Production of Low Fat Cheddar Cheese Made Using Exopolysaccharide-Producing Cultures and Selected Ripening Cultures

Low fat cheeses often suffer from undesirable texture and flavor. The objective of this study is to improve the yield, texture, flavor and quality of low fat Cheddar cheese during ripening using exopolysaccharide-producing lactobacilli and ripening cultures. The article represents one of the first attempts to tackle both texture and flavor at the same time. The study reveals the effect of aging on the texture and flavor of low fat Cheddar cheese over a ripening period of six months. The cheese manufactured with a modified protocol using EPS-producing cultures and ripening cultures showed higher values for moisture content (45%) and yield (9.4%) when compared to cheese manufactured with the conventional procedure and without the addition of EPS-producing cultures and ripening cultures (37.7%) and (4.9%) respectively. The obtained results indicated a 70% decrease in the fat content of the cheese. Texture profile analysis (TPA) indicated that the hardness, the cohesiveness, the springiness, the gumminess and the chewiness of the cheeses made using the EPS-producing cultures decreased with aging. The texture of the ripened low fat cheese made using EPS-producing cultures was described as chewy, springy, cohesive and smooth. The use of the ripening cultures resulted in the elimination of the bitter flavor defect which is a common problem in low fat Cheddar.

Effect of rice fat mimics on texture and microstructure of low-fat yoghurt

This paper made a research on a new kind of rice fat mimics, which was obtained from rice powder hydrolyzed by α-amylase. Through the comparison between the yoghurt added with diverse proportions of above mentioned rice fat mimics and the reduced-fat yoghurt without any fat mimics as well as full-fat ones, the effect of the rice fat mimics in different proportions was examined upon the composition, the microstructure, the texture and the sensory evaluation of reduced-fat yoghurt. The results showed that the yoghurts added with rice fat mimics exhibited similar organoleptic attribute, textual characteristics and acceptability compared to those of full-fat controls （P〉0.05）, but with lower fat content and looser microstructures.

Evaluation of Total Fatty Acid Profiles of Two Types of Low-Fat Goat Milk Ice Creams

Effects of frozen-storage on fatty acids profiles and basic nutrient contents of two types of low-fat caprine milk ice creams were investigated during 0, 2, 4, 8 weeks of storage at -18°C. Two types of the experimental low-fat soft-serve goat ice creams were manufactured using whole (full-fat) milk and 2% fat goat milk with addition of commercial powdered vanilla flavor pre-mix containing 0.25% fat (Alpha Freeze, D466-A9047, Tampa, FL, USA). Fatty acid concentrations were quantified using a Thermo Electronic gas chromatography (GC)-MS (Model TRACE GC Ultra, Austin, TX, USA) equiped with an automatic sampler (Model AS-3000, Thermo Electronic Co.). The results showed that fat content was the only basic nutrient component exhibited the difference between the two types of ice creams, while no other components have shown differences between the two low-fat ice creams during the storage periods. The level of lauric acid (C12:0) was the highest among all 16 fatty acids, followed by palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:1), and myristic acid (C14:0). The high levels of the medium chain fatty acids (C12:0 and C14:0) might have been derived from the goat milk as well as the palm oil asa part of the ingredients in the commercial ice cream premix. Among long chain fatty acids, palmitic acid (C16:0) was the highest, followed by oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid (C18:0). All of the long chain fatty acids contents were significantly higher (P < 0.05 or 0.01) in whole milk ice cream than those in 2% fat ice cream, except for the C22:0 and C24:00 acids. It was concluded that mean levels of the individual fatty acids in the caprine ice creams were significantly influenced by the types of milk fat used in the ice creams, but not by storage periods and storage × fat type interaction effects.

Comparison of free fatty acid composition between low-fat and full-fat goat milk cheeses stored for 3 months under refrigeration

Differences in free fatty acid (FFA) compositions between low-fat (LF) and full-fat (FF: whole milk) goat cheeses were evaluated during 3 months at 4oC refrigeration. The two types of cheeses were manufactured using a bulk milk from the mixed herd of Saanen, Alpine, and Nubian goat breeds. LF cheeses were made using LF milk after cream separation. FFAs of all cheeses were extracted in diisoprophyl ether using polypropylene chromatography column, and FFA concentrations were quantified using a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica capillary column. Moisture, fat, protein contents (%) and pH of fresh LF and FF cheeses were: 55.1, 52.3;1.30, 25.6;35.7, 22.5;5.40, 5.42, respectively. The FFA contents (mg/g cheese) of fresh FF and LF cheeses prior to storage treatments for C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 were: 0.020, 0.072;0.070, 0.035;0.061, 0.055;0.181, 0.167;0.073, 0.047;0.174, 0.112;0.579, 0.152;0.308, 0.202;0.521, 0.174;and 0.057, 0.026, respectively. The respective FFA to total fatty acid ratios for 0, 1 and 3 months aged FF and LF cheeses were 8.44, 12.4;6.31, 16.91;12.03, 14.19. The LF cheeses generated more FFA than FF cheeses, while actual FFA content in FF cheese was significantly higher than in LF cheese. The FFA contents of LF cheese at 0, 1 and 3 months storage were 48.0, 96.8 and 36.4% of those of FF cheese, respectively. It was concluded LF cheese generated higher amount of FFA than FF cheese, although total FFA content was significantly (P<0.05) lower in LF cheese than in FF cheese.

Analysis of Low Melting Point Fat Constituents of Black Soybeans by HS-SPME-GC-MS

[Objectives] To analyze the low melting point fat constituents in the black soybeans with green and yellow heart and their relative content,and compare the differences in the low melting point fat constituents between different kinds of black soybeans. [Methods] Using HS-SPME-GC-MS,the qualitative analysis was performed on the low melting point fat constituents of black soybeans; using peak area normalization method,the relative content of constituents was calculated. [Results]A total of 42 peaks were identified from the low melting point fat constituents of the black soybeans with yellow heart,and 18 kinds of chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 81.39% of total relative content of low melting point fat constituents; a total of 37 peaks were identified from the low melting point fat constituents of the black soybeans with green heart,and 15 kinds of chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 83.24% of total relative content of low melting point fat constituents. There were 9 kinds of common chemical constituents for the two kinds of black soybeans,and 5-allylguaiacol had the highest relative content,followed by hexanol. [Conclusions] There was no significant difference in the low melting point fat constituents between two kinds of black soybeans.

Low saturated fat diet is effective in trigeminal neuralgia

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of low saturated fat diet (LSFD) in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Design: 1) Internet forum where patients could request a 10 page LSFD plan, and 2) Follow-up assessment done by a retrospective 20-item questionnaire. Duration of treatment—2 months to 13 years. Pain rated on a Visual Analogue Scale and reported as typical, atypical, or both, defining typical TN as intermittent quick jolts/stabbing pain and atypical TN as continuous never ending discomfort. Setting: General community. Patients: 55 unselected patients, most with unilateral, severe and daily symptoms in V2 and V3 distribution for a mean duration of 8 years and on medications. 84% had pain level 9-10 before treatment, 89% had daily attacks and 31% had undergone surgical procedures. Intervention: LSFD for 2 months-13 years (mean 20 months). Main outcome measure: VAS score and medication use before and after LSFD treatment. Results: Reported SF content was 3-25 gm. With treatment 96% typical TN (p Conclusions: LSFD is effective in TN with high compliance, few adverse effects and may result in reduction/ elimination of medications even in most severe cases.

低鱼粉高脂饲料添加大豆卵磷脂对黄鳝生长、血清生化指标及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究低鱼粉高脂饲料中添加大豆卵磷脂对黄鳝(Monopterusalbus)生长、血清生化指标及肠道菌群的影响,为降低黄鳝鱼粉使用量提供依据。以初始体重(20.03±0.01)g黄鳝为研究对象,以含有42%鱼粉、22%豆粕、6%粗脂肪的饲料为正常鱼粉组,另以含有22%鱼粉、52%豆粕和9%粗脂肪的饲料为低鱼粉高脂组,分别在低鱼粉高脂组中添加1%和2%的大豆卵磷脂,进行为期56d的养殖试验,于室外池塘进行网箱养殖,日投喂1次,喂量为黄鳝体重3%—5%。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,低鱼粉高脂组黄鳝增重率显著降低(P<0.05),饵料系数与肝体比均显著增加(P<0.05),但添加2%大豆卵磷脂后黄鳝增重率显著提高(P<0.05),而饵料系数与肝体比显著降低(P<0.05);(2)对比正常鱼粉组,低鱼粉高脂饲料组黄鳝血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血氨、尿素氮、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、酸性磷酸酶与免疫球蛋白M含量显著增加(P<0.05),且碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),而添加2%大豆卵磷脂使黄鳝血清的高密度脂蛋白含量与碱性磷酸酶活性显著增加(P<0.05),低密度脂蛋白、血氨、尿素氮、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、酸性磷酸酶与免疫球蛋白M水平显著下降(P<0.05);(3)与对照组相比,低鱼粉高脂组黄鳝后肠绒毛高度与杯状细胞显著降低(P<0.05),而添加2%大豆卵磷脂后黄鳝后肠绒毛高度与杯状细胞数目上升;(4)与对照组相比,低鱼粉高脂组不动杆菌属与考克氏菌属相对丰度上升,而与低鱼粉高脂组相比,添加2%大豆磷脂后黄鳝肠道群落的丰富度与多样性显著增加(P<0.05),且显著提高了肠道红杆菌属的相对丰度,并显著减少不动杆菌属与考克氏菌属的丰度(P<0.05)。由此得出,在试验条件下,2%大豆卵磷脂可促进脂肪代谢和提高机体免疫性能,并修复肠道组织结构与维持菌群稳态,进而缓解低鱼粉高脂饲料对黄鳝生长的负面影响。

蛋清蛋白微粒基低脂沙拉酱流变学特征及品质优化

本实验以蛋清蛋白微粒(egg white protein microparticles,EWPM)为代脂基质,研究EWPM/黄原胶(xanthan gum,XG)共混质量分数、pH值、氯化钠含量、糖含量、均质条件等对超低脂沙拉酱产品流变学特性的影响规律。研究发现,XG对EWPM基超低脂沙拉酱具有显著的增稠效果,然而含量过高会导致低脂沙拉酱恢复性下降。基础调味组分对超低脂沙拉酱品质的影响存在较大差异,pH值和盐对体系黏度影响较大,糖添加量对黏度的影响相对较小。适度的胶体磨均质转速和均质时间可以减小产品的粒径,增加其内部均一性,显著提高产品的整体黏度。本实验以沙拉酱流变学行为调控为重点,为低脂沙拉酱的研究提供一个更加明确的工艺优化方向。

基于压榨法优化低脂芝麻酱加工工艺

通过压榨法制作的芝麻酱,脂肪含量较低,但黏稠度偏高,所以需要在低脂芝麻酱中添加脂肪替代物,另外,再添加一定量的乳化剂,以减少低脂芝麻酱的分层现象。通过单因素试验和响应面试验对芝麻酱的感官评分进行研究和分析,结果表明各因素对芝麻酱感官评分的影响次序是黄原胶添加量>料液比例>海藻酸钠添加量>液压压强;利用Design-Expert 8.1.0软件对芝麻酱感官评分的多元方程进行模拟,结果显示该回归方程的方差显著性小于0.01(P<0.01),低脂芝麻酱响应面试验的实际值与回归方程的模拟值较接近;优化后的低脂芝麻酱最佳加工工艺为液压压强30 MPa、料液比例1∶1、黄原胶添加量0.03%和海藻酸钠添加量0.30%,该加工工艺条件下,低脂芝麻酱的感官评分为92分,此时芝麻酱酱香浓郁,浓稠度适中,黏稠度较高。

改善低脂干酪品质的综合策略研究进展

干酪是通过凝结牛奶蛋白酪蛋白制成的发酵乳制品,风味独特,具有营养价值高、适用人群广等优势。然而,随着肥胖、糖尿病等代谢性疾病的全球大流行,传统干酪的脂质含量已经不符合当前的国民营养需求和食品产业发展的大健康战略了。低脂干酪却因为无法满足消费者对健康和美味的双重需求而不被看好。因此,改善低脂干酪的品质便成为了研究人员关注的重点。分析低脂干酪的研究趋势发现,在保证风味的基础上,低脂干酪制备的创新方向主要体现在使用脂肪替代物、选择发酵剂类型和优化制备工艺三方面,以实现“减脂不减味”。文章对当前低脂干酪的制备方法、研究成果和发展趋势进行综述,以期为开发高品质的低脂干酪提供思路。

纳米茶籽油微囊对低脂猪肉糜制品品质影响

高脂产品低脂化符合消费者对健康的追求,是未来肉制品发展方向之一。本文以无茶籽油脂肪替代肉糜为对照组,考察了两种形式的茶籽油(Tea seed oil,TSO)及纳米微囊化茶籽油(Nano tea seed oil microcapsules,NTM)代替猪背膘对猪肉糜制品理化性质的影响,对不同脂肪替代肉糜制品保水性、蒸煮得率、水分分布、质构、微观结构、脂肪氧化水平等指标进行了研究。结果表明,添加50%、70%NTM可以改善添加TSO造成的肉糜制品保水能力的下降;NTM替代组的T_(21)弛豫时间、占比与无替代对照组组差异不显著(P>0.05),而TSO替代组不易流动水占比显著下降(P<0.05);NTM替代组,其L^(*)、b^(*)值较于无茶籽油替代组有所增强,a^(*)降低,且具有明显的脂肪氧化抑制效果,有效延长贮藏期;微观结构结果表明,NTM替代组油脂分布较TSO添加组更均匀,与蛋白质结合更紧密;质构特性结果表明,TSO替代会造成质构的劣化,而NTM可以改善劣化情况,其中添加70%NTM的肉糜弹性和粘度优于50%和70%NTM替代组。综上,添加70%NTM可以均匀分布于猪肉糜中,并与蛋白质之间形成更多的氢键,从而达到稳定低脂猪肉糜保水力,硬度,弹性等理化性质的目的。因此添加70%NTM的低脂肉糜品质最优。

复配膳食纤维低脂乳化肠的加工技术研究

以乳化肠为研究对象,分析复配膳食纤维(柑橘膳食纤维∶小麦膳食纤维)替代部分脂肪对香肠食用品质的影响。选择原料肥瘦比、复配膳食纤维添加量、膳食纤维复配比为单因素,采用正交试验优化确定最佳配方为肥瘦比为2∶8,复配膳食纤维添加量为2.5%,膳食纤维(柑橘∶小麦)复配比为2∶3。此配方制作出的低脂乳化肠不仅降低了脂肪含量,且产品综合品质较好。

中低强度运动干预高脂饲养小鼠膝关节损伤软骨细胞LncRNA HOTAIR的表达

背景:中低强度有氧运动对膝关节软骨具有一定保护作用。长链非编码RNA对基因调节具有重要作用,其中,HOTAIR可以动员多个转录共同抑制因子,抑制某些基因表达。目的:检测HOTAIR及相关因子在高脂饲养小鼠及中低强度运动干预后膝关节软骨细胞中表达水平,探讨其在软骨损伤及运动康复中的作用。方法:C57BL/6雄性小鼠30只,随机分为对照组(正常饲养)、高脂静养组和高脂运动组,每组10只。高脂运动组进行8周中低强度跑台运动,对照组和高脂静养组笼中饲养,期间每周日称体质量。8周跑台结束后取材双下肢,采用Micro CT扫描膝关节,股骨髁成3D图像,获取相关参数;膝关节苏木精-伊红和番红固绿染色进行关节Mankin和OARSI评分;RT-PCR检测相关软骨代谢指标Ⅱ型胶原、基质金属蛋白酶13、白细胞介素1,脂代谢指标低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白5(LRP5),HOTAIR及其下游因子赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶1(LSD1)mRNA表达。结果与结论:①高脂静养组和高脂运动组体质量均高于对照组(P<0.01),高脂运动组体质量低于高脂静养组(P<0.05);②高脂静养组和高脂运动组骨小梁连接密度均高于对照组(P<0.01);③高脂静养组Mankin和OARSI评分高于对照组(P<0.01)和高脂运动组(P<0.05);④对照组Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达高于高脂运动组(P<0.05)和高脂静养组(P<0.01),高脂运动组Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达高于高脂静养组(P<0.01);⑤高脂静养组基质金属蛋白酶13、白细胞介素1、低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白5、HOTAIR和赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶1 mRNA表达高于对照组和高脂运动组(P<0.01);⑥结论:高脂饲养造成小鼠股骨髁骨质增加、膝关节软骨磨损,软骨细胞代谢紊乱,这一过程中HOTAIR的表达增加。8周中低强度跑台可减轻小鼠体质量、减缓膝关节软骨磨损、改善软骨细胞功能和下调HOTAIR表达。

脂肪替代物对低脂再制奶酪品质的影响及其品质提升策略研究进展

再制奶酪因其口味丰富、品质稳定、便于携带等优点深受消费者喜爱,但再制奶酪中脂肪含量较高,无法满足消费者低脂饮食的需求,因此,生产低脂肪含量的再制奶酪已成为乳制品行业发展的趋势。然而,脂肪含量的减少会在一定程度上影响奶酪品质,如何提高低脂再制奶酪的品质特性是乳制品行业亟需解决的问题。脂肪替代物是一种可以模仿奶酪中脂肪的物质,其能够弥补奶酪因脂肪减少而造成的风味、质构等品质特性缺陷。本文分别介绍了脂肪及不同种类脂肪替代物(脂肪基、蛋白质基和碳水化合物基)对奶酪和低脂再制奶酪风味、质地等品质特性的重要作用,并从低脂天然奶酪品质提升策略、配料成分调整、加工技术等方面总结了低脂再制奶酪的品质提升手段,以期为高品质低脂再制奶酪的开发提供参考,推动奶酪行业的进一步发展。

低脂蛋黄酱的工艺配方研究

本研究通过添加圆苞车前子壳粉、玉米变性淀粉复配凝胶代替蛋黄酱中部分油脂,将油脂的比例降低到30%。以感官评分和硬度、黏着度为指标,设计单因素实验对蛋黄酱进行分析,并设计正交实验进行工艺配方的优化。最终分析得出低脂蛋黄酱的最佳工艺配方为:圆苞车前子壳粉添加量0.6%,蜡质玉米变性淀粉添加量2.0%,油添加量30%。

青中年患者低盐低脂饮食干预与脑卒中发生发展的关联分析

目的研究青中年患者低盐低脂饮食干预与脑卒中发生发展的关联性。方法选取2021年7月至2023年2月住院的青中年脑卒中患者共计120例作为研究对象,遵循随机化原则分为观察组和对照组,每组60例。对照组运用常规营养支持医护模式;观察组运用低盐低脂饮食指导的医护理念。入院时和干预结束后3个月,评估2组患者的低盐低脂饮食指导指数。比较2组患者入院时、干预3周、干预结束时血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、总蛋白的变化。入院时、干预结束时、干预结束后3个月患者主观整体评估(PG-SGA)评分,并进行人体组成成分测定。结果低盐低脂饮食指导干预结束后3个月与入院时比较,2组自我保健、健康知识、生活方式、精神健康、生活技能及总分均有提高(P<0.05)。观察组与对照组相比,自我保健、生活方式、精神健康及总分提高的程度更明显(P<0.05)。2组从入院时干预3周、指导干预结束时血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、总蛋白呈明显下降趋势(P<0.05)。交互效应均有统计学意义(P<0.05),遂认为不同组间血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、总蛋白变化的趋势受到观察时间的影响。2组从入院时、干预3周、干预结束时PG-SGA得分呈明显下降趋势(P<0.05)。交互效应有统计学意义(P<0.05),遂认为不同组间PG-SGA得分变化的趋势受到观察时间的影响。2组从入院时干预3周、干预结束时体脂率、体重、BMI均呈明显下降趋势(P<0.05)。交互效应均有统计学意义(P<0.05),认为不同组间体脂率、体重、BMI变化的趋势受到观察时间的影响。结论对脑卒中采用低盐低脂饮食指导提高了患者的生活质量,具有良好、广阔的推广应用前景。

长城三矿选煤厂从洗选矸石中回收低热值煤的工艺探索

长城三矿选煤厂洗选矸石中存在高密度低灰分的煤矸石,现有重介质分选工艺不能对其进行有效分选,直接废弃会造成煤炭资源浪费,直接燃烧产生的热量较少,并且会造成环境污染。通过对长城三矿选煤厂洗选块矸石进行试验分析,并调整末煤重介质旋流器锥角,对这部分低热值煤进行再回收利用,避免煤炭资源的浪费,提高了企业的经济效益。

健康饮食背景下西式面点低糖低脂配方的研究与开发

在公众对健康日益重视的当下,低糖低脂的饮食模式正逐渐融入人们的日常饮食结构。为探索和创造符合健康饮食理念的西式面点低糖低脂配方,本文对市场上现有食谱进行深入剖析,发现糖脂替代品在实际运用中存在一些限制,如可能影响食物的口感、受限于加工工艺以及缩短产品的保存期限等问题。针对这些问题,提出优化糖脂替代技术、改进加工工艺和开发新型包装与保鲜技术的开发路径,为健康食品行业发展提供新思路。

低分子肝素与脂肪乳联合抗复发性流产作用及对促炎介质、免疫功能的调节作用

目的 探讨低分子肝素联合脂肪乳治疗复发性流产(RSA)的效果,分析其对妊娠结局、炎症介质、免疫功能的影响。方法 选取2021年2月至2022年3月驻马店市中医院收治的101例RSA患者为研究对象,随机分为单一组50例、联合组51例。两组接受常规基础治疗,在此基础上单一组接受脂肪乳治疗,联合组接受低分子肝素联合脂肪乳治疗,两组连续治疗至妊娠12周。对比两组临床疗效、妊娠结局、安全性。比较两组治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+))、炎症介质[白介素-10(IL-10)、白介素-17(IL-17)、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α(MIP-1α)]水平。结果 联合组总有效率、妊娠成功率高于单一组(P<0.05),两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。联合组妊娠12周CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)低于单一组,CD8^(+)高于单一组(P<0.05),血清IL-10、MIP-1α水平高于单一组,IL-17水平低于单一组(P<0.05)。结论 低分子肝素联合脂肪乳治疗RSA的效果确切且具有一定安全性,可改善妊娠结局,减少炎症介质生成,调节机体免疫功能。

腹腔镜辅助脂肪锚定法在小儿低位隐睾中的应用研究

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助脂肪锚定法治疗小儿低位隐睾的临床价值。方法选取2021年1月至2023年4月该院低位隐睾患儿89例,根据手术方案分为观察组(47例)和对照组(42例)。对照组采用经腹股沟切口睾丸固定术,观察组采用腹腔镜辅助脂肪锚定法。比较2组手术时间、出血量、术后6 h改良面部表情评分法(FLACC)评分、出院时间,以及随访情况。结果观察组手术时间、出血量、术后6 h FLACC评分、出院时间均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见随访结果显示,对照组出现睾丸回缩1例,无睾丸萎缩。观察组阴囊饱满,外观满意,未出现睾丸萎缩或睾丸回缩。结论采用腹腔镜辅助脂肪锚定法治疗小儿低位隐睾,具有出血少、疼痛轻、恢复快,并发症少等优点。