural Products

We firstly take a look at internal logic of cluster development of low-carbon agricultural products.In combination with operation features of farmers' professional cooperatives and actual requirements for cluster development of low-carbon agricultural products;we elaborate establishing benefit allocation mechanism,bearing education and training functions,forming low-carbon value,building low-carbon identification system,as well as realizing low-carbon value.According to these situations,we systematically analyze operation mechanism of farmers' professional cooperatives suitable for cluster development of low-carbon agricultural products.To promote cluster development of low-carbon agricultural products,we put forward following suggestions,including government guidance and encouragement,social acceptance and active cooperation,and integration into global low-carbon development system to share benefit of low-carbon development.

Low-carbon Economy and Eco-design of Commodity Packing

Research situation of eco-design is analyzed, and then thoughts and methods of eco-design are discused. The eco-design includes packaging modularization, dematerialization, energy-saving and bio-simulation.

Research on the transmission mechanism of low-carbon policies:an empirical study of agricultural companies

Companies bear primary responsibility for low-carbon economy,thus relevant low-carbon policies should be set properly to guide them and to ensure their low-carbon production effectively.To solve the problems generated during low-carbon development,this article verifies the existence of the transmission path and strength.This verification includes mediating variables of companies'willingness and capacity to conduct low-carbon production,a transmission mechanism through incentive path and resources protection,and questionnaire data of agricultural companies.Conclusions show that the lowcarbon policies have obvious positive effects on willingness of corporation;the basic service-oriented policy has a significantly promoting effect on low-carbon production capacity;and low-carbon production performance is positively influenced by willingness as well as capability.Aiming at a better transmission path,some corresponding recommendations have been put forward in the end.

Empirical Analysis on Factors Restricting Low-carbon Agricultural Development in Hubei Province

From the perspective of input into agricultural production, the growth of agricultural production from 1982 to 2010 in Hubei Province was analyzed by using multiple regression method. The results show that the quantity of fertilizer and the total power of machinery used for farming have significantly contributed to agricultural growth in Hubei Province, but they are also main factors restricting low-carbon agricultural development in Hubei Province. Therefore, the key point to develop low-carbon agriculture in Hubei Province currently should be put on how to fertilize rationally, how to innovate the pattern of agricultural production, how to develop agricultural mechanization rationally and so on.

“双碳”目标下绿色财政政策的碳生产率效应研究

在“双碳”目标下,提高城市碳生产率是政府制定绿色财政政策推动城市低碳发展的重要考量。以两部委开展的节能减排财政政策试点为准实验,使用多期双重差分(DID)模型和塔皮奥(Tapio)脱钩指数模型,考察绿色财政政策对城市低碳发展的影响。研究显示,绿色财政政策的实施有效提升了城市碳生产率,并推动了城市低碳发展。具体而言,实施该绿色财政政策能够通过优化城市产业结构和生产要素配置、改善城市创新环境、提高城市科技创新能力等提升城市碳生产率。同时,在非资源型、非工业型、环境信息公开和地方政府环保意识强的城市中,政策效应更显著。拓展研究发现,除铁岭市和铜川市外,其他试点城市在政策实施期间经济增长速率均高于碳排放增长速率,表现出明显的碳生产率提升趋势。绿色财政政策在推动城市减碳、促增长、提升碳生产率方面发挥着重要作用,城市低碳发展应以绿色财政为抓手制定因应之策,以实现经济发展和减污降碳双重目标。

数字经济赋能黄河流域新质生产力及低碳转型的路径研究

为了探究数字经济赋能黄河流域新质生产力培育及城市低碳转型的现实路径、给黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展相关研究提供参考,在对数字经济、新质生产力与低碳转型互促机制理论分析基础上,基于“宽带中国”试点城市这一准自然实验,以低碳转型程度为被解释变量,以数字经济的代理变量“宽带中国”试点政策为核心解释变量,把能源效率、产业结构、消费低碳转型水平作为表征新质生产力的中介变量,利用2011—2022年黄河流域76个城市的面板数据,运用多期双重差分模型进行了实证分析。结果表明:1)数字经济发展能够显著推进黄河流域城市低碳转型;2)数字经济的低碳转型效应在黄河流域具有城市等级与城市规模异质性,在中心城市其效应更显著,在小城市、中等城市、大城市的效应依次递增;3)新质生产力对数字经济低碳转型效应具有重要的中介作用,供给侧能源效率的提升、产业结构优化升级是其显著助力黄河流域城市低碳转型的两条具体路径。提出了全面推动黄河流域数字经济发展、加快形成新质生产力培育的重要着力点、多措并举持续推进黄河流域低碳转型等建议。

A review of low-carbon technologies and projects for the global cement industry

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the cement industry account for 26%of the total industrial emissions,and the need to develop low-carbon techniques within the cement industry is extremely urgent.Low-carbon projects and technologies for the cement industry in different regions and countries have been thoroughly reviewed in this manuscript,and the low-carbon development concept for each county has been analyzed.For developing countries such as China and India,energy saving and efficiency enhancement are currently the key points,while for developed countries and regions such as Europe,more efforts have been focused on carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS).Global CCUS projects have been previously conducted,and the majority of CCUS projects are currently performed in Europe where major projects such as the CEMCAP,CLEANKER,and IEILAC projects represent the latest research progress in cement production technologies and low-carbon technologies for the global cement industry.The development of low-carbon cement technologies has changed from focusing on the end point to instead focusing on the source and process through the exploration of hydrogen and solar energies,and more disruptive and original technologies are expected to be developed,particularly in the cement industry in China.

氯离子−碳化作用下低钙高强熟料水泥混凝土的耐久性能

采用低钙高强熟料水泥和粉煤灰为主要原料制备低钙高强熟料水泥混凝土试件,设置单一氯离子侵蚀、单一碳化侵蚀和氯离子–碳化侵蚀3种机制进行混凝土侵蚀试验。以自由氯离子和总氯离子质量分数为评价指标,分析单一氯离子和氯离子–碳化作用下混凝土试件的抗氯离子侵蚀性能;以碳化深度和pH为评价指标,分析单一碳化和氯离子–碳化作用下混凝土试件的抗碳化性能,并通过氮气吸附法(BET)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析混凝土试件的孔结构和微观形貌特征。结果表明:与单一氯离子侵蚀相比,氯离子–碳化侵蚀作用下混凝土试件内部侵蚀深度基本相同,为20~25 mm,但自由氯离子和总氯离子含量上升、结合氯离子含量下降,最可几孔径增加8.1 nm,孔结构粗化,微观形貌出现不规则的簇状C—S—H凝胶结构和大量的CaCO_(3),孔隙数量增加,连通性增强,抗氯离子侵蚀性能有所下降;与单一碳化侵蚀相比,氯离子–碳化作用下混凝土试件内部碳化深度下降,完全碳化区和部分碳化区深度也有所减小,孔结构细化,微观形貌出现氯离子晶体和Friedel盐,且填充于孔隙中,结构更密实,试件的抗碳化性能增强。

计及沼气重整制氢和燃气掺氢的综合能源系统优化调度

为推动氢能多元生产和利用,提出一种计及沼气重整制氢和燃气掺氢的综合能源系统优化调度模型.首先,构建沼气重整制氢模型,满足天然气负荷的同时,实现生物天然气制氢.其次,将电解水和沼气重整产生的氢气联合,探究沼气重整制氢对系统经济性、低碳性的影响.然后,生成的氢气供给氢燃料电池、掺氢燃气轮机,并引入阶梯碳交易机制,限制系统碳排放.最后,以日运行总成本最低为目标函数,设置4种不同场景进行仿真分析.仿真结果表明:所提模型总成本降低5.33%,碳排放量降低5.17%;合适的秸秆价格有利于消纳风光和利用生物质能;燃气轮机适度掺氢燃烧可以进一步降低总成本和碳排放量.

计及水泥厂直接碳排放碳责任的源-荷低碳优化运行方法

在新型电力系统对源荷两侧提出更高低碳要求的背景下,电力系统合理的碳责任分摊对源荷协同低碳优化具有重要的指导意义。因此,提出一种计及水泥厂直接碳排放碳责任的源-荷低碳优化运行方法以进一步完善碳责任分摊。首先,分析水泥工业负荷所具有的生产直接碳排放和用电间接碳排放特性,根据该特性下的双向碳排放联结源荷两侧;再以碳排放流理论建立水泥厂双向碳流模型,并提出新碳责任分摊方法。然后,分析源-荷双向碳流特性,以总体碳排放最低为目标,构建电网双向碳流优化模型,评估用户和电网的减碳能力。最后,以IEEE 33节点验证新碳责任分摊的源-荷双向碳流低碳优化运行方法,结果表明在不影响水泥厂生产的前提下,该方法具备实际降碳效益和降碳有效性。

数字金融新质生产力对碳福利绩效的影响

选取2013—2022年我国30个省级面板数据,构建多种计量模型考察数字金融新质生产力对碳福利绩效的影响效应与作用机制。基准回归结果显示,数字金融新质生产力对碳福利绩效具有显著的正向影响。异质性分析表明,相较于西部地区,数字金融新质生产力对东部地区和中部地区的影响效应更为明显。中介效应检验发现,新型城镇化在数字金融新质生产力与碳福利绩效之间存在显著中介效应。基于此,提出着力培育数字金融新质生产力、加快推进新型城镇化建设、持续缩小区域间发展差距的建议,以期为提升碳福利绩效、实现绿色低碳发展提供一定理论依据。

制酒厂区工艺双循环水冷冷却系统热回收应用研究

酱香型白酒生产过程需要冷却才能使酒蒸汽凝结成酒并降温至工艺要求的出酒温度,常用的冷却介质有空气和水,冷却过程中酒蒸汽会向冷却介质释放大量热量。采用风冷方式时其热量释放于空气中,热回收利用难度较大。常规情况采用水冷方式时冷却水出水温度约为60~70℃,可用于加热生活热水和锅炉水,但其他可利用的热回收途径较少。为了提高白酒生产中的冷却水余热利用率,提出了工艺双循环水冷冷却系统,其高温冷却水出水温度可达90℃左右,高温冷却水中的热量约占90%,可用于驱动增温型热泵制取蒸汽,也可用于加热锅炉水和生活热水。采用该双循环水冷冷却系统可进一步提高白酒生产中的余热回收利用率,达到节能低碳的效果。

粮食主产区种植业低碳发展效率测算与差异化补偿研究

【目的】测算粮食主产区种植业低碳发展效率和碳补偿额度,为健全粮食主产区利益补偿机制提供参考。【方法】利用三阶段超效率SBM-DEA模型测算粮食主产区种植业低碳发展效率,并依据地区碳收支核算、碳交易价格和碳补偿系数确定各主产区碳补偿额度。【结果】1)2010—2020年黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、江西、四川5个省、自治区碳汇水平最高,湖北、河北碳汇水平最低;2)根据三阶段SBM-DEA模型测算,各主产区低碳发展效率分布较为稳定,其中湖北、河南为低碳发展高效率地区,四川、河北为低碳发展低效率地区。【结论】根据低碳发展效率测算各主产区碳补偿额度,河南、山东和江苏的利益补偿额度最高,辽宁、江西和河北利益补偿额度最低。针对低碳发展效率进行差异化碳补偿,有利于提高粮食主产区发展低碳粮食生产的积极性。