Influence of Choice of Structural System &In-Fill Masonry on the Embodied Energy &Cost of a Low-Rise Residential Urban-Building Indian Case Study

In the urban residential building stock, a major proportion is constituted by low-rise individual buildings. In addition to cost, quality and duration, energy consumed for the project needs to be accounted in the decision making process. Minimizing the cost of construction without compromising on the architectural and structural requirements is the primary objective of the residential buildings of stake-holders, especially the owners. The choice of structural system and the materials used for construction play a crucial role in this effort. This means that the use of expensive and/or voluminous materials such as cement, steel, masonry etc. is optimized. This could lead to significant reduction in embodied energy as well, if the choice of the structural system is prudently made. In this paper, an attempt has been made to quantify the cost and embodied energy benefits for a low-rise residential building by choosing two different structural systems, namely moment resisting framed (MRF) construction system and the partly load-bearing (PLB) system. The influence of choice of materials, contributing to reduction of cost and/or energy is discussed. It is clearly noticed that, when the structural system is re-configured as a PLB system from the existing MRF system there is significant reduction in cost and embodied energy without changing the architectural form.

Study on Dominant Expression of Regional Culture of the Qinling Mountains in Local Residential Buildings

Regional culture of the Qinling Mountains shows distinct features since it was born in the local outstanding ecological environment, study on local architecture is significant for the dominant expression of regional culture, protection of local environment, and echoing with the theme of ecological civilization construction. This paper, on the basis of the mutual infl uence and evolution of regional culture and style of local residential buildings, explored the reasons for the weakening of local architectural style, and specified the signifi cance of promoting local style of the living environment. By studying the infl uence of local natural environment and humanistic environment on architectural style along the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, the paper explored the expression of regional culture in residential buildings, with Xian Garden(Xi'an Yuanzi) as an example, and aimed at giving useful help to the dominant expression of regional culture in modern residential buildings.

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Uplift Producing Mountain Building in Comparison with Mantle Structure in the Alpine-Himalayan Belt

Tectonic uplift producing recent mountain systems has spanned in the Alpine-Himalayan Belt the time interval from Oligocene to Recent (the last 30 - 35 Ma), being divided into two stages. During the first stage, local uplands, usually not higher than middle-elevated mountains, rose and their total area increased. During the second stage (the last 5 - 2 Ma) this process was accompanied by a total uplift of the greater part of the belt. As a result, the rate of vertical movements increased, the recent mountain systems were formed, and the coarse molasses accumulated in the adjacent basins. Uplift of the land surface resulting in formation of mountain topography is an isostatic reaction to decompaction of the upper spheres of the Solid Earth. Three factors of the decompaction are discussed in the paper. These are: I, collisional compression, resulting in deformational thickening of the Earth’s crust (folding, thrusting, etc.);II, partial replacing of the lithosphere mantle by the lower-dense asthenosphere material and, as a result, decompaction of the uppermost mantle;and III, retrograde metamorphism of high-metamorphosed rocks within the lower crust and near the crust-mantle boundary and, as a result, decompaction of these rocks. These processes were initiated or facilitated by the lateral asthenosphere flows. According to the seismic tomography data, the flows spread from the stationary developed zone of the rise of deep mantle material that is expressed in the recent structure as the Ethiopian-Afar super-plume. Reworking the 400 - 700-km deep transition layer of the mantle, the sub-lithosphere flows could be enriched in sources of aqueous fluids. The flows and their fluids initiated factors II and III of the tectonic uplift and caused softening and detachment of the lithosphere, facilitating deformational thickening of the Earth’s crust, i.e., the factor I. The latter produced uplands during the entire Oligocene-Quaternary development of the orogenic belt, while the factors II and III manifested themselves only during the second stage of mountain building. The detailed studies in the Central Tien Shan and the Greater Caucasus showed that the acceleration of uplift at the second stage was caused mainly by the factor II in the Central Tien Shan and the factor III in the Greater Caucasus.

Integrated P-T Paths of the High-Pressure Rocks and Their Tectonic Implications for the Mountain-Building of the North Qilian, China

After the integration of petrographic study, geothermobarometry and Gibbs method, the synthetic P-T paths for the rocks from different geological profiles in the North Qilian, China, have been derived. The composite P-T paths from different methods indicate that all the high-pressure rocks in the Qilian area recorded P-T paths with clockwise loops starting at the blueschist facies, later reaching peak metamorphism at the blueschist facies, eclogite fades or epidote-amphibolite facies and ending up with the greenschist facies. The incremental Ar-Ar dating shows that the plateau ages for the high-pressure rocks range from 410 to 443 Ma. The plateau ages could be used as a minimum age constraint for the subduction that resulted in the formation of these high-pressure rocks in the Qilian area. It is proposed that the late-stage decompressional and cooling P-T paths with ends at the greenschist facies for these high-pressure rocks probably reflect the uplift process which could occur after shifting the arc-trench tectonic system to the system of continental orogenic belts. The retrograde paths for the high-pressure rocks in the North Qilian tectonic belt are characterized by dramatic decompression with slight cooling, which suggests very rapid exhumation. Petrography supports that the mountain-building for the Qilian mountain range could undergo a very fast process which caused rapid uplift and denudation.

The Building of New Countryside in Poverty-stricken Mountainous Area: A case of Hongyan Village,Haizijie Township of Bijie City

The essential drive of building a new countryside lies in scientific and technological innovation. Through expounding the scientific and technological demonstration benefits and roles of new countryside building in poverty-stricken mountainous area,the major problems and hardships of new countryside building in poverty-stricken area are analyzed and the new breakthroughs which should be focused on during the building of a new countryside are put forward. These breakthroughs include transforming the philosophy and approach of rural work; highlighting the construction of rural operation mode and rural socialized service system,and improving the quality of rural labors.

Necessity and adequacy of near-source factors for not-so-tall fixed-base buildings

Nonlinear response history analyses and use of strong ground motion data including near-field effects has become a common practice in both performance based design of tall buildings and design of base-isolated buildings. On the other hand, ordinary buildings are commonly analysed via response spectrum analysis following the rules of conventional seismic codes, most of which do not take near-field effects into account. This study evaluates the necessity and the adequacy of near-source factors for ordinary fixed-base buildings that are not specifically classified as tall, by comparing dynamic responses of 3, 8, and 15-story benchmark buildings obtained via （1） linear time history analyses using 220 record components from 13 historical earthquakes and 45 synthetic earthquake records of different magnitudes and fault distances and （2） response spectrum analyses in accordance with the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 -representing seismic codes not taking near-field effects into account- and the Uniform Building Code 1997 which takes near-field effects into account via near-source factors that amplify design response spectrum. It is shown that near-source factors are crucial for the safe design of not-so-tall ordinary fixed-base buildings but those defined in UBC97 may still not be adequate for those located in the vicinity of the fault.

Economic Feasibility Evaluation of Building Passive Houses

The research presents an improved method of rational design of energy-efficient low-rise residential buildings according to their life cycle. The mathematical model for finding the optimal version of draft power-efficient residential building has been developed. For conditions of Ukraine the optimization problem has been set and solved （finding the optimal version of the draft energy-efficient buildings）. The calculations prove the fact that the construction of passive houses in Ukraine today is economically feasible. Scientific and practical regulations, outlined in the research, can be used by all participants of the investment programs, and energy-efficiency projects, renovation projects and developing normative-technical documents.

秦巴山区历史文化街区建筑综合防灾评估研究——以恒口老街区为例

秦巴山区因其独特的地理和气候条件成为防灾减灾救灾的重点区域,而其历史文化街区的建筑是安全隐患的主要承载体。该文综合考虑秦巴山区历史文化街区建筑不安全性因素,从建筑单体和建筑组群两个层面,以及建筑本体、建筑附属和建筑环境三个维度,构建了历史文化街区建筑综合防灾的评估框架,并以陕西省第四批历史文化街区恒口老街区为例开展研究。结果表明:恒口老街区在建筑本体防灾、附属防灾及环境防灾在6大组群和1219栋单体建筑内存在显著差异,防灾能力较强区域均呈面状分散于街巷两侧;而防灾薄弱点则多为可达性较低的组群内部。该结果为减轻街区建筑灾害风险危险性、降低建筑承灾体易损性、增强建筑自适性以及提高建筑的可恢复性,提供了研判技术依据和改进方向。

北京山区森林火灾蔓延风险评估

森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物)是指林火蔓延及其对建筑物造成破坏损失的可能性,可以明确林火容易蔓延且对建筑物造成破坏损失严重的区域。科学评估森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物),可以为森林火灾精准化防控提供科学依据,具有重要的理论和应用价值。以北京山区(房山、门头沟、昌平、延庆、怀柔、密云、平谷)为研究对象,基于“危险性-暴露度-脆弱性”风险评估框架,开展北京山区多尺度森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物)评估。应用层次分析法和熵权法相结合的主客观赋权法确定指标权重,加权综合评价法和面积加权平均法计算多尺度森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物)指数。通过自然断点分级法划分等级,空间自相关分析探讨森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物)指数的空间关联模式。研究结果表明:(1)建筑物暴露度的综合权重达到0.5123,是影响森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物)的主要因素。(2)北京山区森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物)评估结果显示,高风险区域在小班、乡镇、区级尺度上分别占比3.82%、13.30%、17.95%。(3)北京山区小班尺度森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物)指数空间异质性显著,表现出集聚分布的规律,高-高集聚型小班16641个。研究结果发现北京山区森林火灾蔓延风险(建筑物)高风险小班以侧柏、油松、灌木林为主,建议有针对性地加强建筑物密集区、森林-城镇交界域的森林可燃物管理工作。

秦岭保护视角下的工业建筑遗存更新实践——以翠华山游客服务中心改造为例

秦岭自然保护区的生态问题备受重视,其保护区内废弃厂房的改造更新更是保护发展的重点问题之一。文章以翠华山游客服务中心改造项目为例,首先对其项目区位、现状及改造问题进行分析,继而从功能空间、建筑立面、细部构造及绿色建筑四个方面对旧厂房建筑进行梳理重塑,为自然保护区内的工业建筑改造更新提供参考与借鉴。

Wind tunnel test on low‑rise buildings influenced by hillside height in typical mountain terrain

Hills and mountain fields have a high proportion in coastal areas around the world.Especially in China,lots of low-rise buildings are in complex mountain terrain.Com-pared with the flat topography under typhoons,due to the change caused by com-plex topography,the damage ratio of low-rise buildings is much larger.This paper investigates the wind pressure distribution in three different configurations of typi-cal mountain terrain on low-rise buildings in coastal areas by wind tunnel tests.At the same time,the results are compared with the wind pressure distribution of low-rise buildings without surrounding structures.The variation of the average pressure coef-ficient and shape coefficient with the change of hillside height under a wind attack angle of 0°and the trends of average wind pressure coefficients of a low-rise building under wind attack angles of 0°–90°are studied.The results show that the distribution of pressure in low buildings is significantly affected by the height of the mountain.When the hillside height is half of the scale physical model,the influence coefficient from the mountain to each surface of the whole building is within 50%.When the hill-side height is four times that of the model,the influence factor from the mountain to each surface of the whole building is obvious and is most significantly influenced by the leeward roof.The mean design criteria of the low-rise building,such as wind-ward midline,leeward roof,and windward roof in these three typical mountain terrains,should be designed for their higher absolute value of the average pressure coefficient.The mean pressure coefficient under different wind angles and mountain environ-ments has a significant relationship.The most unfavorable wind angle of wind load calculations should be considered when designing low-rise buildings.

Optimal Design and Dynamic Simulation of Mountain Bike with Rear Suspension

This paper investigates the dynamic design methodology of mountain bikes with rear suspension. Firstly, a multi-rigid body dynamic model of rider and mountain bike coupled system is constructed. The rider model includes 19 skeletons, 18 joints and 118 main muscles. Secondly, to validate the feasibility of the model, an experiment test is designed to reflect the real cycling status. Finally, aiming at enhancing the performance of the rider vibration comfort, the scale parameters of rear suspension are optimized with computer simulation and uniform design. The mathematical model in the vibration performance and the design variables is constructed with regression analysis. The result shows that when the length of side link is 90 mm, the length of connected rod is 336.115 1 mm and the included angle between absorber and side link is 60°, the mountain bike has better vibration comfort. This study and relevant conclusions are of practical importance to the design of the mountain bike＇s rear suspension system.

Experimental study of wind loads on gable roofs of low-rise buildings with overhangs

Gable roofs with overhangs （eaves） are the common constructions of low-rise buildings on the southeastern coast of China, and they were vulnerable to typhoons from experience. The wind pressure distributions on gable roofs of low-rise buildings are investigated by a series of wind tunnel tests which consist of 99 test cases with various roof pitches, height-depth ratios and width-depth ratios. The block pressure coefficients and worst negative （block） pressure coefficients on different roof regions of low-rise buildings are proposed for the main structure and building envelope, respectively. The effects of roof pitch, height-depth ratio, and width-depth ratio on the pressure coefficients of each region are analyzed in detail. In addition, the pressure coefficients on the roofs for the main structure and building envelope are fitted according to roof pitch, height-depth ratio and width-depth ratio of the low-rise building. Meanwhile, the rationality of the fitting formulas is verified by comparing the fitting results with the codes of different countries. Lastly, the block pressure coefficients and worst negative pressure coefficients are recommended to guide the design of low-rise buildings in typhoon area and act as references for the future＇s modification of wind load codes.

A prototype online database-enabled design framework for wind analysis/design of low-rise buildings

This study presents a development of an advanced cyberbased database-enabled design module for low- rise buildings （DEDM-LR） which provides estimation of the wind-induced responses for main wind force resisting frames by making direct use of pressure time histories measured at a large number of pressure taps over a suite of building models. These responses may be considered in lieu of code-specified load effects in which the overall accuracy may be influenced by the inherent simplifications in codes. In addition, this new automated approach is particularly attractive and advantageous as it allows a web-based online analysis/design via intuitive user-friendly interfaces for both the input and output in terms of familiar web-style forms that are nowadays very common in most of web-based services. Presently, the DEDM-LR hosts an aerodynamic database developed by the Tokyo Polytechnic University （TPU）, Japan for a variety of building configurations like flat, gable, and hip roofs under suburban terrain flow condition with immediate application to other databases. The paper shows the efficacy and validity of the DEDM-LR by walking through its details and examples on selected gable-roofed buildings. The architecture of DEDM-LR platform offers the ability to pool resources by hosting other databases that may become available in the near future.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT ZONE AND UPLIFT OF THE ALTYN MOUNTAIN, NORTHERN TIBET

he convergence between India and Eurasia is partly accommodated by motion of a few large blocks along strike\|slip faults. About 1800km long Altyn Tagh fault strikes in N60～80°E and allows the northeastward displacement of the Tibet plateau relative to the Tarim. The Altyn Tagh fault zone is a typical transpressional fault zone, characterized by blocks rotation and crustal shortening and vertical extrusion of blocks within the Altyn Tagh strike\|slip system. Differences of three\|dimensional deformation and configuration of the active structures are recognized at different segment of the Altyn Tagh fault zone.1\ Structural configuration of the Altyn Tagh fault zone\;In the Altyn Tagh strike\|slip fault zone, the assemblage pattern of the (active) faults is in the form of parallel plumes, especially in the eastern and the western segments of the Altyn Tagh fault zone. These plumes structures in the eastern segment are assembled by string\|like left lateral strike\|slip fault and broom\|like thrusting faults, and in the western segment by arc\|like left lateral strike\|slip faults along with thrusting faults and normal faults. In the middle segment of the Altyn Tagh fault zone, the structures are characterized by the string\|like left lateral strike\|slip faults in the center and reverse thrusting faults on the two sides.

Design of Mountain Architecture for the Elderly

The paper based on relevant cases of mountain architecture is to explore design methods of mountain building for the elderly through the research on design features of mountain architecture for the elderly, the overall spatial form integrating architecture and landform, site texture, architectural form that suit terrains, diverse forms of the building entrance, building materials in harmony with nature and design of functional space.

Confucian Moralizing Functions of Vernacular Houses:A Case Study of Vernacular Houses of Dongting East Mountain and West Mountain

Confucian ethics, idea and behavior criterion were embodied in "everything" of life, especially in the building as an important tool for moralizing. Taking a case study on vernacular houses of Dongting East Mountain and West Mountain, this paper reveals the "moderate", "etiquette" and "benevolence" as moral contents in the building's layout, form, space, decoration and so on. The moralizing reflects a subtle way of guidance, as well as diversified and systematic characteristics. Vernacular houses deeply mingled with daily life, had unique influence as physical environment, thus realizing the implementation and manifestation of Confucian moralizing ideas that have been converted to folk customs. In sum, the Confucian moralizing function carried by vernacular houses is the product of institutions and rules, and it is also the manifestation of conscious inheritance of cultural identity.

Original State of Grotto Eaves of the Daxiang Mountain Grottoes of Gangu County

Located in the east of Gansu Province, Gangu County in Tianshui City is the only way that people went to the Central Plains from the western regions in ancient times, and it's also an important node of the Grotto Culture Corridor of the Silk Road. Daxiang Mountain Giant Buddha Grottoes is the landmark of Gangu County. The giant Buddha statue stands among cliffs 200 meters high above the ground, and it is the second largest stone-base clay-sculpture Buddha in China. After going through thousands of years, the Giant Buddha Grottoes needs effective and scientific protection. This article was originated from the actual project—The Research on the Construction Technology of Wooden-structure Grotto Eaves in the Daxiang Mountain. This article f inished the rebuilding plan for the Buddha Grotto Eaves on the basis of analyzing historical documents, hole traces, morphological evolution and image demonstration.

山地大跨结构关键设计技术研究

恒力应急指挥中心三侧靠山,形成两个高低接地面、具有特色的掉层高层建筑。结构通过设置钢桁架连接构件,将主体结构与山体形成有效连接,将掉层部分简化了嵌固端,简化了结构的边界条件。采用弹塑性分析对结构在罕遇地震下的承载力及刚度进行验证。同时采用山体与主体结构一体化的分析技术,找寻在真实地震工况下,主体与山体连接构件的内力,验证其可靠性。对于大跨结构,采用了新型的预应力型钢混凝土梁,有效降低结构自重,减小梁高,大幅提高结构效率。本工程属于具有特色的山地建筑,结构设计采用创新处理方法,能够为类似工程项目提供参考。

基于集对分析理论和数字化平台的山岭隧道塌方风险评价

为更准确、更科学地完成山岭隧道塌方风险评价,提出一种基于层次分析法(AHP)-熵值法(Entropy)集对分析理论的山岭隧道塌方风险评价方法。首先,选取地质因素、设计因素、施工因素、管理因素4项因素作为塌方风险评价指标体系的准则层,选取12项因素作为指标层,运用层次分析法和熵值法分别计算2级指标权重;然后,引入集对分析理论确定指标联系度,并结合置信度准则对塌方风险的等级进行判定;接着,利用Grasshopper以及Python软件,对集对分析理论进行可视化程序开发,并将其与隧道-地质BIM交互模型进行耦合,建立基于AHP-Entropy集对分析模型的隧道塌方风险数字化分析平台;最后,结合重庆某隧道实际工程,验证隧道塌方风险评价的高效化、可视化效果。研究表明:基于集对分析理论的山岭隧道塌方风险评价数字化分析平台运行时间约为2 s,与传统的隧道塌方风险评价方法相比可以大大提高风险评价效率,同时利用AHP-Entropy法确定评价指标权重,提高了评价结果的可靠性。