Adjuvants to local anesthetics: Current understanding and future trends

Although beneficial in acute and chronic pain management, the use of local anaesthetics is limited by itsduration of action and the dose dependent adverse effects on the cardiac and central nervous system. Adjuvants or additives are often used with local anaesthetics for its synergistic effect by prolonging the duration of sensory-motor block and limiting the cumulative dose requirement of local anaesthetics. The armamentarium of local anesthetic adjuvants have evolved over time from classical opioids to a wide array of drugs spanning several groups and varying mechanisms of action. A large array of opioids ranging from morphine, fentanyl and sufentanyl to hydromorphone, buprenorphine and tramadol has been used with varying success. However, their use has been limited by their adverse effect like respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting and pruritus, especially with its neuraxial use. Epinephrine potentiates the local anesthetics by its antinociceptive properties mediated by alpha-2 adrenoreceptor activation along with its vasoconstrictive properties limiting the systemic absorption of local anesthetics. Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor antagonists like clonidine and dexmedetomidine are one of the most widely used class of local anesthetic adjuvants. Other drugs like steroids(dexamethasone), anti-inflammatory agents(parecoxib and lornoxicam), midazolam, ketamine, magnesium sulfate and neostigmine have also been used with mixed success. The concern regarding the safety profile of these adjuvants is due to its potential neurotoxicity and neurological complications which necessitate further research in this direction. Current research is directed towards a search for agents and techniques which would prolong local anaesthetic action without its deleterious effects. This includes novel approaches like use of charged molecules to produce local anaesthetic action(tonicaine and n butyl tetracaine), new age delivery mechanisms for prolonged bioavailability(liposomal, microspheres and cyclodextrin systems) and further studies with other drugs(adenosine, neuromuscular blockers, dextrans).

Why Labor Epidural Causes Fever and Why Lidocaine Burns on Injection? Role of TRPV 1 Receptor in Hyperthermia: Possible Explanation of Mechanism of Hyperthermia during Labor Epidural and Burning Sensation on Injection of Local Anesthetics

The mechanisms of epidural-associated fever remain incompletely understood [1-3]. We propose that action of local anesthetic on TPRV1. The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor can explain this effect and explain mechanism of burning sensation on local anesthetic injected subcutaneously or intramuscular. Role of TRPV1 receptor was not discussed previously in Obstetric Anesthesia literature. Based on available data, we propose that Local Anesthetics work as agonist/antagonist on TPRV1 receptors. Antagonist action may cause hyperthermia through modifying thermoregulation [4], agonist action may cause hyperthermia thru release of IL-6 and other mediators of inflammation [5-10]. Agonist action may explain burning sensation on injection of Local Anesthetics. Burning sensation can be diminished by increasing pH of Local Anesthetic solution, because vanillin receptors are stimulated by acidification through lower pH [11,12].

Different Volumes of Local Anesthetics in Ultrasound-Guided Combined Interscalene-Supraclavicular Block for Traumatic Humeral Fracture

Background: Procedures that require anesthesia of entire length of the arm should have combined Interscalene block (ISB) and Supraclavicular block (SCB) to ensure adequate block. However, dual block requires high dose of local anesthetic (LA). We examined if Ultrasound (U/S) guided block helps to decrease the required volume of LA by visualizing trunks, so we only need injection of LA toward cervical nerve roots C5 and C6 aiming to block branches escaped from supraclavicular block. Patients and methods: Ninety-three patients were randomly allocated into one of three equal groups, each included 31 patients. All patients received SCB 20 ml (10 ml Bupivacaine 0.5% plus 10 ml lidocaine 2%) and ISB with different volumes of LA according to the group as follow: group A: 20 ml, group B: 15 ml, and group C: 10 ml. Result: No significant difference in onset of block (sensory and motor) and duration of block (motor only) between the three groups (P value > 0.05). The duration of sensory block was significantly longer in group A (760.65 ± 30.87 minutes) than in either group B (740.48 ± 21.15 minutes, P value P value P value P value P value P value < 0.001). Conclusion: A reduced volume of LA can be used in ultra sound guided ISB in combined with SCB to give satisfactory level of anesthesia to entire length of the arm, but the sensory block duration and duration of post-operative analgesia will be decreased significantly with decreasing the volume.

Effect of intraperitoneal local anesthetic on pain characteristics after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM : To systematically evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal local anesthetic on pain characteristics after laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC).METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Randomized controlled trials in English that compared the effect of intraperitoneal administration of local anesthetics on pain with that of placebo or nothing after elective LC under general anesthesia were included. The primary outcome variables analyzed were the combined scores of abdominal, visceral, parietal, and shoulder pain after LC at multiple time points. We also extracted pain scores at resting and dynamic states.RESULTS: We included 39 studies of 3045 patients in total. The administration of intraperitoneal local anesthetic reduced pain intensity in a resting state after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: abdominal [standardized mean difference(SMD) =-0.741; 95%CI:-1.001 to-0.48, P < 0.001]; visceral(SMD =-0.249; 95%CI:-0.493 to-0.006, P = 0.774); and shoulder(SMD =-0.273; 95%CI:-0.464 to-0.082, P = 0.097). Application of intraperitoneal local anesthetic significantly reduced the incidence of shoulder pain(RR = 0.437; 95%CI: 0.299 to 0.639, P < 0.001). There was no favorable effect on resting parietal or dynamic abdominal pain.CONCLUSION: Intraperitoneal local anesthetic as an analgesic adjuvant in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy exhibited beneficial effects on postoperative abdominal, visceral, and shoulder pain in a resting state.

Features and Principles the Spread of Local Anesthetic Blockade of the Sciatic Nerve at Depends on the Amount of Anesthetic

Aim: To study the features of local anesthetic solution spreading during sciatic nerve block in dependence on the anesthetic solution volume. Material and Methods: One hundred and sixty nine cases of sciatic nerve blocks done under ultrasonic visualization control were analyzed. Sciatic nerve blocks were performed by lidocaine in volumes 30;25;20;15;12.5;10;7.5;6.5;5;4.5 ml. The cross-section area, equal to local anesthetic spreading, was determined;the extension of the anesthetic solution spreading along sciatic nerve was calculated. Results: The anesthetic agent solution spreads along sciatic nerve in proximal and distal direction, forming a kind of cylinder. The minimum volume of the local anesthetic, which covers sciatic nerve in the whole, is 5 ml. A rare (1.77%) variation of sciatic nerve structure was described, in which tibial and common peroneal nerves develop directly from the branches of sacral plexus. Conclusion: The decrease of the local anesthetic volume leads to reduction of its spreading distance and cross-section area. Ultrasonic visualization can provide for sciatic nerve anatomical peculiarities, which can have an effect on the block quality.

Effects of Repeated Injection of Local Anesthetic on Sciatic Nerve Blocks Response

In order to examine whether repeated sciatic nerve blocks showed tachyphylaxis and continuity of sciatic nerve with spinal cord affected development of tachyphylaxis when assayed in vivo by duration of depression compound action potentials (CAP), rats were anesthetized with halothane, ventilated, monitored and supported with stable hemodynamics and temperature. Posterior tibial nerve distally and sciatic nerve in thigh were exposed, placed on bipolar silver electrodes for stimulation and recording respectively. Three sequential sciatic nerve blocks were performed between these electrodes using 0.15 ml of 3 % chloroprocaine. Nine rats were chosen to observe the effects of repeated sciatic nerve blocks on CAP. In another 18 rats, a second investigator exposed the sciatic nerve near its origin at spinal cord and randomly performed nerve cut and sham (n=9), and closed the incision blinding the electrophysiologic investigator. The results showed that electrical stimulated tibial nerve induced sciatic nerve Aα/β, Aδ, C fiber mediated CAP waves. CAP amplitudes were remained stable during whole experimental procedure. CAP amplitudes were decreased completely with 3% chloroprocaine blocked sciatic nerve and recovered fully. The duration of CAP depression were reduced with repeated blocks. There were no selective blocked effects on Aα/β, Aδ, C fiber mediated CAP. With sciatic nerve cut proximally, there was no statistical significant tachyphylaxis with 3 % chloroprocaine repeated blocked sciatic nerve, and the duration of first and third blocked Aδ fiber mediated CAP was 108±20 and 92±14 min respectively (P>0.05). In normal rats the duration of first and third blocked Aδ fiber mediated CAP was 110±20 and 75±16 min respectively (P<0.05). It was suggested that tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics can occur in rats repeated blocked sciatic nerve when assayed in vivo by duration of depression CAP. The continuity of sciatic nerve with spinal cord is one of the important factors affecting the development of tachyphylaxis.

The effectiveness of local anesthetic and sodium hyaluronate injection for the posterior disc displacement: A case report

Posterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint is rare. We present a unique treatment method and magnetic resonance (MR) images of this condition. The patient was a 43-year-old male with a chief complaint of abnormal occlusion. Regarding the present status, there was no occlusion on the right side. No temporomandibular joint pain, myalgia, or clicking were observed while mouth opening. On MR images, the posterior disc displacement without reduction on the right was observed and it was assumed that occlusal abnormality was due to this condition. We treated him with the following methods. After injection into the superior articular cavity with 2% lidocaine, a sodium hyaluronate preparation was injected followed by intermaxillary traction applied using rubber. The recovery of occlusion was confirmed in follow-up at 5 days after treatment. In the 13th days, the intermaxillary traction was removed. On MR images, the right disc condition was changed to anterior disc displacement with reduction. We consider our treatment methods are effective for this clinical condition.

Kinetics of Local Anesthetic Interactions with Model Membranes: Adsorption and Permeation

Introduction: Local anesthetics (LAs) must be adsorbed to and permeate through membranes to reach their sites of action. The rates of these processes critically affect drug actions at the cellular level and also the in vivo pharmacokinetics of perineurally injected drugs. Therefore, we measured the adsorption equilibria and permeation kinetics of two LAs local anesthetics with markedly different hydrophobicities: tetracaine (TTC, Poctanol:buffer = 3.6 × 103) and procaine (PRO, Poctanol:buffer = 8.1 × 101), in unilamellar membranes of different composition and fluidity. Methods: Interactions with unilamellar vesicles made of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), at 23°C (solid gel state) or 45°C (liquid crystal state), without or with cholesterol (Chol), were investigated by a combination of fluorescence and stopped-flow techniques. Membrane adsorption was monitored by the LA’s fluorescence. Membrane permeation was monitored by the decrease of fluorescence intensity of intra-vesicular pyranine, when quenched by neighboring TTC or PRO. Results: Ionized TTC (TTCH+) and procaine (PROH+) adsorb to membranes more slowly and weakly than their neutral counterparts (time constant τ ~ 0.1 sec). Fluidizing of membranes, at the higher temperature (45°C) or by Chol inclusion, accelerated LA adsorption (faster than the mixing time of the stopped-flow device, 0.008 s). Permeation of protonated TTCH+ through the solid gel DPPC membranes (23°C) occurred far more slowly than adsorption, (τ = 36.7 ± 0.7 s, n = 9), and 3 times slower than neutral TTC (τ = 10.9 ± 0.7 s, n = 9);neutral PRO permeated these membranes at the same rate as TTC. Inclusion of Chol with DPPC, disordering the fatty acyl tails of membrane phospholipids while crowding their polar headgroups, slowed permeation of TTC and of PRO to an even greater degree. Conclusions: Local anesthetic permeation through membranes is limited by the transport across the membrane core and not by the initial binding. Drug ionization greatly slows permeation, but greater hydrophobicity does not facilitate it. Lipid crowding caused by Chol, a normal membrane component, slows permeation by disorienting the LA bound at the surface.

口腔局部麻醉药抗菌机制的研究进展

局部麻醉药是口腔门诊手术常用的药物,可以发挥麻醉镇痛效果,减轻患者的疼痛,使临床治疗顺利进行。此外,局部麻醉药还被发现具有抗菌效果,能有效抑制各种细菌和真菌的生长。本文总结了口腔治疗中常用的局部麻醉药(利多卡因、布比卡因、罗哌卡因、阿替卡因等)的抗菌性,探讨了药物抗菌作用的分子机制(包括改变细胞壁和细胞膜的通透性、直接损伤细胞膜、抑制蛋白质及遗传物质的合成、抑制细胞呼吸等),以及与其他药物(抗生素、肾上腺素、阿片类药物等)的相互作用,以期有助于口腔临床治疗对局部麻醉药的选择以及感染的预防与控制。

超长效局麻药的研究进展

多模式镇痛是术后疼痛管理的金标准,以超声引导下的神经阻滞为基础辅以少阿片类药物和足量全程使用的非甾体类抗炎药是目前最主流的多模式镇痛方案。但超声引导下神经阻滞受限于局麻药作用时间,往往为外科手术患者提供不超过8 h的有效术后镇痛,使外科手术患者术后镇痛满意率不高。随着快速康复理念的不断深入研究,如何延长局麻药的作用时间是研究的重点和热点。超长效局麻药包括已经应用于临床的布比卡因脂质体、HTX-011,以及仍处于研究阶段的季铵盐类衍生物等。本文将从具有缓释系统的超长效局麻药、超长效局麻药的新作用通路及靶点、开发全新化合物形式的超长效局麻药进行综述,为后续超长效局麻药的研究与临床应用提供新的思路。

儿科护士局部麻醉剂临床应用采纳意愿模型的构建

目的:探索儿科护士局部麻醉剂临床应用采纳意愿的影响因素。方法:采用自行设计的调查问卷于2022年11月1日—15日对四川省10所医院的251名儿科护士进行调查,基于创新扩散理论和计划行为理论构建儿科护士局部麻醉剂临床应用采纳意愿模型。采用AMOS 24.0软件进行结构方程模型分析。结果:局部麻醉剂临床应用的相对优势和易用性对儿科护士态度有正向影响,局部麻醉剂临床应用的态度、主观规范及感知行为控制对儿科护士的采纳意愿有正向影响。模型卡方自由度比值为1.515,适配度指数为0.910,调整拟合优度指数为0.880,近似误差均方根为0.045,均方根残差为0.020。该模型可解释儿科护士采纳意愿71.4%的变异度。结论:局部麻醉剂临床应用的主观规范、感知行为控制和态度对儿科护士采纳意愿有正向影响,其中,态度对采纳意愿的影响作用最强;局部麻醉剂临床应用的相对优势和易用性通过态度对儿科护士采纳意愿产生正向影响。该模型对儿科护士应用局部麻醉剂减轻儿童静脉穿刺疼痛的采纳意愿有较强的解释力。

课程思政融入《药物分析》局麻药物教学中的探讨

《药物分析》是一门可被建设成为有效的思政教育载体的课程。思政元素与该门专业基础课的融入,可同时实现知识储备、能力提升和德育教育的人才培养目标。局麻药物分析是《药物分析》课程教学内容的重要组成部分之一。在代表性局麻药物的发展背景、局麻药物主要质量控制手段的理论课及典型局麻药相关杂质检查的实验课教学中,采用线上线下教学、理论课与实践课教学相结合的模式,探讨在专业知识传授过程中如何进行价值引领。课程教学以学生为中心,根据课程特点挖掘思政元素,以期最大程度地发挥专业课程的德育作用。

手动膜片钳检测盐酸罗哌卡因及其右旋异构体对HEK293细胞hERG电流的影响

目的研究比较盐酸罗哌卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因右旋异构体对高表达hERG钾通道的HEK293细胞hERG电流的影响。方法用手动膜片钳检测转染后hERG钾通道稳定表达的HEK293细胞电流,多菲莱德做阳性药,将盐酸罗哌卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因右旋异构体依次稀释成30.00、10.00、3.33、1.11、0.37μmol·L^(-1),依次作用于细胞,记录电流变化,计算抑制率。结果盐酸罗哌卡因0.37、1.11、3.33、10、30μmol·L^(-1)对电流Iherg-tail的抑制率分别为(6.12±0.30)%、(13.04±1.20)%、(19.21±0.33)%、(35.56±0.66)%、(65.37±4.17)%,IC_(50)为19.482μmol·L^(-1)(n=15)。盐酸罗哌卡因右旋异构体0.37、1.11、3.33、10.00、30.00μmol·L^(-1)对电流Iherg-tail的抑制率分别为(4.13±3.43)%、(7.34±5.60)%、(9.49±2.75)%、(16.60±0.87)%、(31.36±1.45)%,IC_(50)>30μmol·L^(-1)(n=15)。阳性对照药品多菲莱德0.00185、0.00556、0.01667、0.05000、0.15000μmol·L^(-1)对电流Iherg-tail的抑制率分别为(7.81±2.77)%、(19.67±1.88)%、(57.16±4.39)%、(89.71±3.55)%、(99.66±0.89)%、IC_(50)为0.015μmol·L^(-1)(n=15)。结论和阳性对照药品多菲莱德比较,盐酸罗哌卡因对hERG通道为弱抑制作用,盐酸罗哌卡因右旋异构体对hERG通道为无明显抑制作用。

瑞替加滨对左旋布比卡因引起的中枢神经系统毒性的影响

酰胺类局麻药布比卡因和罗哌卡因可以抑制KCNQ2/Q3通道,增加神经元的兴奋性。抗癫痫药瑞替加滨可以逆转布比卡因对KCNQ2/Q3通道的抑制作用。为观察KCNQ2/3钾离子通道激活剂瑞替加滨对局麻药左旋布比卡因诱发的兔中枢神经毒性的影响。通过将20只新西兰兔随机分为两组,瑞替加滨组(R组,样本数n=10)和对照组(C组,样本数n=10),每组10只。两组兔均并以8 mL/kg/h速度经耳缘静脉输注0.5%左旋布比卡因直至发生兔发生惊厥,惊厥后立即停止输注左旋布比卡因,R组静脉注射瑞替加滨5 mg/kg,C组静脉注射等体积的生理盐水作为对照。连续监测每只兔的行为特征和脑电波变,记录惊厥停止后30 min的兔脑电图和心电图,并进行定量脑电图分析。记录发生惊厥时输注左旋布比卡因所需时间,惊厥行为以及惊厥脑电波的持续时间,记录家兔基础心率、惊厥前以及给予瑞替加滨和生理盐水处理后30 min心率变化。实验结果表明:瑞替加滨能有效终止兔行为学和脑电波惊厥,减少行为学惊厥持续时间和脑电波(EEG)惊厥持续时间,并且降低惊厥后β和θ波功率。可见KCNQ2/3通道在左布比卡因诱导的中枢神经系统毒性中发挥重要作用,KCNQ2/3钾离子通道激活剂瑞替加滨可用于治疗左旋布比卡因诱导的惊厥。

局部麻醉药脂质缓释制剂的研究及临床分析

局麻药目前已广泛应用于术后镇痛,但由于局麻药单次注射后半衰期短,难以控制术后较长时间的严重疼痛。局麻药缓释制剂的研究,旨在获得更加有效持久的术后镇痛效果,并减少阿片类药物在术后疼痛管理中的应用。脂质药物剂型是局麻药缓释制剂研究的重要内容,主要包括脂质体、微乳剂和脂质纳米颗粒(LNP)等。Exparel®是目前唯一获得批准用于临床研究的局麻药多囊泡脂质体,该药物为一种采用DepoFoam^(TM)技术的布比卡因脂质体制剂,已积累了涉及痔疮手术、拇囊肿切除术、关节手术、剖宫产以及神经阻滞等方面的多个临床病例。本文对局麻药缓释制剂的研究现状、药效学特点予以介绍,并对Exparel®的临床研究加以讨论。

超声引导颈丛阻滞与可视喉罩在甲状腺癌手术中的联合应用

目的研究超声引导下颈丛神经阻滞联合可视喉罩全麻在甲状腺癌根治手术中的应用价值。方法选择2021年6月—2022年5月60例行甲状腺癌根治手术的患者,随机分为两组,每组30例。两组患者术前半小时肌注咪达唑仑0.04 mg/kg+阿托品0.075 mg/kg。观察组采用超声引导下颈丛神经阻滞联合SaCoVLM喉罩全麻(CS组),对照组为局部切口浸润联合气管插管全麻(RI组)。颈丛神经阻滞在超声引导下完成,患侧深丛6 mL+浅丛4 mL,对侧仅阻滞浅丛4 mL。局部切口浸润在切皮前完成,剂量14 mL。局麻药均为0.33%罗哌卡因。CS组颈丛阻滞完善后,行麻醉诱导插入喉罩(经配套可视视屏证实);RI组在可视喉镜下插入气管导管。诱导用药:0.3 mg/kg依托咪酯、2~3μg/kg芬太尼、0.2 mg/kg顺式阿曲库铵。术中丙泊酚TCI泵入+七氟醚吸入,手术结束待患者清醒后将气管导管/喉罩拔除。术中维持脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)值45~60,必要时追加芬太尼和顺式阿曲库铵。结果CS组患者苏醒时间、拔管/喉罩时间及麻醉后监测治疗室停留时间短于RI组(P<0.05);CS组患者全麻药物(丙泊酚、芬太尼)的用量少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与RI组患者相比,CS组患者的术后4 h视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)降低(P<0.05),术后并发症恶心呕吐和咽喉不适发生率减少(P<0.05)。两组患者均无发生恶性高血压、术后呼吸抑制等严重并发症。结论超声引导下颈丛神经阻滞与可视喉罩联合用于甲状腺癌根治手术,术中使用麻醉药更少,苏醒期平稳过渡,围手术期并发症少,同时达到术后镇痛效果。

罗哌卡因临床应用及神经毒性的新进展

罗哌卡因作为同布比卡因有相同作用的长时效新型酰胺类局麻药,不仅神经毒性低,作用时间长,且心脏毒性也低于布比卡因,可以呈现感觉和运动分离阻滞,且对感觉神经的阻滞大于运动神经强,感觉大于运动、仅轻度非递增性阻滞运动神经,有利于患者早期离床,恢复快,因此罗哌卡因在临床麻醉中更为实用且得到了推广。虽然罗哌卡因的神经毒性低,但是临床工作中仍有一些患者因使用了高浓度的罗哌卡因而出现一些临床上的综合征,如暂时性神经病学综合征(TNS),马尾神经综合征(CES),延迟性骶神经感觉障碍,格林-巴利综合征(GBS),需要临床工作者在应用罗哌卡因时注意降低浓度,缩短作用时间,减少用量提高其安全性和可靠性。

不同椎管内麻醉方式及局麻药物对剖宫产手术快速康复的影响

目的比较临床常用的不同椎管内麻醉方式和局部麻醉药物用于择期剖宫产手术的麻醉效果和满意度,并观察其对剖宫产手术快速康复的影响。方法本研究为一项前瞻性研究,采用随机、对照、双盲的研究方法。选取2022年4月至10月于广州医科大学附属第三医院行剖宫产手术的150例产妇,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,年龄范围22~39岁,单胎足月孕产妇,无全身其他系统合并症,子宫下段横切口术式。采用随机数字表法分为腰硬联合麻醉罗哌卡因组(SR组)、硬膜外麻醉利多卡因组(EL组)和硬膜外麻醉甲哌卡因组(EM组),每组50例。SR组采用直入法经L3~4间隙行腰硬联合穿刺,在蛛网膜下腔应用等比重的0.5%罗哌卡因3 ml,EL组和EM组采用直入法经L2~3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,分别在硬膜外腔应用2%利多卡因和2%甲哌卡因,各12~15ml。3组硬膜外腔均留置硬膜外导管。观察3组产妇的麻醉效果(药物起效时间、药物剂量、药物达到的最高平面、新生儿血气结果)、麻醉满意度(产妇、外科医生和麻醉医生对麻醉效果的满意度),记录3组产妇的不良反应与快速康复相关的恢复指标(运动阻滞恢复和Bromage评分、术后镇痛的情况、首次下床活动、排气排尿以及出院的时间)情况。采用One way ANOVA、Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验进行统计分析。结果与SR组相比,EL和EM两组麻醉起效时间延长,药物用量增加。SR组低血压、恶心呕吐和术后尿潴留的发生率分别为34%(17/50)、24%(12/50)、14%(7/50),与EL组[14%(7/50)、4%(2/50)、2%(1/50)]和EM组[16%(8/50)、6%(3/50)、0]相比,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。SR、EL和EM组产妇的首次下床时间分别为(23.52±4.22)h、(18.30±3.80)h、(19.10±5.93)h,出院时间分别为(72.68±12.69)h、(65.28±19.88)h、(65.67±6.14)h,这说明在术后恢复指标上,EL、EM两组与SR组相比,具有一定的优势(均P<0.05)。3组麻醉满意度、新生儿血气结果、术后镇痛效果等比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。此外,EL和EM两组在麻醉效果和术后恢复指标中的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论与腰硬联合麻醉应用罗哌卡因相比,硬膜外麻醉采用利多卡因或甲哌卡因能够在不同程度上提高患者术后快速康复的效果,表现出现代加速康复理念的优越性。

局部麻醉药佐剂在区域麻醉中的应用进展

完善的术后镇痛是加速康复外科的重要组成部分。周围神经阻滞可提高围手术期安全性、改善患者的满意度、减少阿片类药物用量、减轻术后疼痛。超声技术的应用可显著改善麻醉医师实施神经阻滞的安全性和有效性,但绝大部分局部麻醉药物时效不足。其中,某些药物可延长局部麻醉药作用时间、增强周围神经阻滞的效果。局部麻醉药佐剂主要包括阿片类药物、α2受体激动剂、类固醇等,且神经毒性和组织损伤相关的不良事件较少。因此,深入研究局部麻醉药佐剂在区域麻醉中的风险获益比、优点和局限性,可以为疾病的治疗提供帮助。

表面麻醉的临床应用进展

表面麻醉广泛应用于眼科、耳鼻喉科、皮肤科、泌尿科等临床诊疗领域,其定义为直接应用穿透力强的局部麻醉药使黏膜或者皮肤的浅表感觉丧失。表面麻醉有着操作简单、安全性高、恢复快的优势,能够有效提升患者满意度。近年来舒适化诊疗理念越来越受重视,表面麻醉的新型药物和应用方式也层出不穷,在使用时必须特别注意它们的药理学特点和可能的不良反应。本文就表面麻醉在临床应用中的进展予以综述,为临床实践提供参考。