Does innovative city pilot policy promote urban green growth in China?An analysis of green total factor productivity,2005-2020

The innovative city pilot policy(ICPP)is an essential manifestation of China’s construction of an innovative and green-driven development country.We incorporated urban green total factor productivity(GTFP)growth into the evaluation of ICPP.Based on the panel data of 223 cities in China from 2005 to 2020,we used the difference-in-differences model to empirically assess the influence and mechanism of the ICPP on urban GTFP growth.The main results show that(i)The ICPP has maintained an effectively fluctuating promotion on urban GTFP growth,mainly manifested in the urban green technological progress improvement.(ii)The ICPP has urban heterogeneity in promoting GTFP growth in pilot cities,mainly affecting key cities such as provincial capitals.(iii)The interaction between the agglomeration of producer services and the ICPP inhibits GTFP growth in pilot cities.

Exploring the effect of a low-carbon city pilot policies on carbon dioxide emission intensity:Based on the PSM-DID method

In 2010,the National Development and Reform Commission launched the low-carbon city(LCC)pilot pro‐gram.The scope of the pilot program was then gradually expanded to address the dilemma concerning eco‐nomic development and low-carbon transition.Selecting the second batch of LCCs in China,this study uses a combination of propensity score matching and difference-in-differences models to determine the effect of LCC pilot policies on CO_(2) emission intensity.We also used the mediation effect model to further investigate its in‐ternal mechanism.The findings of the study are as follows.First,the LCC pilot policy plays an important role in reducing carbon emissions.Second,LCC pilots policies reduce CO_(2) emissions through intermediary paths of output adjustment and technological innovation.Third,our heterogeneity analysis reveals that cities with higher levels of economic growth and better levels of human capital have superior carbon emission reduction effects;lastly,non-resource-based cities have better carbon emission reduction effects.

Can the low-carbon city pilot policy promote the upgrading of high-carbon emitting enterprises? Evidence from China

As a crucial environmental reform system to realize“carbon peaking”and“carbon neutrality”,the pilot policy of low-carbon cities(LCCs)puts pressure and challenges on high-carbon emitting enterprises(HCEEs)while providing opportunities for these firms to take the path of independent transformation.Employing the data of Chinese listed enterprises from 2006 to 2016 and adopting a difference-in-differences(DID)model,we evaluated the impact of LCC construction on the upgrading of HCEEs and its mechanisms.The results indicate that LCC construction enhances the upgrading of HCEEs in the pilot cities.The conclusions remain stable after a series of robustness tests.The mechanism analysis reveals that LCC construction triggers the upgrading of HCEEs by promoting resource allocation efficiency,R&D investment,and green technology innovation.The heterogeneity results indicate that this positive effect is more pronounced for HCEEs in regions with more stringent environmental law enforcement.This study also observes that the upgrading impact is more promi‐nent for state-owned enterprises,enterprises with higher bargaining power,and enterprises whose managers have a long-term vision.The above results provide directions for upgrading HCEEs and replicable evidence for cities in developing economies to fulfill the win-win target of environmental protection and economic transfor‐mation.

Low-carbon city communication:Integrated strategies for urban and rural municipalities in Thailand

As an important sustainable development goal,the creation of low-carbon cities(LCCs)has become crucial to creating livable cities and environmental sustainability.Thus,we aimed to understand the factors that support the transition of traditional cities to LCCs,by analyzing and synthesizing how to promote practical LCC across 15 pilot municipalities in four regions of Thailand,covering four strategies:City of Trees,City of Waste Minimization,City of Energy Efficiency,and City of Sustainable Consumption.Literature research,in-depth interviews,and observations were employed for data collection,while the 5​W(who,says what,in which channel,to whom,and with what effect)and SMCR(sender,message,channel,and receiver)models were used to create a communication analysis framework.Results revealed that the effective activities of municipalities should increase tree planting and implement more serious regulations for the conservation of existing trees.Making compost and establishing waste recycling banks are recommended for rural municipalities,while optimization of garbage and wastewater management systems and facilities should be highlighted in urban municipalities.Moreover,recycling,low-carbon agriculture,second-hand shops/markets,green markets,and homegrown vegetables should be encouraged for sustainable consumption.Working with local municipalities,credible leaders and representatives were the key senders.Additionally,message design should compare the pros and cons of behaviors,connect with local health and tourism,and promote dialogue in easy-to-understand and thought-provoking language.Receivers that drive LCC should have an excellent understanding of LCC practice and its benefits,be public-minded,and have a desire to live in a good environment.

Review of Research on the Evaluation Index System of Low-carbon City in China

In order to promote the research on the evaluation index system of low-carbon city,this paper reviewed and summarized the current evaluation index systems in recent years and the concepts of lowcarbon city in China.The current evaluation index systems of low-carbon city in China could be divided into two types:two class index system and three class index system.The establishment of different index systems basically adheres to the scientific,systematic,operable and dynamic principles,and the target value and weight of evaluation index could be confirmed in multiple ways.This paper analyzed the existing problems in the evaluation index systems of low-carbon city,and came up with some suggestions and advice to promote relevant research.

Interpretation of Low-carbon City Planning and Design——A Case Study of Gaochun Zijin Science and Technology Special Community

It is an important and unique approach of achieving sustainable urban development to save and use energy intensively, reduce carbon emission, and take the low-carbon development road. Taking Gaochun Zijin Science and Technology Special Community for example, this paper introduced planning measures for building a low-carbon city, including building a green network, compound utilization of urban spaces, establishing green transportation, using renewable resources, development of green architecture, so as to provide references for the future researches on the low-carbon urban development.

Evaluation and Obstacle Diagnosis of Low-carbon Intensive Land Use in Kaifeng City

Low carbon intensive use of urban land is an important trend to achieve regional high quality development.In this study,with Kaifeng municipal district as an example,the catastrophe progression model was used to estimate and analyze the low-carbon intensive use level of urban land in Kaifeng City from 2011 to 2020,and the obstacle factors in the process of low-carbon intensive land use in Kaifeng City were revealed by using the obstacle degree model.The results showed that during the study period,the low-carbon intensive use of land in Kaifeng City showed a slow,fluctuating and declining trend,and the overall situation was in a generally intensive state.The land input level and land output level were on the rise,while the low-carbon level of land and the degree of land use were on the decline.Currently,the main obstacle factors restricting the low-carbon intensive use of land in Kaifeng City were the carbon structure coefficient of land use,energy consumption per square kilometer,carbon emissions per square kilometer,carbon emissions per capita,and non-agricultural land use efficiency.In the future,it is necessary to further improve the land use structure and promote the high-quality development of Kaifeng City.

A review of low-carbon city construction research in China

Based on the analysis on the global warming and environmental deterioration,low-carbon concept has received more and more attention from governments,experts and scholars at home and abroad.The British government first put forward the concept of low-carbon economy,and after that the Japanese government proposed the construction of low-carbon society.In our country,experts and scholars began to research on low-carbon city from 2007.This paper looks through the practical and theoretical studies on low-carbon city construction of the domestic experts and scholars.The current background of lowcarbon city construction is first introduced.To clarify fundamental connotation,characteristics and target of China's low-carbon city is very important.Therefore,this paper summarizes the research progress of the low-carbon city construction from the necessity,the connotation and characteristics of target.Then,we should pay attention to choosing the right index,combining the region characteristics with the current development model and evaluation indexes system,to reflect and improve carbon emissions.Finally,the paper gives an overview of suggestions by experts and scholars on the construction of low carbon city.

低碳城市建设、环境审计与企业碳排放--基于低碳城市试点政策的准自然实验

推动低碳城市建设是实现碳达峰碳中和、迈向高质量发展的重要举措。基于2008—2021年深沪两市A股工业企业的年度数据,将三次低碳城市试点视为准自然实验,采用多期双重差分模型、递归式中介效应模型等实证考察了低碳城市试点的碳减排机理及环境审计在此过程中的交互关系。检验结果表明:(1)低碳城市试点显著降低了试点城市企业的碳排放量,且该效应在高碳行业企业、工业发展水平较高地区企业及媒体关注度较高企业中表现更为突出;(2)低碳城市试点与环境审计在促进企业减少碳排放方面存在互补关系;(3)机制检验表明,技术创新在低碳城市试点促进企业减碳方面起到部分中介作用。

基建投资、工业土地价格与城投债发行利率

以2011-2019年中国155个城市为样本,采用面板数据模型、中介效应模型和GMM方法探讨了基建投资、工业土地价格对城投债发行利率的影响。研究结果表明:基础设施建设投资规模和工业土地出让价格对城投债发行利率分别具有正向和负向影响,且低碳试点城市和非试点城市存在显著的区域异质性;基建投资的总体效益与技术效益的提高有助于融资平台以较低的利率发行城投债。

低碳城市试点政策对收入不平等的影响:加剧还是抑制

为促进绿色低碳转型,中国逐步开展低碳城市试点。在推进共同富裕的进程中,该试点政策的实施对收入不平等的影响如何,需要进行深入研究。首先,该研究建立理论模型,分析了低碳城市试点政策对收入不平等的影响及其作用机制。然后,利用2006—2021年中国271个地级及以上城市面板数据,构建Dagum基尼系数,并采用渐进双重差分模型进行“准自然实验”。研究结果表明:①低碳城市试点政策能够抑制收入不平等现象。自低碳城市试点政策实施起,相比非试点地区,试点地区的收入不平等程度平均下降了0.9%。②低碳城市试点政策抑制收入不平等现象的效果,通过环境治理投入和绿色技术创新机制来实现。③异质性分析表明,低碳城市试点政策对地区收入不平等的影响因初始收入分配禀赋、劳动力资源配置、碳强度不同而存在明显差异。低碳城市试点政策对收入不平等的影响在初始收入分配禀赋低的试点地区和劳动力资源不足的试点地区有着更好的效果;对碳强度高的试点地区没有明显效果。④进一步研究表明,低碳城市试点政策能提高试点地区共同富裕指数。自低碳城市试点政策实施起,相比非试点地区,试点地区的共同富裕指数平均提升了0.5%。基于研究结果,总结提出:持续推进低碳城市试点政策,深化社会绿色低碳转型;完善地区环境治理投入机制,提升地区绿色技术创新水平;梳理收入失衡地区分配结构,引导资源错配地区的劳动力流动以及关注碳强度高地区的就业问题。

低碳试点城市工业碳排放脱钩状态及驱动因素研究

基于工业碳排放测算,采用Tapio脱钩模型及LMDI模型对我国首批低碳试点城市2013—2020年的工业脱钩现状及工业碳排放驱动因素进行分析。研究表明:厦门、杭州、重庆、贵阳在2013—2020年已实现一定程度上的工业碳减排及与工业经济发展间的绝对脱钩状态,南昌虽较2013年工业碳排放量有所增加,但当前已实现工业上的弱脱钩状态,天津虽实现一定程度上的工业碳减排,但尚未实现脱钩,处在增长连接状态,深圳和保定则处于扩张负脱钩状态。能源强度效应和人口规模效应主要促进各地碳减排,产出规模效应则表现为主导性的工业碳排放促进因素。各地需加快工业产业优化,加大技术研发,提高工业产业劳动生产率,落实强化工业碳减排对工业产业发展的引领作用。

国家创新型城市试点政策、数字要素集聚与企业数字化转型

选用2007—2020年沪深A股上市公司数据,以国家创新型试点城市设立作为准自然实验,考察了国家创新型城市试点政策对企业数字化转型的影响。研究发现:国家创新型城市试点政策显著促进了企业数字化转型,且转型效应在实践应用层面与底层技术层面存在结构化差异,实践应用层面是数字要素在政策驱动下实现转型的关键。异质性分析发现:试点政策对国有企业、科技企业、中小规模企业以及低市场化城市和大规模城市企业的转型效应更为显著。机制分析表明:试点政策主要通过数字化资本要素集聚、数字技能熟练劳动力要素集聚与生产要素优化配置发挥数字化转型效应,而底层关键数字技术的创新驱动作用尚未凸显。研究结论不仅为渐进有序推进创新型城市建设、实现中国企业数字化转型提供了经验证据,更为政府将城市禀赋资源导向底层数字技术创新,进一步推进数字化转型从以应用为主到以创新为主提供了政策依据。

低碳城市建设能成为企业数字化转型的新动能吗?——来自低碳城市试点的经验证据

数字化转型是企业进行数字技术创新、响应低碳城市试点政策及实现绿色低碳发展的重要路径。本文以低碳城市试点的开展作为“准自然实验”,采用2008—2021年沪深A股上市企业为研究样本,运用多期双重差分模型评估了该政策对企业数字化转型的影响。结果表明:低碳城市试点能够促进试点地区企业数字化转型。机制分析表明,低碳城市试点通过创新能力要素集成、决策制约与治理改善、机会识别驱动等路径促进企业数字化转型。低碳城市试点促进企业数字化转型的结果具有条件异质性,企业ESG软监管绩效评级、公众环境关注度和政府环境关注度对低碳城市试点政策的实施成效存在不同的调节作用。此外,低碳城市试点对企业数字化转型的促进效果对位于高城市数字化环境水平、处于业绩逆差、0x09CEO具有信息技术背景的企业中更为明显。低碳城市试点产生了促进企业间数字化转型的追赶效应,通过促进企业数字化转型可以推动企业朝着“专精特新”化方式发展。

低碳城市试点政策与企业数字化关注度——基于中国制造业上市公司的准实验研究

在中华民族伟大复兴进程中,低碳经济与数字经济交叉融合,低碳转型与数字转型相辅相成。以此为出发点,将2010年开始的低碳城市试点政策作为一项“准自然实验”,基于2008—2020年上市制造业企业微观数据,使用多时点双重差分模型探究该政策对企业数字化关注度的影响及其机制。研究表明:低碳城市试点政策显著提高了企业数字化关注度;位于低碳试点城市的企业比不在低碳试点城市的企业对企业数字化关注度平均上升8.5%。该政策通过企业层面的风险以及企业产出这两种机制促进了企业数字化关注度。在异质性分析中,该政策对企业数字化关注度的影响,在不同所有制、不同年龄企业中存在显著差异。为中国上市制造业在低碳转型中加强对企业数字化转型注意力提供了重要的实证检验,为政策效果提供进一步数字效应研究,为未来研究低碳化与数字化交叉前景奠定坚实基础。

两批试点城市长期护理保险政策比较——基于政策工具-福利要素的二维框架

构建长期护理保险政策工具-福利要素二维分析框架,对两批共28个国家级长期护理保险试点城市的长期护理保险政策文本进行计量分析。研究发现,政策工具维度呈现出使用频次差异大且内部结构不均衡的特点;福利要素维度呈现出要素完整且内部结构较为均衡的特点;各政策工具与福利要素耦合度有待提高;两批试点城市长期护理保险政策差异较小,发展阶段具有相似性。对此,提出合理调整三大类政策工具,优化次级政策工具结构;科学配置政策福利要素,完善要素内容;增强政策工具和福利要素耦合度,整合资源协调发展的优化建议。

水土保持碳汇生态产品价值实现机制及试点设想

水土保持碳汇生态产品价值的实现是“两山”转化的重要途径,也是践行“双碳”目标的重要内容。在界定水土保持碳汇生态产品内涵基础上,论述了基于“主体—要素—运行”多层次框架,构建“多主体协同—多要素投入—全周期运行”的水土保持碳汇生态产品价值实现机制,并以福建省龙岩市为试点示范区,系统梳理其试点基础及必要性,并提出相关的试点策略,以期为龙岩市及类似地区实践提供一定的决策参考。

低碳城市试点政策能否有效促进可再生能源技术创新?

低碳城市试点政策是中国促进经济社会绿色低碳发展的一项重要举措,而可再生能源技术创新是其中的关键技术路径。基于2006—2020年的城市数据,采用渐进双重差分法考察低碳试点城市对可再生能源技术创新发展的作用机制与影响差异。结果显示,低碳城市试点政策主要通过影响城市产业结构和绿色金融发展促进可再生能源技术创新发展,且对不同资源禀赋城市的可再生能源技术创新具有异质性影响。研究建议持续扩大低碳城市试点政策推行范围,促进可再生能源技术创新发展,从而推动社会绿色转型。

“低碳”目标下的企业创新行为:实质还是策略?

创新对于促进企业减污降碳、实现绿色发展转型的重要性日益凸显。区别于已有研究侧重分析低碳城市试点政策对绿色技术创新的影响,本文利用工业企业数据库和专利数据库的微观数据,探讨低碳城市试点政策对企业策略性创新行为的影响及其作用机制。实证结果显示,低碳城市试点显著促进企业创新,其影响源于诱发企业策略性创新行为,但无法激励企业实质性创新行为。在经过一系列识别检验、稳健性检验、不同的估计方法后,上述结论依然成立。异质性分析发现,低碳城市试点对非国有企业、污染行业企业的策略性创新的影响更为显著。基于传递效应模型的机制分析表明低碳城市试点政策扶持下,企业为寻求政府补贴而进行策略性创新。研究结论对于探索“双碳”引领、创新驱动的发展之路具有一定的参考价值。

低碳城市与创新型城市减碳技术选择机制

低碳城市试点政策与创新型城市试点政策是实现“双碳”目标与促进经济高质量发展的重要政策工具。探究不同试点政策下企业碳减排技术的选择,对节约企业生产成本、提升企业减排成效具有重要的现实意义。基于此,该研究以利润最大化为目标,在碳减排技术只包括源头治理技术和末端处置技术,且不考虑其他外部政策因素冲击的假设条件下,构建基于希克斯中性技术的生产函数,分析三类试点政策下企业的减碳技术选择机制。进一步,基于2000—2019年中国75个试点城市的3766家企业的面板数据,运用Hansen门槛面板模型,验证了这一技术选择机制的科学性。研究发现,源头治理技术与末端处置技术在不同试点政策中的选择依据是末端处置技术投入占产出的比例。具体而言:①如果这一比例处于(0,0.5)区间,在低碳城市试点政策下,企业选用成本较低的末端处置技术;在创新型城市试点政策下,企业缺乏投入碳减排技术的意愿;在双试点政策下,企业既运用末端处置技术又投入源头治理技术减碳,并且前一技术见效快,投入更多。②如果这一比例处于(0.5,1)区间,此时,末端处置技术成本已经超过产出的50%,那么三类试点政策下的企业均选择成本较低的源头治理技术减碳。③异质性分析结果表明,在生产成本的约束下,非国有企业、老企业和高碳行业的企业缺乏增加减碳技术投入的积极性。因此,各级政府应引导这三类企业进入碳交易市场,并通过政策补贴、高新技术企业孵化以及碳减排源头治理技术推广的方式激发这三类企业低碳技术创新的主动性,最终以最小的碳减排成本实现碳排放总量的下降。