“Abnormal transient creep” in fine-grained Al-5356 alloy observed at low strain rates by high-resolution strain measurement

Transient creep at very low strain rates （less than 10-10 s-1） is still unclear. The traditional uniaxial creep testing is less useful due to unsatisfied resolution strain （~10-6）. To study transient creep behavior at such low strain rates, a high-resolution strain measurement using the helicoid spring specimen technique was employed in a fine-grained Al-5356 alloy at temperatures ranging from 0.47Tm to 0.74Tm （Tm： melting point）. To clarify transient creep mechanism at such low strain rates, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） was used in microstructure observation of crept specimens. The abnormal transient creep, high temperature strengthening at T〉Tp （Tp： the phase transformation temperature, 0.58Tm） or intermediate temperature softening at 0.4Tm〈T￡Tp and double-normal type （creep curves including double work-hardening stages） at T=Tp, were firstly observed. The substructure observation in a crept specimen at T=0.58Tm and e=1×10-4 shows pile-up dislocations including many small jogs with equal interval, and dislocations emitted from grain boundaries. The b-Al3Mg2 phase dissolves under the condition of testing temperatures higher than 523 K, which causes solid-solution quantity of Mg atoms to increase. Therefore, the “abnormal transient creep” may be related to the difference of solid solution strengthening caused by phase change during the creep tests.

High-frequency interference waves in low strain dynamic testing of X-section concrete piles

Stress waves propagate along vertical,radial and circumferential directions when a non-uniformly distributed load is applied at one end of a three-dimensional shaft.As a result,the receiving signals are usually mixed with undesired interference components,often featuring as high-frequency fluctuations.Previous studies have revealed that sectional geometry(shape and size)greatly affects the high-frequency interference.In this study,low strain dynamic testing on full-scale X-section concrete is conducted in order to investigate the influences of high-frequency interference on velocity responses at the pile head.Emphasis is placed on the frequency and peak value of interference waves at various receiving points.Additionally,the effects of the geometrical,and mechanical properties of the pile shaft on high-frequency interference are elaborated on through the three-dimensional finite element method.The results show that the measured wave is obscured by interference waves superposed by two types of high-frequency components.The modulus and cross-sectional area are contributing factors to the frequency and peak value of the interference waves.On the other hand,the position with the least interference is determined,to some extent,by the accurate shape of the X-section.

Instantaneous Creep in Face-centered Cubic Metals at Ultra- low Strain Rates by a High-resolution Strain Measurement

Instantaneous creep in face-centered cubic metals, 5N Al（99.999%）, 2N Al （99%） and 4N Cu （99.99%） with different grain sizes, was firstly investigated by sudden stress-change experiments at ultra- low strain rates ε ≤10-10 s-1 and temperature T 〈 0.32 Tn. The experimental results indicate that the observed instantaneous creep is strongly dependent on grain size, the concentration of impurity, and stacking fault energy. Creep in high-purity aluminum, 5N Al, with a very large grain size, d 〉 1600μm, shows non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery of dislocations in the boundary of dislocation cells. On the other hand, for 5N A1 with a small grain size, d=30μm, and low-purity aluminum, 2N A1, with d8= 25μm, creep shows viscous behavior and may be related to ＇low temperature grain boundary sliding＇. For high-purity copper, 4N Cu, with d= 40 grn and lower stacking fault energy, creep shows a non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery process of dislocations. For all of the samples, creep shows anelastic behavior.

High-frequency interference in low strain integrity testing of large-diameter pipe piles

The high-frequency interference exists obviously in low strain integrity testing of large-diameter pipe pile when a transientpoint load is applied. An analytical solution of vertical vibratory response of large-diameter pipe piles in low strain testing isdeduced in this paper. The analytical solution is verified by both numerical simulation and model test results. The time-domainvelocity responses on pile top are analyzed. The calculation results indicate that the time-domain responses at various pointssuffer different high-frequency interferences, thus the peak values and phases of different points are different. The influence ofvibratory modes on high-frequency interference is analyzed. It is found that the high-frequency interference at 90° point main-ly derives from the second flexural mode, but for other points it mainly originates from the first flexural mode. The factors af-fecting the frequency and peak value of interference waves have been investigated in this study. The results indicate that thelarger radius angle between the receiving and 90° points leads to greater peak value of high frequency wave crest. The leasthigh-frequency interference is detected at the angle of 90°. The frequency of interference waves is decreased with the increaseof pile radius, while the peak value is almost constant. The frequency is also related to pile modulus, i.e. the larger pile modu-lus results in greater frequency. The peak value varies with impulse width and soil resistance, i.e., the wider impulse width andlarger soil resistance cause smaller peak value. In conclusion, the frequency of interference waves is dependent on the geomet-rical and mechanics characteristics of the piles such as pile radius and modulus, but independent of the external conditionssuch as impulse width and soil resistance. On the other hand, the peak value of interference waves is mainly dependent on theexternal conditions but independent of the geometrical and mechanics characteristics of the piles. In practice, some externalmeasures should be adopted to weaken high-frequency interference such as using soft hammer, hammer cushion and adoptingsuitable receiving point.

Effect of ultraviolet mutagenesis on heterotrophic strain mutation and bioleaching of low grade copper ore

The effect of ultraviolet mutagenesis on a heterotrophic strain(Providencia JAT-1) mutation was studied and bioleaching of low grade copper ore with mutant bacteria was investigated. The results show that the activity of bacteria was improved after ultraviolet mutagenesis; the best irradiation time was 120 s. Compared to the original bacteria, the cells density of mutant bacteria at stationary phase increased by 26% and ammonia produced by mutant bacteria increased by 12%. Higher activity of bacteria leads to a higher copper extraction rate. The bioleaching performance of Providencia JAT-1 was improved after UV mutagenesis. The copper extraction rate with mutant bacteria increased by 10.6% compared to the original bacteria. The ore surface was corroded and the fine particles were absent after bioleaching. Free copper oxide and copper silicates could be leached out easily by using JAT-1; a small part of the copper sulfide can also be leached out. Bioleaching using JAT-1 is more effective than ammonia leaching and copper extraction rate with mutant bacteria was 21.1% higher than that by ammonia leaching under the same condition.

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING ON LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF 18-8 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

Studies were made of the symmetric tensile-compressive low cycle fatigue behaviour and the influence of dynamic strain aging(DSA)pre-treatment of 18-8 austenitic stainless steel. Within the testing amplitude range of strain.±0.5 % to±1.5 %,the three processes of cyclic hardening,cyclic saturation and cyclic softening were observed.In the same amplitude of strain,the peak stress of the samples pre-treated by DSA is higher than that of solid-solu- tion and cold working pre-treatment,but no remarkable differences of the fatigue lives of them were found.TEM observation shows that the uniform and stable dislocation networks with high density form after DSA pre-treatment,which increases the cyclic peak stress.The cyclic softening results from the low dislocation density and elongated cell structure with low energy.

Characteristics of Strain-Induced Ferrite in Low Carbon Steel

The strain-induced ferrite formed under different conditions was observed with SEM and optical microscope.The nucleation sites of strain-induced ferrite include grain boundary,grain inside,deformed band and annealing twin boundary.The shapes of the ferrite accordingly are equiaxed irregular polygonal,strip-shaped and acicular.

Effect of Strain Rate on the Ferrite Grain Refinement in a Low Carbon Nb-Ti Microalloyed Steel during Low Temperature Deformation

Grain refinement is one of the effective methods to develop new generation low carbon microalloyed steels possessing excellent combination of mechanical properties. The microstructural evolution and ferrite grain refinement at the deformation temperature of 865℃, above Ar3, with different strain rates were investigated using single pass isothermal hot compression experiments for a low carbon Nb-Ti microalloyed steel. The physical processes that occurred during deformation were discussed by observing the optical microstructure and analyzing the true stress-true strain responses. At strain rates of 0.001 and 0.01s^-1, there is no evidence of work hardening behavior during hot deformation and strain-induced transformation （SIT） leads to dynamic flow softening in flow curves. Optical microscopy observation shows that ultrafine and equiaxed ferrite with grain sizes of 2μm can be obtained by applying deformation with strain rate of 0.1 s^-1 due to SIT just after deformation. Furthermore, increasing the strain rate from 0.001 to 0.1 s^-1 reduces both the grain size of the equiaxed ferrite and the amount of deformed ferrite.

ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

含钪超高强铝合金在应变速率10^(-3)s^(-1)下的热流变及动态再结晶行为

采用等温热压缩实验和电子背散射衍射分析技术,研究了Al-11.1Zn-2.3Mg-2.0Cu-0.05Sc合金在应变速率10^(-3)s^(-1),变形温度653~733 K条件下的热流变及动态再结晶行为,建立动态再结晶临界应力、临界应变、相对含量、晶粒平均尺寸的拟合方程。结果表明:相关特征参数的拟合方程可以较好地描述含钪铝合金在实验条件范围内的动态再结晶行为。变形温度的升高会增加晶粒内部的取向差,减弱晶粒沿法向的择优取向,有助于动态再结晶的发生。动态回复是含钪铝合金的主要软化机制。随着温度的变化,铝合金微观组织存在不连续动态、连续动态及几何动态三种再结晶机制。

低应变率冲击荷载下节理花岗岩的动力响应规律

岩体中节理面的存在是引起冲击应力波衰减的主要原因,会造成爆炸能量的衰减及降低爆破效果。为探讨低应变率下不同节理倾角花岗岩在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学性质、应力波传递规律和能量传递规律,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)试验装置对低应变率下3种不同冲击气压、4种不同倾角的节理花岗岩进行冲击试验。结果表明:(1)在含节理的岩样中,其峰值应力随节理倾角的增大呈下降趋势,随冲击荷载的增大呈上升趋势;(2)透射系数随节理倾角的增加先增大后减小,随冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大;(3)能量传递系数随节理倾角的增加先增高后降低,完整岩样、节理倾角θ=0º和45º的岩样,其能量传递系数都随着冲击荷载的增大而减小,而节理倾角θ=15º和30º的岩样,其能量传递系数随着冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大。

羊肚菌栽培方法优化研究

为了探究不同环境条件对羊肚菌产量和品质的影响,分别研究了品种、单播混播、菌种形态、低畦、腐殖质添加量等因素对羊肚菌生产性能的影响。选取ZHS-3、ZHS-5、四川-6和MZ-8等品种,在冬春季节分别做了品比试验、单一菌种和混合菌种栽培试验、固体菌种和液体原种栽培试验、低畦栽培试验和土壤基质栽培试验。结果表明,品比试验中四川-6的栽培效果更好,较ZHS-3、ZHS-5和MZ-8产量分别高22.27%、32.17%和19.74%;单一菌种和混合菌种栽培试验中单一菌种的栽培效果更好,产量较混合菌种高22.72%,说明若早发菌种和晚发菌种同时存在则无协同作用;液体原种和固体菌种栽培试验中固体菌种的栽培效果更好,产量较液体菌种高28.78%,液体菌种虽然发菌快但个体小;低畦栽培试验中平栽的栽培效果更好,产量较下挖组高53.24%,说明通风不足会影响产量;腐殖质添加试验中添加腐殖质含量在5%时栽培效果更好,产量较添加10%腐殖质区域高20.10%,较对照组高31.12%,说明腐殖质添加不宜过量。

基于长标距光纤光栅传感技术的智能碳纤维筋性能研究

光纤光栅(FBG)传感技术以其抗干扰、传感与传输一体化等优点,成为CFRP拉索智能监测重点研究方向之一。然而,传统CFRP拉索智能监测属于点式或局部传感,难以满足服役全时感知及高量程监测需求。因此,提出将长标距FBG传感技术与螺旋倾斜式技术复合,研制一种智能CFRP筋,并通过循环静力拉伸、低周疲劳(高应力状态下)与极限静力拉伸试验,探究各试验条件下智能CFRP筋的力学及传感性能和试验后性能损失情况。试验表明:智能CFRP筋应变传感性能在不同工况(15 kN、42 kN)下3次循环拉伸的线性相关系数均大于0.99,说明智能CFRP筋应变传感性能较好,具有可重复性,同时将FBG监测值与应变片监测值进行对比,表现出较好的吻合性。低周疲劳试验过程中FBG监测值与疲劳荷载变化规律一致,且监测值与理论应变上下限误差少于8%,试验过程中未出现数据异常、应变感知迟滞等现象,FBG存活率达到100%,验证了智能CFRP筋良好的应变传感性能,可实现智能CFRP筋轴向动应变的监测。在极限静力拉伸试验中,FBG最大波长变化量达13 454 pm,监测应变达到了11 000με以上,可实现智能CFRP筋更大量程应变的监测。经过3次循环静力拉伸和低周疲劳试验后智能CFRP筋的FBG监测值线性相关系数相比对照组试件有所提高,智能CFRP筋极限荷载有所降低,FBG应变监测量程受影响较小,前期试验主要对智能CFRP筋筋材造成了累积损伤。试验结果可为CFRP拉索智能监测的理论设计和研究提供重要的依据。

Investigation into the stress-strain curves of deformation-induced ferrite transformation in a low carbon steel

A series of tests of deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIP-T） in a low carbon steel were carried out by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulation machine at a temperature range of Ae3-Ar3. The overall stress-strain curves during DIFT can be divided into three typical types： ＂double-humped＂,＂ single-humped＂ and ＂transitional＂. The peaks exhibited in the curve are involved with deformation-induced transformation which happened in grains or at the grain boundaries. According to the stress-time curve and strain-time curve, strain capacity dramatically postponed the strain-induced transformation, which leads to the start of the transformation right ahead of the finish of deformation and the majority of the ferrite transformation process mainly happened after the deformation. Deformation-induced transformation is a metadynamic transformation process with dynamic nucleation.

聚乙烯共混体系流变行为对吹塑薄膜雾度的影响

研究了线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)共混体系的吹塑薄膜雾度与流变行为之间的关系。利用DSC、光散射和WLI等方法对吹塑薄膜制品的内部结晶情况及表面形貌进行表征,利用GPC和流变学方法对单组分及共混物熔体的结构进行表征。实验结果表明,LLDPE/LDPE共混体系吹塑薄膜的总雾度主要取决于薄膜的表面粗糙度;薄膜的表面粗糙度与可恢复剪切应变参数(γ_(∞))呈开口向上抛物线函数关系,选择具有合适γ_(∞)的LDPE树脂以及添加量是控制LLDPE/LDPE共混体系吹塑薄膜雾度的关键。

维氏气单胞菌弱毒株FS12001及其疫苗对异育银鲫的免疫效果

为探究由维氏气单胞菌(Av)弱毒株FS12001制备的疫苗免疫效果,将Av弱毒株FS12001制备活疫苗、灭活疫苗、ISA763A-灭活疫苗和蜂胶-灭活疫苗,腹腔注射免疫异育银鲫,同时设ISA763A佐剂、蜂胶佐剂及0.65%NaCl作为对照组。于免疫后1、3、5、7和14 d经实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测脾脏组织中IgM、IL-1β及LZM的基因表达量;于免疫后7、14、21、28、42和48 d尾静脉采血分离血清,检测IgM抗体水平,测定SOD和LZM酶活性;于免疫28 d后用2株Av强毒株分别攻毒各组实验鱼,连续观察记录7 d,计算各免疫组的相对保护率。结果显示,各免疫组脾脏组织中IgM、IL-1β及LZM的基因表达量高于对照组,且ISA763A-灭活疫苗组和蜂胶-灭活疫苗组的表达量显著高于其他各实验组。各疫苗免疫组血清特异性抗体水平均显著高于0.65%NaCl对照组和佐剂对照组。各疫苗免疫组的LZM活性均在28 d最高,灭活疫苗组、ISA763A-灭活疫苗组及蜂胶-灭活疫苗组SOD活性均在7 d最高。菌株AVCA07攻毒后,活疫苗组、灭活疫苗组、ISA763A-灭活疫苗组和蜂胶-灭活疫苗组的RPS分别为63%、56%、100%和56%;菌株YC170511攻毒后,以上4个免疫组RPS分别为59%、55%、93%和72%。研究表明,用弱毒株FS12001制备疫苗,注射免疫异育银鲫后均可增加脾脏中IgM、IL-1β及LZM的基因表达量,提高血清抗体水平,增强SOD和LZM酶活性,增强其抵抗Av感染的能力。

缺陷桩-梁系统的动力特性应用研究

提出了缺陷桩-梁系统的理论模型。桩周土采用了三维连续介质模型,桩身则采用Rayleigh-love杆件,以考虑大直径桩的横向惯性效应。为了模拟桩身的缺陷段,采用了不同于正常桩身半径的桩段。通过结合阻抗函数递推法、虚土环法(ring soil pile theory,简称RSPT)和修正的阻抗函数递推法(amended impedance function transfer method,简称AIFTM),得到了桩-土系统的桩顶阻抗。桩顶梁采用了Timoshenko杆件进行模拟,同时在桩-梁连接处施加瞬态激振。成功求得了桩-梁系统动力响应在频域内的解析解,并利用离散傅里叶变换获得了时域内的半解析解。为了验证模型的合理性,将获得的半解析解与试验数据和有限元法结果进行了对比。研究结果显示,桩-梁系统较为适合的激振拾取点通常为桩梁连接处,同时需要综合考虑桩梁参数的影响。最后,通过参数分析方法探讨了在桩-梁系统上使用低应变测试的注意事项。

太赫兹GaN SBD外延材料的应力调控及低缺陷密度控制技术研究

采用金属有机物化学气相沉积(Metal organic chemical vapor deposition,MOCVD)技术在101.6 mm(4英寸)半绝缘SiC衬底上开展太赫兹用GaN肖特基势垒二极管(Schottky barrier diode,SBD)外延材料应力演进及缺陷密度控制的研究。提出了一种基于AlGaN过渡层的应力调控方案,实现了外延材料的应力调控;采用低温脉冲式掺杂技术生长n+-GaN层,降低了外延材料的缺陷密度,提升了晶体质量。研制的101.6 mm GaN SBD外延材料的弯曲度(Bow)/翘曲度(Warp)为-12/18μm,(002)/(102)面半高宽为148/239 arcsec,方阻9.2Ω/□,方阻片内不均匀性1.1%,并基于自研材料实现了截止频率为1.12 THz的GaN SBD器件的研制。

南宁盆地特殊地层静压随钻跟管桩适应性及单桩承载力特性研究

为了研究静压随钻跟管桩在南宁盆地特殊地层的适应性及单桩承载特性,对现场4根直径800mm的静压随钻跟管桩进行静载及低应变反射波法试验。研究结果表明:各地层中的试验桩承载力均能满足设计要求且均属于Ⅰ类桩,桩身回弹率较高,说明各试验桩仍具有较大的承载潜力;未进行破坏性试验时各地层中单桩承载力综合增强系数均大于1.00,以经验公式确定静压随钻跟管桩的单桩竖向承载力时应乘以相应的增强系数。基于以上研究,将静压随钻跟管桩工艺应用于实际工程,经验收检测表明,各项目受检基桩的桩身质量完好,承载力均满足设计要求,且仍具有一定的承载力富余量,良好的实际工程应用效果表明该工艺具有良好的适用性以及较高的推广使用价值。

三维斑点追踪技术评估非瓣膜性心房颤动患者左房低电压区对左房结构及功能的影响

目的应用三维斑点追踪技术(3D-STI)评估非瓣膜性心房颤动(以下简称房颤)患者不同程度左房低电压区(LVA)对左房结构及功能的影响。方法选取我院拟行射频消融术的非瓣膜性房颤患者66例,术前均行经胸超声心动图检查获得左房收缩末期前后径、左右径、上下径和左室舒张末期内径、左室射血分数、二尖瓣口舒张早期峰值血流速度与二尖瓣环峰值运动速度比值(E/e’);3D-STI获得左房储器期应变(LASr)、管道期应变(LAScd)、泵功能期应变(LASct)及左房射血分数(LAEF)。进行射频消融术时应用三维电解剖标测技术获得LVA,根据LVA面积占左房总面积的百分比定义LVA程度,将患者分为无LVA患者组(Ⅰ组)29例、LVA程度<10%组(Ⅱ组)26例、LVA程度≥10%组(Ⅲ组)11例,比较各组临床资料和超声心动图参数的差异;分析左房应变参数与LVA的相关性。结果Ⅲ组陈旧性脑梗死或一过性脑缺血、持续性房颤占比及CHA_(2)DS_(2)-VASc评分均高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组、Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组E/e’>14者占比比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);其余常规超声心动图参数比较,差异均无统计学意义。Ⅲ组LASr、LAScd、LASct、LAEF均低于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,LASr、LAScd、LASct均与LVA呈负相关(r=-0.538、-0.448、-0.501,均P<0.05)。结论当LVA达到10%时,房颤患者左房结构虽未发生改变,但其功能已经减低;应用3D-STI可以早期发现非瓣膜性房颤患者LVA程度对左房功能的影响。