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Key Factors to Consider When Introducing a New Vaccine in Low-Income Settings: Lessons from Malawi Expanded Program on Immunization
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作者 Samuel Mpinganjira Kimberly Konono +5 位作者 Joseph Mwaka Adidja Amani Habtamu Anteneh Michael Ngigi Boston Zimba Atupele Kapito 《World Journal of Vaccines》 CAS 2024年第1期1-23,共23页
Introduction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introduce them into their vaccination schedules. Malawi has recently introduced several new vaccines and plans to introduce more. ... Introduction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introduce them into their vaccination schedules. Malawi has recently introduced several new vaccines and plans to introduce more. This study was conducted to identify key factors that need to be considered when deciding to introduce a new vaccine and current challenges faced by low and middle income countries using Malawi as an example. Methodology: The study employed a desk review approach, examining published literature from various sources such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. Policy documents from organizations like the World Health Organization, GAVI the Alliance, and the Ministry of Health for Malawi were also included. A total of 99 articles and documents on new vaccine introduction, challenges of immunization, policy documents in immunization and health systems strengthening were included. The review focused on addressing five key areas critical to new vaccine introduction namely: the need for a vaccine, availability of the vaccine, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, demand for the vaccine, and the prudent use of public or private funds. Results: Malawi considered the burden of cervical cancer and the significance of malaria in the country when introducing the HPV and malaria vaccines. The country opted for vaccines that can be handled by the cold chain capacity and available human resources. Despite that malaria vaccine and Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine trials were done in country, there are limited vaccine safety and efficacy trials conducted in Malawi, leading to a reliance on WHO-prequalified vaccines. Demand for newly introduced vaccines varied, with high demand for Oral Cholera Vaccine during a cholera outbreak, while demand for COVID-19 vaccines decreased over time. Although cost-effectiveness studies were limited in the country, 2 studies indicated that Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine and malaria vaccine would be cost effective. All these have been implemented despite having challenges like lack of accurate surveillance data, inadequate cold chain capacity, limited safety and efficacy vaccine clinical trials, political influence, and limited funding. Conclusion: Despite several challenges Malawi set a good example of the careful considerations required before introducing a new vaccine. The process involves data review, priority setting, precise planning, and consultation with stakeholders. Low-income countries should invest in vaccine safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness trials. 展开更多
关键词 VACCINE Introduction Implementation Expanded Program on Immunization low-income STAKEHOLDERS
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Epidemiological, Clinical Aspects and Outcome of Measles in a Low-Income Country in 2023
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作者 Sime Tchouamo Arielle Annick Enyama Dominique +7 位作者 Noukeu Diomède Atyam Ekotto Marie Christine Abouame Palma Haoua Epee Ngoue Jeannette Kago Tague Daniel Armand Touka Eric Brice Tasse Simo Nathalie Ines Nguéfack Félicité 《Open Journal of Pediatrics》 2024年第1期139-148,共10页
Introduction: Measles remains a worrying health problem in sub-Saharan African countries. There have been measles outbreaks in Cameroon with the most recent occurring between October 2022 and September 2023. The Centr... Introduction: Measles remains a worrying health problem in sub-Saharan African countries. There have been measles outbreaks in Cameroon with the most recent occurring between October 2022 and September 2023. The Centre region of Cameroon was the most affected in the country and being at the frontline of the fight against this illness, we conducted this study in order to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics as well as the outcome of children who contracted the measles and were hospitalized at the Yaoundé Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive and prospective study for one year from October 2022 to November 2023 corresponding to the duration of the outbreak. We included all children admitted in the pediatric unit for measles and its complications during this period. Results: In total, 60 children were enrolled. Their caregivers were mostly their mothers who had a mean age of 34.71 ± 9.55 years living in significant precarious conditions for the majority. The median age of children was 16 months (09 - 30 months). Twenty six percent of children (16) were less than 9 months. Girls were predominant (55%). Most children were not up to date with their routine EPI vaccination (80%) and most did not receive the measles and Rubella vaccine (76.67%). Clinical manifestations, included fever, conjunctivitis, and cough. Skin rash and catarrh (98.33% and 86.67% respectively) are the case definition signs of measles. The outcome was unfavorable for 4 children. One had a neurological disorder: coma and three presented with pneumonia and severe respiratory distress (6.67%). Conclusion: Measles is still being a reality and claiming lives in our context, emphasis should be made on immunization coverage and if possible, advocacies should be formulated to decrease the age of measles vaccine administration. 展开更多
关键词 MEASLES COMPLICATIONS low-income Countries
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Characteristics of Infertile Clientele Attending a Public in Vitro Fertilization Clinic: Appraising Priorities in a Low-Income Country
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作者 Gbolahan O. Obajimi Olugbenga O. Saanu +2 位作者 Ayodeji S. Adeyanju Ademola S. Olutoye Mofiyinfoluwa M. Adeyeye 《Open Journal of Epidemiology》 2024年第2期343-352,共10页
Introduction: Infertilityaffects one in six couples, and it is an important public health issue largely due to thepervasive effects on the emotional and psychological wellbeing of affected couples. In many developing ... Introduction: Infertilityaffects one in six couples, and it is an important public health issue largely due to thepervasive effects on the emotional and psychological wellbeing of affected couples. In many developing nations emphasis is placed on childbirth and inability to fulfill this role can be very distressing. There is an unmet need for assisted reproductive technology (ART) in many developing countries and where facilities exist, they are mostly privately owned, expensive and concentrated in urban areas. To bridge this gap, public fertility clinics have been established to provide subsidized care. Evaluating the characteristics and peculiarities of clientele presenting at these public facilities will aid planning and prioritization of care. Methodology: A descriptive retrospective study of 116 infertile patients presenting to the fertility clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria from inception on the 14<sup>th</sup> of February 2019 and 31<sup>st</sup> of December 2022.Data was analyzed using the Statical Package for Social Sciences (IBM, SPSS, New York) version 23. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results which were presented with the aid of bar charts and frequency tables. Result: The mean age of the patients was 40.70 ± 6.62 years. Post-menopausal patients accounted for about one-fifth of the study population while 80.2% (93 women) were older than 35 years. The mean duration of infertility was 9.39 ± 6.11years and nine patients (7.8%) had a duration greater than 2 decades. Secondary infertility occurred in 67.2% of the women. Twenty-nine women (25%) had undergone myomectomy prior to presentation. Hypertension (11.2%) was the most prevalent comorbidity. Nineteen patients (16.4%) had used contraceptives in the past with the male condom (36.8%)being the most preponderant. Sixty-seven patients had experienced pregnancy losses before 28 weeks of gestation while just 16 patients (13.8%) had undergone ART, and none was successful. Conclusion: Secondary infertility was the prevalent type of infertility and may not be unconnected with the low contraceptive usage and high risk of sexually transmitted infection. Late presentation coupled with a large proportion of post-menopausal clientele suggests delayed health-seeking behavior most probably due to the prohibitive cost of ART. The need to streamline services offered in public fertility clinics is paramount in low-income countries grappling with scarce resources. A pragmatic approach will involve the provision of low-cost ART, while enhancing gamete donation programs through the implementation of gamete sharing policies. This will invariably bridge the unmet need and skewed access to ART in developing countries. 展开更多
关键词 INFERTILITY Assisted Reproductive Technology low-income Priorities.
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Economic and Social Impact Assessment of Chronic Diseases Among the Low-Income Population in Southern Punjab,Pakistan
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作者 Mehran Khan Muhammad Arbab Nasir +7 位作者 Muhammad Umar Asadullah Faiz Mirza Muhammad Abdul Bari Ayesha Saeed Fiza Nazeer Khan Saliha Mehboob Malik Akashah Usama Tayyab 《Proceedings of Anticancer Research》 2024年第4期67-74,共8页
Introduction:Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent worldwide.The effects of chronic illnesses are disastrous not only for the diagnosed person but also for their entire family.This study explores chronic disea... Introduction:Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent worldwide.The effects of chronic illnesses are disastrous not only for the diagnosed person but also for their entire family.This study explores chronic diseases’social and economic impact on low-income families.The study aims to determine the economic and social implications of various chronic diseases and the loss of income due to these conditions among low-income individuals in Southern Punjab,Pakistan.Methodology:A sample of 424 patients was selected from different areas of Southern Punjab.Data were collected using a questionnaire that included questions about economic status,self-reported health status,social status,management strategies,and health insurance,among other factors.Results:The mean monthly income of the respondents was found to be 57,097.6 Pakistani rupee(PKR),and the mean monthly expenses for treatment were 8,256.1 PKR.The loss of income was calculated at 15%.Additionally,62%of patients spent more than 10%of their monthly income on managing their disease.Approximately 85%of the respondents reported that chronic diseases affected their social life.Furthermore,80%of patients lacked health insurance.Conclusion:Chronic diseases impose significant economic and social burdens on patients and their families in Southern Punjab.To reduce the burden of chronic diseases,the government should enhance healthcare services in this region and provide health insurance to low-income families. 展开更多
关键词 Chronic diseases low-income families Economic impact PUNJAB Pakistan
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Utilization of access to colorectal cancer screening modalities in low-income populations after medicaid expansion
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作者 Gerald Fletcher Joan Culpepper-Morgan +1 位作者 Alvaro Genao Eric Alatevi 《World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology》 SCIE 2023年第9期1653-1661,共9页
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)remains a relevant public health problem.Current research suggests that racial,economic and geographic disparities impact access.Despite the expansion of Medicaid eligibility as a key ... BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)remains a relevant public health problem.Current research suggests that racial,economic and geographic disparities impact access.Despite the expansion of Medicaid eligibility as a key component of the Affordable Care Act(ACA),there is a dearth of information on the utilization of newly gained access to CRC screening by low-income individuals.This study investigates the impact of the ACA’s Medicaid expansion on utilization of the various CRC screening modalities by low-income participants.Our working hypothesis is that Medicaid expansion will increase access and utilization of CRC screening by low-income participants.AIM To investigate the impact of the Affordable Care Act and in particular the effect of Medicaid expansion on access and utilization of CRC screening modalities by Medicaid state expansion status across the United States.METHODS This was a quasi-experimental study design using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,a large health system survey for participants across the United States and with over 2.8 million responses.The period of the study was from 2011 to 2016 which was dichotomized as pre-ACA Medicaid expansion(2011-2013)and post-ACA Medicaid expansion(2014-2016).The change in utilization of access to CRC screening strategies between the expansion periods were analyzed as the dependent variables.Secondary analyses included stratification of the access by ethnicity/race,income,and education status.RESULTS A greater increase in utilization of access to CRC screening was observed in Medicaid expansion states than in nonexpansion states[+2.9%;95%confidence interval(95%CI):2.12,3.69].Low-income participants showed a+4.02%(95%CI:2.96,5.07)change between the expansion periods compared with higher income groups+3.19%(1.70,4.67).Non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics[+3.01%(95%CI:2.16,3.85)vs+5.51%(95%CI:2.81,8.20)]showed a statistically significant increase in utilization of access but not in Non-Hispanic Blacks,or Multiracial.There was an increase in utilization across all educational levels.This was significant among those who reported having a high school graduate degree or more+4.26%(95%CI:3.16,5.35)compared to some high school or less+1.59%(95%CI:-1.37,4.55).CONCLUSION Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act led to an overall increase in self-reported use of CRC screening tests by adults aged 50-64 years in the United States.This finding was consistent across all low-income populations,but not all races or levels of education. 展开更多
关键词 Medicaid expansion Colorectal cancer screening low-income DISPARITIES MINORITIES Affordable care act
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Low-income and overweight in China:Evidence from a life-course utility model 被引量:3
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作者 REN Yan-jun Bente Castro Campos +1 位作者 Jens-Peter Loy Stephan Brosig 《Journal of Integrative Agriculture》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2019年第8期1753-1767,共15页
Previous literature has demonstrated that low-income people are more likely to settle for poor health choices in developed countries. By using income as a budget constraint and signal for future wellbeing in a life-co... Previous literature has demonstrated that low-income people are more likely to settle for poor health choices in developed countries. By using income as a budget constraint and signal for future wellbeing in a life-course utility model, we examine the association amongst income and overweight. The data used for this study are from the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS). Estimations are conducted for overweight initiation, cessation, and participation mirroring a decision to begin and a past decision to not terminate. Our findings propose that body weight and the likelihood of overweight commencement rise with additional income but at a diminishing degree, representing a concave relation;while the likelihood of overweight discontinuance declines with additional income but at an accelerating degree, suggesting a convex relation.We presume that, as opposed to developed countries, low-income people are less inclined to be overweight in China, a country in transition. This could be explained by an income constraint for unhealthy foodstuff. Nevertheless, it will switch when income surpasses the critical threshold of the concave or inverted U-shape curve indicating that low-income people appear to receive not as much utility from future health. Specifically, this adjustment seems to occur earlier for females and inhabitants of urban areas. 展开更多
关键词 low-income OVERWEIGHT LIFE-COURSE UTILITY China
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Characteristics of Hypertension Death in Low-income Regions of Inner Mongolia, China 被引量:2
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作者 YU Di DU Mao Lin +15 位作者 SUN De Jun QIAO Su Fang MA Yu Jia Wang Li GAO Yu Min CHEN Yong Sheng MENG Yong Liang SUN Xiao Ling GUO Wen Fang WANG Qing Xia ZHANG Hai Rong LI Wu Yun Ta Na JIA Lei HAO Jing ZHAO Neng Jun SUN Juan 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2020年第1期53-57,共5页
Hypertension has been a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease[1].Hypertension overall prevalence in adults is 30%–45%,becoming>60%in people aged above 60 years[2],with a worldwide agestandardised prevalence... Hypertension has been a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease[1].Hypertension overall prevalence in adults is 30%–45%,becoming>60%in people aged above 60 years[2],with a worldwide agestandardised prevalence of 20 and 24%in women and men,respectively[3]. 展开更多
关键词 CHARACTERISTICS HYPERTENSION DEATH low-income REGIONS Inner Mongolia China
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Distribution of primary school based on spatial network comprehensive model in low-income mountainous cities: a case study in Wanyuan, China 被引量:3
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作者 YANG Pei-feng HE Ran HOU Hai-bo 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2017年第10期2082-2096,共15页
Focusing on the peculiarities of urban construction resulting from specific mountain terrains, the purpose of this study is to find out a suitable method based on a Spatial Network Comprehensive Model(SNCM) to reasona... Focusing on the peculiarities of urban construction resulting from specific mountain terrains, the purpose of this study is to find out a suitable method based on a Spatial Network Comprehensive Model(SNCM) to reasonably plan and distribute primary schools in low-income mountain cities. The construction principles and advantages of the SNCM method are proposed and the method tested in Wanyuan city of Qinba Mountain area(Southwest China) to verify its feasibility and optimization. Taking account of the mountain terrain and its influence on user behavior, we used the SNCM method to build a comprehensive model which integrates the road slope and the walking speed of pupils into the basic spatial model. The model is used to calculate a reasonable layout of the primary schools and to validate the rationale. The results show that the SNCM method can be effectively applied in low-income mountainous cities. It can not only improve the accessibility and service efficiency of primary schools using as little capital-investment as possible, but also help the city grow in an intensive and efficient way. 展开更多
关键词 Spatial network comprehensive model Primary school distribution Mountainous terrain low-income mountainous cities China
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Nutritional Status of Under-five Children from Urban Low-income Families in Xiangtan and Jilin in China 被引量:1
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作者 郭琰芳 甘银燕 +2 位作者 郭超男 孙菊 郝丽萍 《Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences)》 SCIE CAS 2017年第1期74-78,共5页
There have been many studies on the nutrition and the growth status of children from rural and remote western regions of China, whereas researches on children from urban low-income families are scarce. This study aime... There have been many studies on the nutrition and the growth status of children from rural and remote western regions of China, whereas researches on children from urban low-income families are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the growth and nutritional status of children under five years of age from urban low-income families in China. There were 169 children aged 25–60 months recruited from Xiangtan and Jilin, two cities with a population of 2.81 million and 4.26 million respectively, in China in this cluster cross-sectional study. Data were collected on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, the feeding practices and the incidence of anemia and diarrhea. The results showed that the prevalence of low birth weight and macrosomia was 7.1% and 9.5% for the two cities, respectively, which was higher than that for other cities in China(1.5% and 5.9%). Of all the sampled children, 14.6% and 8.2% suffered anemia and diarrhea, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that legumes or nuts fed in a 24-h recall increased the risk of anemia(OR=4.9). Children whose caregivers began to introduce complementary foods relatively late would have high diarrhea prevalence(OR=1.4). In conclusion, the prevalence of anemia and diarrhea in under-five children from urban low-income families in China is relatively high. The growth and nutritional status of these children is greatly affected by feeding practices. A series of measures should be taken by relevant government departments to improve the health of these children. 展开更多
关键词 growth anemia diarrhea children urban low-income
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Application of Containers to Low-Income Housing in Context of New Urbanization
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作者 CAI Dingtao HU Ziteng 《Journal of Landscape Research》 2017年第3期70-72,共3页
This paper explores how to use container buildings to resolve the housing problem of migrant workers in the context of urbanization, and ascertains the characteristics of the container housing and public space through... This paper explores how to use container buildings to resolve the housing problem of migrant workers in the context of urbanization, and ascertains the characteristics of the container housing and public space through the analysis of excellent examples of the container recycling project at home and abroad. In terms of the material, economic benefits, environmental protection and industrialization, those characteristics are summarized as follows.(1) Being sturdy, corrosion-resisting, waterproof and insulated, building materials are able to resist bad weather.(2) Their economic results lie in the short constructive cycle so that the cost of reinforced concrete per unit area reduces 20% on year-on-year basis.(3) Their environmental protection rests with the recyclability of materials, less construction waste and less noise in the construction process.(4) Their industrialization is embedded in their modular design and standardized specifications as well as the flexibility and replaceability. 展开更多
关键词 New URBANIZATION CONTAINER CONTAINER BUILDING low-income HOUSING
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Evaluation of Embodied Energy and Construction Costs for the Design of Low-Rise Apartments for Low-Income Residents in Surabaya, Indonesia
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作者 Vincentius Totok Noerwasito 《Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture》 2011年第12期1142-1146,共5页
Low-rise apartments for low-income residents have been built in Surabaya in recent years. They have four stories and many rooms, and the dwellers are all small traders. Because these projects are built with funds from... Low-rise apartments for low-income residents have been built in Surabaya in recent years. They have four stories and many rooms, and the dwellers are all small traders. Because these projects are built with funds from the government, the buildings are designed to consider the cost of construction, without consideration of embodied energy material. As a result, the buildings are not optimal in terms of embodied energy and construction cost. At present, because there are both concerns over global warning and a worldwide energy crisis, the embodied energy in a building is a very important concept for building design, because it can determine usage of energy in relation to natural sources, especially fossil fuels. This is part of the sustainable design concept. This paper describes research regarding: differences in embodied energy and construction cost between different wall materials, including brick, corn block and lightweight concrete in low rise apartments; the optimal relationship between embodied energy and building cost; and which factors determine these differences. The findings of this research show that lightweight concrete is the best material for the building walls; apartments for low-income in Surabaya still do not represent optimal construction design; and that sustainable buildings are cheaper than those that do not use this concept. 展开更多
关键词 Building cost embodied energy low-income apartments SUSTAINABLE WALL
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The Influence of Displacement to the Success of Sustainable Multi-Storey Housing Development for Low-Income Society in Urban Area: Case Study- Multi-Storey Housing in Jakarta
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作者 Nina Nurdiani 《Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture》 2011年第10期950-955,共6页
Multi-storey housing for low income society is a concept of redevelopment from many alternatives of housing development for slum in Jakarta. However, redevelopment directly or indirectly leads to displacement of low-i... Multi-storey housing for low income society is a concept of redevelopment from many alternatives of housing development for slum in Jakarta. However, redevelopment directly or indirectly leads to displacement of low-income residents. The new residents would be of a higher socio-economic status than the previous occupants. For controlling this phenomenon, a study about the influence of displacement to the successful of sustainable multi-storey housing development for low-income society has been done with descriptive method, observation and literature study. The result of this study give knowledge that displacement always happened when the quality of building and environment is increase, the location of multi-storey housing is near city center and commercial area. Low income society voluntary displaced their units to middle or high income society, because they are not affordable for paying operational and maintenance costs. The government has to make regulations for controlling displacement on multi-storey housing for low-income society and for the successful of sustainable multi-storey housing development in urban area. 展开更多
关键词 DISPLACEMENT housing development low-income society sustainable multi-storey housing urban area.
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Are Personal Exemptions Succeeded to Protect Low-Income Families in Egypt From the Negative Effects of COVID-19?
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作者 Mohamed Elshawarby 《Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing》 2020年第10期460-466,共7页
This paper attempts to investigate the negative effects of the spread of COVID-19 on low-income families in Egypt.Coronavirus spread is measured by"Coronavirus cases"and"Coronavirus deaths"on a dai... This paper attempts to investigate the negative effects of the spread of COVID-19 on low-income families in Egypt.Coronavirus spread is measured by"Coronavirus cases"and"Coronavirus deaths"on a daily basis.Besides,it is measured by both"new Coronavirus cases"and"new deaths from Coronavirus",in relation to the population of Egypt.The Egyptian government is taking some measures to reduce the negative effects of COVID-19,including increasing personal exemptions by amending some provisions of the Egyptian Income Tax Law promulgated by Law No.91 of 2005 to protect low-income families.Of the negative effects of COVID-19,it is one of the most important tax policies to achieve social justice in distributing the tax burden,according to income levels,in a manner that achieves justice and equality.We find that Personal exemptions did not succeed in achieving tax justice by easing the tax burden on the low-income people in society. 展开更多
关键词 personal exemptions low-income families EGYPT the negative effects COVID-19
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A Study on Influencing Factors of Happiness of Urban Low-income Groups
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作者 Zhouhe Li 《Journal of Economic Science Research》 2022年第3期17-21,共5页
With the completion of the strategic vision of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way in 2020,China’s economic development has entered a new normal.The concept of innovative,coordinated,green,op... With the completion of the strategic vision of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way in 2020,China’s economic development has entered a new normal.The concept of innovative,coordinated,green,open and shared development will lead China’s economic progress and development.However,the development of urban and rural areas and regions in China is still not coordinated,and the sudden COVID-19 outbreak has caused a serious impact on urban low-income groups.Due to the characteristics of poor employment stability,low income and single source,as well as greater family pressure of urban low-income groups,the author focuses on the influencing factors of their feelings of happiness.This paper assumes that the satisfaction degree of residents’needs is positively correlated with residents’feelings of happiness.Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory,this paper analyzes the factors that may affect the happiness of urban low-income groups in five levels,and explores the special needs and difficulties of urban low-income groups in the context of the epidemic.So as to find ways to improve the happiness of urban low-income people to provide reference. 展开更多
关键词 CITY low-income groups HAPPINESS Factors affecting the introduction
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An empirical study of everyday life information seeking behavior of urban low-income residents in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou, China
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作者 Yongying XIAO Lanman HE 《Chinese Journal of Library and Information Science》 2011年第2期60-76,共17页
This paper reports an investigation on everyday life information seeking behavior of urban low-income group in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou City. Empirical data were collected via in-depth interviews with low-inco... This paper reports an investigation on everyday life information seeking behavior of urban low-income group in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou City. Empirical data were collected via in-depth interviews with low-income urban residents and were analyzed using qualitative methods. This paper discusses the research findings based on the more noticeable results of information seeking behavior among these people. Our approach touches on a focused study of such issues as what the role of information seeking in their everyday life is, what information they care about, which information channels they prefer to use, which factors influence their information seeking behavior, how difficult it is to seek the information they need, and how they use public libraries. Based on our research findings, we propose that public libraries should provide customized information services for urban low-income residents according to the unique characteristics of their information seeking behavior in everyday life. 展开更多
关键词 Everyday life information seeking(ELIS) Information behavior Urban low-income residents
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The Impact of Rising College Tuition in the United States on Students from Low-Income Families
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作者 Wang Wei 《Education and Teaching Research》 2024年第2期26-30,共5页
This paper examines the multifaceted economic,social,and psychological impacts of the rising cost of college tuition in the United States,with a particular focus on students from low-income families.The escalating tui... This paper examines the multifaceted economic,social,and psychological impacts of the rising cost of college tuition in the United States,with a particular focus on students from low-income families.The escalating tuition fees have far-reaching implications,including increased student loan debt,delayed social mobility,and psychological stress among students.The paper explores the barriers to higher education imposed by financial constraints and the systemic challenges that exacerbate income inequality in access to quality education.Case studies highlight the resilience of students who overcome these obstacles,as well as the struggles of those who face significant setbacks.The paper concludes with policy implications and recommendations for future research,emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to address the financial barriers in higher education.It advocates for policy interventions that increase financial aid,reform educational funding,and promote innovative and affordable educational models to ensure equitable access to higher education. 展开更多
关键词 Rising College Tuition low-income Students Student Loan Debt Social Mobility Higher Education Access Economic Impact Psychological Stress Financial Aid Educational Policy Innovation in Education
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Metamorphosis:The Credit Market of Low-Income Households in a Semi-Peripheral Country
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作者 GOSZTONYI Márton 《Journal of Systems Science & Complexity》 SCIE EI CSCD 2023年第6期2434-2466,共33页
In this paper,a theoretical model is developed on the basis of systems theory,which structures the livelihood system of low-income households in a European country characterized by a semi-peripheral economy.Based on t... In this paper,a theoretical model is developed on the basis of systems theory,which structures the livelihood system of low-income households in a European country characterized by a semi-peripheral economy.Based on the proposed model,the complex system of network connections and formal and informal financial transactions,which households use in their daily lives to cover their expenses,becomes graspable.The proposed theoretical model is analyzed through simulations based on agent-based modelling(ABM)centred on empirical network data.Through the simulations,the author explores the mechanisms of the market and asks what formal and informal credit transactions determine its operation,how these factors shape the local social structure and how resilient the market is to crises.The results show that this dynamic,complex risk-sharing system has an inherent logic and it can mitigate the small liquidity shocks but it is not resistant to bigger financial shocks or overconsumptions. 展开更多
关键词 Agent-based modelling credit and debt transactions financial system low-income families moral economy social network
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Evidence based review of type 2 diabetes prevention and management in low and middle income countries 被引量:3
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作者 Aimee Afable Nidhi Shree Karingula 《World Journal of Diabetes》 SCIE CAS 2016年第10期209-229,共21页
AIM:To identify the newest approaches to type 2diabetes(T2DM)prevention and control in the developingworld context.METHODS:We conducted a systematic review of published studies of diabetes prevention and control progr... AIM:To identify the newest approaches to type 2diabetes(T2DM)prevention and control in the developingworld context.METHODS:We conducted a systematic review of published studies of diabetes prevention and control programs in low and middle-income countries,as defined by the World Bank.We searched Pub Med using Medical Subject Headings terms.Studies needed to satisfy four criteria:(1)Must be experimental;(2)Must include patients with T2DM or focusing on prevention of T2DM;(3)Must have a lifestyle intervention component;(4)Must be written in English;and(5)Must have measurable outcomes related to diabetes.RESULTS:A total of 66 studies from 20 developing countries were gathered with publication dates through September 2014.India contributed the largest number of trials(11/66).Of the total 66 studies reviewed,all but 3 studies reported evidence of favorable outcomes in the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes.The overwhelming majority of studies reported on diabetes management(56/66),and among these more than half were structured lifestyle education programs.The evidence suggests that lifestyle education led by allied health professionals(nurses,pharmacists)were as effective as those led by physicians or a team of clinicians.The remaining diabetes management interventions focused on diet or exercise,but the evidence to recommend one approach over another was weak.CONCLUSION:Large experimental diabetes prevention/control studies of dietary and exercise interventions are lacking particularly those that consider quality rather than quantity of carbohydrates and alternative exercise. 展开更多
关键词 Diabetes PREVENTION and control low-income COUNTRIES Middle-income COUNTRIES INTERVENTION research Systematic REVIEWS
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Low-dose tenofovir is more potent than adefovir and is effective in controlling HBV viremia in chronic HBeAg-negative hepatitis B 被引量:3
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作者 Paolo Del Poggio Maurizio Zaccanelli +3 位作者 Maria Oggionni Silvia Colombo Carlo Jamoletti Vesna Puhalo 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2007年第30期4096-4099,共4页
AIM: To study the efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) at low dose in a small open trial of chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced stage disease. METHODS: Eleven patients were treated with TDF 75 mg for... AIM: To study the efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) at low dose in a small open trial of chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced stage disease. METHODS: Eleven patients were treated with TDF 75 mg for a median period of 80 (range, 24-576) wk and then 7 cases were shifted to an adefovir 10 mg treatment group. All patients had been pre-treated with lamivudine: 5 had YMDD resistant mutants and 6 wild- type virus. When TDF was started, 4 patients had low- level viremia and 6 were PCR-negative. RESULTS: During TDF treatment, PCR remained negative in 10 patients, transaminase levels were normal and no significant viral breakthrough was observed. The drug was well tolerated in all cases. When TDF 75 mg was substituted with adefovir 10 mg, 3 out of 7 patients had a persistent viral rebound (2700-130 000 copies/mL), in whom lamivudine had to be reintroduced. CONCLUSION: Low-dose TDF monotherapy can control HBV viremia for an extended period of time without the emergence of resistance and is more potent than adefovir at the standard dosage. The use of a reduced dose of TDF could diminish the cost of therapy in low-income countries, but further studies in a larger population and in HBeAg-positive subjects are needed. 展开更多
关键词 TENOFOVIR Chronic Hepatitis B ADEFOVIR Nucleotide analogues low-income countries
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Development of countermeasures to effectively improve pedestrian safety in low-income areas 被引量:2
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作者 Pei-Sung Lin Rui Guo +2 位作者 Elzbieta Bialkowska-Jelinska Achilleas Kourtellis Yu Zhang 《Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition)》 CSCD 2019年第2期162-174,共13页
In recent years, many departments of transportation in the US have invested more resources to enhance pedestrian safety. However, there is still a need to effectively and systematically address pedestrian safety issue... In recent years, many departments of transportation in the US have invested more resources to enhance pedestrian safety. However, there is still a need to effectively and systematically address pedestrian safety issues in low-income areas. Statistics show that pedestrians are fatally injured at disproportionately higher rates in the nation's poorer neighborhoods. Low-income areas often are sectioned by high-volume/high-speed arterials, which compound the problem. In this study, pedestrian-vehicle crash data in lowincome areas were analyzed from two aspects: how demographic factors, road environment, and land use types influence pedestrian crash occurrence(based on frequency data)and how demographic and other factors influence severity in a pedestrian crash(based on severity data). The crash frequency modeling results show that major influential variables for higher pedestrian crash frequency include four demographic factors(proportions of older adults, commuters using public transit or biking, people with low education level,and zero-car ownership), three road environmental factors(densities of traffic signals and bus stops and proportion of higher-speed roads), and three land use factors(densities of discount stores, convenience stores, and fast-food restaurants). The injury severity modeling results show that a dark-not lighted condition is the most influential variable for severe injury pedestrian crashes, and the number of impaired pedestrians and aggressive drivers also greatly increases the probability of severe injury. Based on the analysis results,this paper makes specific recommendations for both engineering countermeasures and pedestrian safety education/outreach plans that resonate with a given area's demographics to effectively improve pedestrian safety in low-income areas. 展开更多
关键词 Pedestrian crash FACTORS low-income area COUNTERMEASURES
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