Economic and Social Impact Assessment of Chronic Diseases Among the Low-Income Population in Southern Punjab,Pakistan

Introduction:Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent worldwide.The effects of chronic illnesses are disastrous not only for the diagnosed person but also for their entire family.This study explores chronic diseases’social and economic impact on low-income families.The study aims to determine the economic and social implications of various chronic diseases and the loss of income due to these conditions among low-income individuals in Southern Punjab,Pakistan.Methodology:A sample of 424 patients was selected from different areas of Southern Punjab.Data were collected using a questionnaire that included questions about economic status,self-reported health status,social status,management strategies,and health insurance,among other factors.Results:The mean monthly income of the respondents was found to be 57,097.6 Pakistani rupee(PKR),and the mean monthly expenses for treatment were 8,256.1 PKR.The loss of income was calculated at 15%.Additionally,62%of patients spent more than 10%of their monthly income on managing their disease.Approximately 85%of the respondents reported that chronic diseases affected their social life.Furthermore,80%of patients lacked health insurance.Conclusion:Chronic diseases impose significant economic and social burdens on patients and their families in Southern Punjab.To reduce the burden of chronic diseases,the government should enhance healthcare services in this region and provide health insurance to low-income families.

Application of Containers to Low-Income Housing in Context of New Urbanization

This paper explores how to use container buildings to resolve the housing problem of migrant workers in the context of urbanization, and ascertains the characteristics of the container housing and public space through the analysis of excellent examples of the container recycling project at home and abroad. In terms of the material, economic benefits, environmental protection and industrialization, those characteristics are summarized as follows.(1) Being sturdy, corrosion-resisting, waterproof and insulated, building materials are able to resist bad weather.(2) Their economic results lie in the short constructive cycle so that the cost of reinforced concrete per unit area reduces 20% on year-on-year basis.(3) Their environmental protection rests with the recyclability of materials, less construction waste and less noise in the construction process.(4) Their industrialization is embedded in their modular design and standardized specifications as well as the flexibility and replaceability.

The Influence of Displacement to the Success of Sustainable Multi-Storey Housing Development for Low-Income Society in Urban Area： Case Study- Multi-Storey Housing in Jakarta

Multi-storey housing for low income society is a concept of redevelopment from many alternatives of housing development for slum in Jakarta. However, redevelopment directly or indirectly leads to displacement of low-income residents. The new residents would be of a higher socio-economic status than the previous occupants. For controlling this phenomenon, a study about the influence of displacement to the successful of sustainable multi-storey housing development for low-income society has been done with descriptive method, observation and literature study. The result of this study give knowledge that displacement always happened when the quality of building and environment is increase, the location of multi-storey housing is near city center and commercial area. Low income society voluntary displaced their units to middle or high income society, because they are not affordable for paying operational and maintenance costs. The government has to make regulations for controlling displacement on multi-storey housing for low-income society and for the successful of sustainable multi-storey housing development in urban area.

THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PERFORMANCE OF GREEN LOW-INCOME SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSING

There is little empirical evidence in the literature about the indoor environmen­tal quality performance of residential buildings in general and of social housing in particular. To address this problem, this study used a mixed-method approach to evaluate the indoor environmental quality performance of 17 green low-income single attached family houses in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Questionnaires were administered to occupants to assess their snapshot and long-term satisfaction with the indoor environment. In addition, snapshot measurements were carried out to evaluate the indoor environmental quality factors of thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics. Occupants’ snapshot satisfaction was categorized into two groups (i.e. satisfied/comfortable or dissatisfied/uncomfortable) and compared with snapshot measurements. The results showed the measured IEQ parameters were well below recommended threshold levels. Further, occupants with higher snapshot satisfaction were generally exposed to relatively lower levels of indoor pollutants. A statistically significant difference was found in PM10 level only between the snapshot satisfied and snapshot dissatisfied groups of occupants. Apparent sound transmission classes were below the standard reference value of 50, suggesting potential problems in noise attenuation within different spaces in each apartment and between apart­ments. The findings of this study could help governments implement green shadow­ing for public-housing and also renovate existing houses using the same principles.

Are Personal Exemptions Succeeded to Protect Low-Income Families in Egypt From the Negative Effects of COVID-19?

This paper attempts to investigate the negative effects of the spread of COVID-19 on low-income families in Egypt.Coronavirus spread is measured by"Coronavirus cases"and"Coronavirus deaths"on a daily basis.Besides,it is measured by both"new Coronavirus cases"and"new deaths from Coronavirus",in relation to the population of Egypt.The Egyptian government is taking some measures to reduce the negative effects of COVID-19,including increasing personal exemptions by amending some provisions of the Egyptian Income Tax Law promulgated by Law No.91 of 2005 to protect low-income families.Of the negative effects of COVID-19,it is one of the most important tax policies to achieve social justice in distributing the tax burden,according to income levels,in a manner that achieves justice and equality.We find that Personal exemptions did not succeed in achieving tax justice by easing the tax burden on the low-income people in society.

Family Lifestyle and Housing Preferences during the Process of Globalization： The Case of Turkey

Although the fundamental physical role of housing is safety and sheltering for individuals, it is in fact the collection of places that hold the family together. Due to globalization and changes in the world, housing is no longer only a structure that provides sheltering but is also a factor that provides mutual interaction in formation of life style and quality. The elements such as the increase in the effect of consumption preferences and life style on selections, the changes in family structure, and urban structures also influence the residences used and housing preferences. The purpose of this study is to determine the general situation of housing preferences while taking into account the family life style in Turkey and at the same time to make an evaluation based on international publications.

Good News for Families with Housing Problems

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3D PRINTING FOR SUSTAINABLE LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE FOR THE URBAN POOR

This paper presents the findings of an assessment of the possible measures needed for the adoption of three-dimensional(3D)printing for sustainable low-income houses that can be beneficial to the urban poor.The study adopted a quantitative approach and answers were sought from construction professionals actively involved in a construction project in the country.The study revealed through factor analy-sis that 3D printing for sustainable low-income housing delivery in South Africa could be encouraged through effective promotion and training,government support,improvement of 3D printing technology,and affordability of the technology.The study contributes significantly to the body of knowledge as it reveals the possible measures for improving the adoption of 3D printing in housing delivery in South Africa—an aspect that has not gained significant attention in the fourth industrial revolution and housing delivery discourse in the country.

Report of Informal Housing Policy in India

Informal housing can be broadly defined into two types:first,those in which occupants illegally occupy a certain area of a residential location and build a dwelling on the land;second,housing or residential areas which do not meet the master plan or building regulations.This report describes and evaluates the infomal housing policies in India,introducing the improvement of the living standards brought on by these policies to the low-income residents of Chennai,while the case of Kannagi Nagar will be used to analyse the adverse effects of said policies.

family、home、house和household的异同

family、home、house 和 household 四个词用作名词时,虽都与“家”有关,但既有共意,也有特指。1.family(指人)家庭,全家人,亲属;子女;家族。例如:His family are all well.他的全家都健康。(family 不能换成 house)Grandma is all the family I have。奶奶是我唯一的亲属。The couple have a family of eight.Tom is the eldest of the family/children.这对夫妻有8个子女。汤姆是子女中最大的。Our family has lived in this village for over 100 years.我们这一族(家)人在这个村子住了100多年了。2.home(指家庭生活环境)家;故乡;(AmE)住房:(活动、文化)

Bosnian Chardaklia House:Abazovic Family House in Donja Kopriv­na Near Cazin

In the wide range of vernacular architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina,the Bosnian chardaklia house is one of those achievements that with its spatial organization,materialization and external appearance most vividly reflects the nature of Bosnian people,the nature of his family and worldview.This house is an objectified history of man and his family,at the same time as modern a museum whose content testifies to the past and predicts the future.The Bosnian chardaklia house,especially the one realized in the area of Central Bosnia,stands out by the fact that its disposition at the time of the original construction perceives the future,sometimes four generations of the human generation that follows each other.It is a building designed in the way of the functioning of a living organism,so by its nature it is an example of understanding flexibility in architecture and the forerunner of modern understanding of bioclimatic,that is,sustainable architecture.The Abazovic family house is located in the Donja Koprivna village,about 6 km away from the center of Cazin(geographical coordinates:44º59'32.13''N,15º58'48.15''E,Elevation:396 m).The house was built(1937)by Bajram Abazovic(1892-?),a native of Buzim,who was appointed local imam in Donja Koprivna.It is interesting that this house was“transferred”from the Hodzici village near Krzalic,where it was built and used for several years.

Environmental Impact of Using Different Energy Sources for Family House Heating

Environmental impacts of using various sources of energy in heating a family house with 180 m2 of floor surface were compared by means of the SimaPro computer programme and attached to its databases, describing the environmental impacts of using typical materials and technologies. The set of compared heat energy sources comprised nine different sources. After normalisation （which meant recalculating the impacts into their proportions to the average impact of the kind, experienced by an average European in a year）, weighting （which meant attaching arbitrary weights to three aggregate impact categories according to a methodology Eco-indicator 99 E/E） and summation of the weighted results expressed in so-called ecopoints, the coal combustion furnace turned out to have the greatest impact. It was followed by an electric stove and an oil burning furnace. The wood burning furnace and the heat pump had the smallest impact, almost equal in size. Results indicate that in case of renewable energy carriers like wood, straw and pellets, the total environmental hazard factor in 70% and more is derived from the respiratory harmful inorganic emissions. Extending the analysis by a LC assessment of equipment （boilers and pumps） might change the order of technologies.

正规金融与农村家庭生计脆弱性——基于房贷差异视角下的实证研究

促进农村家庭生计可持续是乡村振兴战略的重中之重。基于CFPS两期整合数据考察正规借贷对农村家庭生计脆弱性的影响。统计结果表明,农村家庭的生计脆弱性指数集中在-0.459~0.225之间,整体脆弱性水平较低。相较于非正规借贷家庭,正规借贷家庭的生计脆弱性水平更低。房屋正规借贷高额度家庭的生计脆弱性水平较高,而非房屋正规借贷高额度家庭的生计脆弱性水平较低,这两类农村家庭的低额度正规借贷组中有很大部分家庭的生计可持续能力很高。回归结果表明,正规借贷额度每提高1个单位,农村家庭的生计脆弱性指数降低12.1个百分点。相较于房屋正规借贷额度,非房屋正规借贷额度的提高对农村家庭生计脆弱性的降低效果更好。进一步研究发现,房屋正规借贷和非房屋正规借贷额度的提高均可通过促进农村家庭生计策略非农化的转型进而降低其生计脆弱性,但房屋正规借贷在该机制中所起的积极作用更大。据此提出引导农户合理使用正规借贷资金,开发“房贷+”金融产品,细化农村金融帮扶策略的对策建议。

医院家属区管理责任泛化问题及破解思路

文章以南华大学附属第一医院在家属区管理的具体实践为例,简述了其责任泛化的困境,展示了国有企业及事业单位在家属区管理中面临的难题。从政府、单位和个人责任的边界、公共产品的性质、社区管理的责任主体3个方面分析了困境产生的原因并提出了破解思路。指出从根本原因来说,一是社区的公共产品的性质,没有从福利型向商品型转化;二是人文关怀范畴的边界性与职工期待的不断扩张性之间的矛盾;三是单位代替社区居民成为社区的实质性管理主体,没有发挥居民自我管理能力。从具体原因来看,一是服务目标的绝对统一性与居民诉求多样性之间的矛盾;二是服务过程的严格控制性与居民工作的渐进性之间的矛盾。从以上3个方面指出要破解这一困境,首先,要树立社区公共服务商品意识,服务性质从福利型向商品型转变;其次,要厘清单位公共服务责任边界,从全能型向协助型转变;第三,要重新树立社区管理主体地位,将服务权下放给社区居民,从被动管理到自主管理转变。

风土因应视野下萧红家族两宅宅形发生研究

萧红家族自先祖乾隆年间逃荒东北,发家后多置宅院,其中呼兰县萧红故居与福昌号屯张家腰院具有较大研究价值。在实际调研的基础上,运用比较分析与图示总结的研究方法,结合藤山一雄的测绘资料,系统梳理了萧红家族两宅的变迁历史,深入分析和比较了两宅风土因应特征,厘清了东北风土对两宅宅形的塑造,填补了东北家族宅院宅形研究领域的空白,丰富了东北地区传统民居的研究成果。

Metamorphosis:The Credit Market of Low-Income Households in a Semi-Peripheral Country

In this paper,a theoretical model is developed on the basis of systems theory,which structures the livelihood system of low-income households in a European country characterized by a semi-peripheral economy.Based on the proposed model,the complex system of network connections and formal and informal financial transactions,which households use in their daily lives to cover their expenses,becomes graspable.The proposed theoretical model is analyzed through simulations based on agent-based modelling(ABM)centred on empirical network data.Through the simulations,the author explores the mechanisms of the market and asks what formal and informal credit transactions determine its operation,how these factors shape the local social structure and how resilient the market is to crises.The results show that this dynamic,complex risk-sharing system has an inherent logic and it can mitigate the small liquidity shocks but it is not resistant to bigger financial shocks or overconsumptions.

基于家庭生命周期理念的标准化户型设计研究——以舒适性户型为例

文章旨在探讨基于家庭生命周期的住宅标准化设计。通过对家庭生命周期的分析,可以了解不同阶段家庭的需求和特点,从而为住宅设计提供更加科学合理的标准化方案。文章基于相关研究背景,首先介绍了家庭生命周期的概念和住宅标准化设计的概念,然后分析了不同阶段家庭的需求和特点,最后以武汉市某住宅项目为例,提出了基于家庭生命周期的住宅标准化设计方案,包括住宅面积、住宅布局、住宅设施等方面的设计标准。文章的研究成果可以为住宅设计提供参考,为家庭提供更加舒适、便利的居住环境。

“户有所居”的法律实现路径探究——以《土地管理法》第62条第2款为视角

法教义学视野下“一户一宅”与“户有所居”之间存在主次关系,且“户有所居”的现行法律实现路径有待构建。实践中可归纳出单一“一户一宅”、“一户一宅”和“一户一居”并存、单一“一户一居”三种广义的“户有所居”实现模式,而狭义的“户有所居”则主要表现为“一户一居”。“一户一居”的实现方式主要是“集中安置”,包括村民自治安置和政府组织安置两种类型。当下,前者需对农村集体宅基地规划与监管、宅基地使用权适度放活、集建房屋及土地的产权明晰三方面内容进行制度建构;后者除前述制度外,还需构建“集中安置”融资监管制度、宅基地置换制度和集体收益民主管理制度;而长远之道在于制定专门的《农村宅基地管理法》。

Developing occupant archetypes within urban low-income housing: A case study in Mumbai, India

Rapid urbanization pressure and poverty have created a push for affordable housing within the global south.The design of affordable housing can have consequences on the thermal(dis)comfort and behaviour of the occupants,hence requiring an occupant-centric approach to ensure sustainability.This paper investigates occupant behaviour within the urban poor households of Mumbai,India and its impact on their thermal comfort and energy use.This study is a first-of-its-kind attempt to explore the socio-demographic characteristics and energy-related behaviour of low-income occupants within Indian context.Three occupant archetypes,Indifferent Consumers;Considerate Savers;and Conscious Conventionals,were identified from the behavioural and psychographic characteristics gathered through a transverse field survey.A two-step clustering approach was adopted for occupant segmentation that highlighted considerable diversity in occupants’adaptation measures,energy knowledge,energy habits,and their pro-environmental behaviour within similar socio-economic group.Building energy simulation of the representative archetype behaviour estimated up to 37%variations for air-conditioned and up to 8%variation for fan-assisted naturally ventilated housing units during peak summer months.The results from this study establish the significance of occupant factors in shaping energy demand and thermal comfort within low-income housing and pave way for developing occupant-centric building design strategies to serve this marginalized population.The developed low-income occupant archetypes would be useful for architects and energy modelers to generate realistic energy use profiles and improve building performance simulation results.

Evaluation of thermal comfort and air quality of low-income housing in Kampala City,Uganda

This paper presents the results of thermal comfort and air quality studies in naturally ventilated residential buildings in Kampala City,Uganda.Questionnaire surveys were used for obtaining occupant subjective thermal sensation votes.Indoor and outdoor measurements for air temperature(T_(a)),Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT),relative humidity,air speed,and air quality were done for seven buildings over fifteen days during the month of June 2019.DesignBuilder software was used to develop the reference building model and to simulate strategies for improvement of thermal comfort.Survey results showed that 67.8%of the respondents were comfortable with the indoor thermal environment.The indoor air temperature range was 22.7℃-27.9℃ which lies within the 80%acceptable limits set by ASHRAE 55.The measured indoor MRT range was 24.24℃-25.57℃.Measured levels of indoor PM_(2.5)were double the World Health Organization recommended limits,while the levels of PM 10 were thrice the recommended limits of ASHRAE 62.1.The CO_(2)concentrations were within the limits set by ASHRAE 62.1.The developed model predicted comfortable indoor conditions with a temperature range of 23.6℃-25.3℃ based on the 80%acceptable limits set by ASHRAE 55.The results show that majority of occupants preferred cooler temperatures during the day which is justified by the use of adaptive measures to obtain thermal comfort.