Mechanical Analysis of a Multi-Test String in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Deep Wells

The mechanical behavior of the test string in deep wells is generally relatively complex as a result of the high temperature and high pressure,severe dogleg and buckling effects,which in some circumstances can even lead to string failure.Traditional computational methods for the analysis of these behaviors are often inaccurate.For this reason,here a more accurate mechanical model of the test string is introduced by considering variables such as temperature,pressure,wellbore trajectory,and buckling,as well as combining them with the deformation and string constraint conditions brought in by changes in temperature and pressure during the tripping,setting,and test operations.The model is validated by applying it to a specific high-pressure gas well(located in Northeast Sichuan).

Mechanical Analysis of the Down-Hole String in a Deep Well

In a deep well,under high pressure and temperature,the force,deformation,and movement of the downhole string are very complicated. In this paper,based on the analysis of the working environment and load properties of the down-hole string in deep wells,the factors of high temperature,high pressure,and the complex structure of wells have been taken into consideration. The loads of the down-hole string,stability,back buckle configuration,dynamic characteristics,mechanical strength,and deformation have been systematically studied. On this basis,mechanical models of a down-hole string under different conditions have been established and software for aiding analysis has been developed. By using this software,deep well strings under different construction parameters can be simulated and analyzed,providing a theoretical basis and method for down-hole string assembly,as well as string down-hole construction and operation.

Workover String Mechanical Model and Calculation of Slanted and Horizontal Well

Force analysis and calculation of workover string in the slanted and horizontal well are the basis of designing and checking string strength, selecting tools and determining operation parameters, which determine the operation safety and success of engineering accidence treatment. In this paper, by comprehensive consideration of wellbore structure, string assembly, string load and workover operation conditions, the workover string mechanical model has been built under three kinds of working states of lifting, lowering and rotating. The downhole string mechanics has been analyzed and calculated. By field verification, the string assembly, tool selection and operation parameter optimization can be achieved, which can improve the safety and success rates of workover engineering accident treatment.

Rational design and low-cost fabrication of multifunctional separators enabling high sulfur utilization in long-life lithium-sulfur batteries

The lithium-sulfur(Li-S)battery with an ultrahigh theoretical energy density has emerged as a promising rechargeable battery system.However,the practical applications of Li-S batteries are severely plagued by the sluggish reaction kinetics of sulfur species and notorious shuttling of soluble lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)intermediates that result in low sulfur utilization.The introduction of functional layers on separators has been considered as an effective strategy to improve the sulfur utilization in Li-S batteries by achieving effective regulation of LiPSs.Herein,a promising self-assembly strategy is proposed to achieve the low-cost fabrication of hollow and hierarchically porous Fe_(3)O_(4)nanospheres(p-Fe_(3)O_(4)-NSs)assembled by numerous extremely-small primary nanocrystals as building blocks.The rationally-designed p-Fe_(3)O_(4)-NSs are utilized as a multifunctional layer on the separator with highly efficient trapping and conversion features toward LiPSs.Results demonstrate that the nanostructured p-Fe_(3)O_(4)-NSs provide chemical adsorption toward LiPSs and kinetically promote the mutual transformation between LiPSs and Li_(2)S_(2)/Li_(2)S during cycling,thus inhibiting the LiPSs shuttling and boosting the redox reaction kinetics via a chemisorption-catalytic conversion mechanism.The enhanced wettability of the p-Fe_(3)O_(4)-NSs-based separator with the electrolyte enables fast transportation of lithium ions.Benefitting from these alluring properties,the functionalized separator with p-Fe_(3)O_(4)-NSs endows the battery with an admirable rate performance of 877 mAh g^(−1)at 2 C,an ultra-durable cycling performance of up to 2176 cycles at 1 C,and a promising areal capacity of 4.55 mAh cm^(−2)under high-sulfur-loading and lean-electrolyte conditions(4.29 mg cm^(−2),electrolyte/ratio:8μl mg^(−1)).This study will offer fresh insights on the rational design and low-cost fabrication of multifunctional separator to strengthen electrochemical reaction kinetics by regulating LiPSs conversion for developing efficient and long-life Li-S batteries.

Optimization of the Tracking Mechanism for a PV String

The paper presents researches on increasing the energetic ＆ economic efficiency of the photovoltaic （PV） conversion by designing and optimizing a dual-axis tracking mechanism that simultaneously changes the position of the modules using two motor sources. The driving source for the daily motion is a rotary motor, while the elevation motion is performed with a linear actuator. The main task in optimizing the tracking mechanism is to maximize the energetic gain by increasing the solar input and minimizing the energy consumption for tracking. The design strategy aims to identify the optimum angular field for the daily motion, as well as the optimum actuating time in the step-by-step motion. The study is made by developing the virtual prototype of the tracking mechanism, in the mechatronic concept. The virtual prototyping platform includes the following software solutions： CATIA （Computer Aided Tri-Dimensional Interface Application）--to create the solid model, which contains information about the mass ＆ inertia properties of the parts, ADAMS （Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems）/View--to model the mechanical structure of the solar tracker, and EASY5 ＆ ADAMS/Controls-for the control system design.

Numerical Analysis of Dynamical Effects Associated with a Plugging String in a Horizontal Well

The finite element method has been applied to simulate the dynamics of a water plugging string in a complex horizontal well of a low-permeability oilfield.The force associated with the pipe string and the packer has been determined under the sucking action of the oil well pump.Such analysis has been conducted for a real drilling well,taking into account the process of lifting,lowering,unblocking and water plugging.Comparison between field measured data and simulation data indicates that the model is reliable and accurate.The packer creep effect under different pressure differences has also been investigated in the framework of the same model.

万米深井上部大尺寸井眼钻柱动力学特性研究

油气勘探已向更深、更复杂的超深层的万米勘探新领域推进,但上部大尺寸井眼给万米深井的钻井提出了巨大挑战:岩石硬和返速低导致钻速慢,大尺寸井眼内剧烈振动导致钻具裂纹多发,钻压小则钻速慢,钻压稍大则下部振动快速加剧从而导致大尺寸钻具使用寿命远低于预期。为此,在对比研究了深地川科1井(以下简称SDCK-1井)和毗邻8000 m超深井上部井段钻柱振动问题基础上,基于全井钻柱系统动力学模型和数值仿真方法,针对性研究了大尺寸井眼中的钻柱动力学特性。研究结果表明:①井眼尺寸越大,钻头和下部钻具的振动越剧烈,SDCK-1井二开大尺寸井眼与邻井中等尺寸井眼相比(井深500 m处),其钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别增加了48.0%和41.5%,比SDCK-1井三开中等尺寸3000 m井深的钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别高了29.0%和2.9%;②相同井眼尺寸和岩石特性情况下,下部钻具组合比钻柱整体长度对钻头振动的影响更大,优化下部钻具组合能够明显改善钻头振动,保护钻头,同时还可以提高钻头破岩能量利用效率实现钻井提速;③在大尺寸井眼中钻头破岩激励向上传播,横向振动衰减慢于轴向振动衰减,大尺寸钻头扭矩更大且钻压和扭矩波动更加明显,因此从保护下部钻具的角度出发,大尺寸井眼钻具组合对抑制横振更加有效;④大尺寸井眼中下部钻具弯矩和弯矩波动更大,现场频繁出现的钻具裂纹除受控于整体振动强度较大以外,交变弯矩是裂纹发生的重要原因。结论认为,该研究成果揭示了超深井大尺寸井眼中钻柱的动力学特性,指出了应着重控制横振和交变弯矩,该认识可以为超深井上部大尺寸井眼钻井提供技术指导。

多因素影响下射孔段管柱振动力学分析

聚能射孔爆轰产生的冲击载荷作用于井下射孔段管柱系统,导致管柱发生屈曲断裂等事故。结合管柱自重、射孔液阻尼、地层围压和爆炸冲击载荷的影响,建立射孔冲击载荷下油管—射孔枪动力学模型,得到射孔段管柱纵向振动微分方程。应用有限元软件,对射孔段管柱进行显示动力学响应分析,并将模拟结果同理论数值解进行对比验证。结果显示,应力波由管柱底端向上传播,管柱等效应力和轴向位移均呈现周期性变化,且逐渐衰减。分析不同油管长度、外径、壁厚和单发装药量对管柱动态响应的影响。基于数值模拟结果,利用MATLAB软件进行多元非线性回归,拟合得到射孔段管柱应力峰值经验公式,并与现场试验数据进行对比,验证公式可靠性。

带悬臂的张弦梁拉索-支座节点力学性能研究

为得到带悬臂的张弦梁拉索-支座复杂节点在不同工况下的力学性能变化规律,以及在设计荷载组合下的破坏模式,结合某大跨度张弦梁实际工程,通过建立多尺度有限元模型以及现场试验的方法研究了该节点在张拉过程中的应力、应变分布特征;通过局部节点有限元分析得到了节点的极限承载能力及破坏模式;并针对其受力特征对节点构造及壁厚进行优化。结果表明在施工及使用阶段,该节点应力均处于弹性范围内,满足力学性能要求;节点的破坏荷载约为设计荷载组合的3.2倍,破坏模式为耳板上拉索孔区域受拉破坏;优化后节点的应力分布更加均匀且合理,承载能力提高。

大泵油管防喷工艺管柱作业安全性

为解决Φ70 mm及以上抽油机井起下杆管过程中的防喷安全性隐患,优化设计了防喷脱接器结构,攻关形成了抽油机井大泵油管防喷技术,并结合理论分析及数值模拟方法建立了此工艺管柱作业过程防喷安全性评价方法。首先,通过数值模拟手段分析了防喷脱接器对接过程的使用强度。然后,开展了起抽油杆过程防喷脱接器密封系统的强度和密封性能研究,结合抽油杆起下过程工艺管柱的屈曲行为分析结果获得了防喷工具的防喷压力界限,其数值约为30.85 MPa。最后,结合起抽油杆过程中工艺管柱的受力特点,建立了该防喷工艺管柱作业过程防喷安全性评价方法,设计了其作业过程防喷安全性评价图版,实现了其作业过程防喷安全性的量化评价。研究成果可为不压井作业安全性提供理论依据。

射孔管柱动力学特性研究

射孔管柱受射孔弹爆炸冲击载荷易发生变形甚至断裂,保障管柱承载安全性是射孔作业的关键,现有射孔管柱力学分析模型简化条件过多,计算精度有待提高。以射孔爆轰载荷计算方法为基础,根据欧拉-伯努利空间梁理论和间隙元理论,利用有限元方法建立了射孔管柱三维冲击动力学模型,并利用Generalized-α法对模型进行了求解,以实测数据对模型精度进行了验证。以现场实际作业数据为基础,对射孔管柱的动力学特性和安全性进行了分析评估。结果表明,射孔爆轰载荷会使射孔管柱发生剧烈的纵向、横向振动;射孔弹装药量越高对射孔管柱的冲击作用越强烈,油管的振动幅度越大;增加射孔管柱长度可以减小管柱应力;油管壁厚对管柱的动力学行为和安全性能有较大影响。

超深定向井地质工程力学耦合机理研究进展与认识

超深定向井是开发深层、超深层油气的重要手段,但深部地层在地形地貌、地层岩性、压力系统、储层流体和工程力学特征等方面存在的复杂性,使超深定向井钻完井工程面临着巨大的挑战。因此,开展超深定向井地质工程力学耦合机理研究对于高效开发深层、超深层油气具有重要意义。从超深复杂构造条件下的三维地质建模、地层岩石力学和地应力的评估、超深复杂岩性多成因地层压力预测以及超深定向井地层-钻头-钻柱耦合力学计算4个方面对超深定向井地质工程力学耦合机理研究进行了梳理总结,分析认为:由于深层地质力学具有抽象性和较强的各向异性,导致了目前地质力学成果很难实际应用在超深定向井钻井中。对此,需要深入开展微观-介观-宏观多尺度耦合研究,充分利用人工智能及大数据进行三维地质建模;通过岩石力学和大数据等手段,创新融合理论与新技术,综合实验测试与现场数据,建立地应力预测的新方法;深入开展随钻测量技术研究,建立地层孔隙压力预测及监测数据平台;基于地质资料及人工智能平台,优选钻井参数、钻具组合,建立超深定向井钻柱-钻头-岩石系统动力学模型,为中国安全高效开展深层、超深层定向井钻井提供理论支撑与技术指导。

深水气井测试封隔器全过程力学行为评估

深水气井测试过程中管柱受力影响复杂,封隔器失封风险高,封隔器失效会直接影响测试作业安全。基于测试管柱及封隔器受力研究现状,以南海某深水气井为例,建立了深水气井测试封隔器全过程力学行为评估方法,评估了封隔器在管柱下入、坐封、测试以及管柱解封过程中的受力状态及影响规律,并提出了封隔器安全控制措施。研究表明,对封隔器轴向受力影响程度从高到低依次是深水气井测试制度、测试液体系、测试过程中对管柱施加的预提力、产量。通过BD21-X井现场应用,经过封隔器全过程受力计算和控制措施分析,有效保障了现场测试管柱封隔器密封有效,测试作业安全顺利,可为深水气井测试设计及应用提供技术支撑。

Effect of power spinning and heat treatment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of duplex low-cost titanium alloy

The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of low-cost Ti-5.5Al-1Fe-3.5Cr-3.2Zr-0.2Si al-loy during power spinning and after three types of heat-treatment routines(low-temperature anneal-ing,high-temperature annealing,solution and annealing)were systematically studied.An effective heat-treatment routine to fabricate high-strength and acceptable ductile as-spun Ti-5.5Al-1Fe-3.5Cr-3.2Zr-0.2Si alloy tubes was then proposed whereby the relationship between the mechanical performances and mi-crostructures was analyzed.The{0002}_(α)and{001}_(β)textures were formed after multi-pass power spin-ning.The as-spun LC-Ti alloy exhibited a good combination of strength and elongation after heat treat-ment at 550℃for 4 h,which was ascribed to the large plastic induced low-temperature spheroidization of deformedαphase and nanoscaleαprecipitation from deformedβphase.However,the elongation de-creased evidently when Zr2Si/TiCr2 participated at the interphase boundaries after heat treatment at 550℃for 8 h.In high-temperature annealing,the elongation changed nonlinearly owing to the precipitation of Zr2Si particles at triangular grain boundaries treated at 750℃for 1 h,and the spheroidization of the deformedα_(p)phase.Under solution and annealing conditions,lenticularαs would participate from the metastableβgrains,which contributed to the greatest strength albeit poor ductility.This study provides an effective guidance for the processing and application of the low-cost titanium alloy.

Y管压裂生产一体化管柱工艺及配套工具研究

针对常规压裂管柱压裂后需先起压裂管柱,再下入电潜泵生产管柱,压裂与返排间隔时间过长增加压裂液污染储层的风险,且其无法批量压裂,作业成本高等问题,研究了Y管压裂生产一体化管柱工艺。通过在Y接头内预置密封隔套的方式防止砂液进入电泵,压裂后通过钢丝作业可将密封隔套捞走,不影响后期的启泵。为了压裂时可监测环空压力同时保证电潜泵的顺利运行,研发了液控穿越隔离封隔器,该封隔器在压裂时不坐封,压裂后通过向地面的液控管线加液压完成该封隔器的坐封。通过对预置Y接头密封隔套总成进行数模和物模分析,得到该工具压裂后的打捞上提力约为2.65 kN。现场应用结果表明,该封隔器通过液控管线坐封,可减少2趟钢丝作业,缩短井口占用时间,也适用于设备不足的无人平台。研究结果可为我国海洋石油装备提供更多选择。

渤海某井水力压裂案例分析

渤海油田伴随着油气产量的增长,油水井常规作业量激增,受海上油田油层埋藏深、井身结构复杂、施工场地小、作业费用高等因素制约,压裂工艺受到限制,近年来自营区块压裂作业很少。本文分析的压裂油井是近年来渤海自营油田实施的唯一一口较大型水力压裂井,文中介绍了该井的压裂方案及作业过程,并对作业后期出现的各种情况进行分析,虽然该井压裂最终结果不甚理想,但其施工方案中的工艺方案优化以及管柱力学参数模拟计算、压裂后评估分析对海上多数油井压裂施工有借鉴指导意义。

Water film area and dust removal efficiency of string grilles:a theoretical analysis

Based onmultiphase flowtheory and capillary mechanics,the dimensionless bond number expression of the influence of string grille wire spacing on droplet spreading is derived.Taking a liquid film formed by spreading droplets based on Kelvin correlation,the Young-Laplace equation,and the Hagen-Poiseuille law,an equation for calculating the thickness and height of the liquid film is established with temperature,relative humidity and molar volume of liquid phase as independent variables.According to the theory of string grille filtration and dust removal,a dust removal efficiency calculation model covering the wet string grille wire group is constructed based on the liquid film thickness,height,wire diameter,water film area,and vortex shedding frequency.Finally,a theoretical analysis of the influence of water film area on the efficiency of wet string grille dust removal is carried out based on the spray pressure and the ratio of string grille wire distance to wire diameter.It is found that the effect of spray pressure on water film area and dust removal efficiency is more significant than the string grille wire distance diameter ratio.Moreover,the optimized combination of wet string grille wire distance diameter ratio 0.84,wind speed 3m/s and spray pressure 0.8 MPa is found,which could provide an important reference for engineering applications.

高温高压天然气开采用钛合金油管柱力学分析

我国油气开发环境较为恶劣,油井管在井下面临高温高压、硫化氢、二氧化碳、高浓度盐水/完井液、单质硫和强酸等腐蚀环境的作用。钛合金材料以其高强度低密度、低弹性模量、优异的韧性、疲劳性能和耐蚀性,成为油井管和海洋开发工具的热门材料,但其在高温高压气井开采过程中的受力状态和安全可靠性研究尚不足。为此,以我国西部某油田典型高温、高压、高产量气井开采工况为典型参考环境,设计了3种油管柱结构方案,使用有限元模拟方法,计算分析3种方案下的管柱力学情况。分析结果表明,使用钛合金油管可使气井生产中的油管柱载荷减小、安全系数增大,部分时刻管柱内无中和点;使井筒与套管之间轻度接触甚至不接触,可以有效改善生产过程中管柱的振动状态。研究结果为钛合金油管柱在气井中的使用提供了理论依据。

典型工况下完井管柱井下安全阀力学性能分析

井下安全阀作为油气井完整性的重要屏障,其工作性能和力学行为对安全生产至关重要。以西部油田深井常用井下安全阀为例,建立安全阀三维有限元分析模型,根据模型各几何体的结构特点在前处理阶段对模型网格作细部处理,应用有限元分析软件的弹簧仿真功能对模型中的弹簧作等效替换,考虑坐封、压裂、开井、关井4种典型工况,分析安全阀体和关键部件的工作程序和力学性能。结果表明,压裂工况下安全阀应力值最高,为最不利工况,其最大应力与大部分部件应力差值超过250 MPa,虽整体应力强度安全系数在1.41以上,但关键零部件应力分布不均。其中,中心管大部分部位应力差值超过200 MPa,导致应力分布的折线图呈现出“山峰”式变化,其端部附近几毫米位置处应力差值超过70 MPa,导致应力分布呈现出从一点迅速上升的变化趋势;下部接头大部分部位应力差值超过300 MPa,边角附近的应力差值超过150 MPa;传力筒整体应力较为均匀,但端面局部应力有突变情况,突变值超过200 MPa。研究结果对安全阀及类似井下工具改进设计及使用具有借鉴意义。

水平井拖动管柱找水电控封隔器的研制与现场试验

针对长庆油田长水平段水平井应用拖动管柱找水工艺时存在配套的机械式封隔器坐封压力控制难度大、反复坐封密封胶筒损伤导致封隔器稳定性大幅度降低等问题,研制了可定时或实时坐封解封、可实现任意层段封隔的水平井电控封隔器。该封隔器在设计时充分考虑了水平井段重复坐封次数及密封件的承压性能,尤其是驱动机构动力输出部分采用直流电机+行星减速器、运动转换部分采用丝杠螺母机构方式,确保在许用套管空间内可实现输出扭矩最大化及封隔器胶筒的压缩坐封。通过室内试验评价了电控封隔器的耐温耐压、输出力矩和坐封推力等性能,相关性能指标均满足设计要求。水平井找水电控封隔器在长庆油田3口井进行了现场试验,试验结果表明,该封隔器可最大程度地降低工程条件的影响,提高作业成功率及测试质量,使拖动管柱找水测试工艺更简便、费用更低。