POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF MADDEN–JULIAN OSCILLATION ON THE SEVERE RAIN-SNOW WEATHER IN CHINA DURING NOVEMBER 2009

Possible relationships between MJO and the severe rain-snow weather in Eastern China during November of 2009 are analyzed and results show that a strong MJO process is one of the strong impact factors.MJO is very active over the Indian Ocean in November 2009.Especially,it maintains 9 days in MJO phase 3,just corresponding to the two strongest rain-snow processes.Composites of MJO events show that when the MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean,the probability of rainfall is significantly increased and the temperature is lower than normal in eastern China,which is consistent with the situation in November of 2009.Atmospheric circulation anomalies of mid-and higher-latitudes can be influenced by the tropical MJO convection forcing and this influence could be realized by teleconnection.When the MJO is over the Indian Ocean,it is favorable for the maintenance of a circulation pattern of two ridges versus one trough at mid-and higher-latitudes.Meanwhile,the western Pacific subtropical high is stronger and more westward than normal,and a significant convective belt appears over eastern East Asia.All these circulation anomalies shown in the composite result also appeared in the observations in November 2009,which indicates the general features of relationships between the MJO and the circulation anomalies over the extratropics.Besides the zonal circulation anomalies,the MJO convection can also lead to meridional circulation anomalies.When the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean,the western Pacific is dominated by anomalous descending motion,and the eastern East Asia is controlled by strong convergence and ascending motion.Therefore,an anomalous meridional circulation is formed between the tropics and middle latitudes,enhancing the northward transportation of low-level moisture.It is potentially helpful to understanding and even forecasting such kind of rain-snow weather anomalies as that in November 2009 using MJO.

Research progress and development direction of low-temperature drilling fluid for Antarctic region

By combing the characteristics of drilling in Antarctic region, performance requirements on drilling fluid for Antarctic low temperature conditions, and research progress of low temperature drilling fluid, current problems of the drilling fluid have been sorted out, and the development direction of the drilling fluid has been pointed out. Drilling in the Antarctic region mainly includes drilling in snow, ice and subglacial rock formations, and drilling in Antarctic low temperature conditions will face problems in four aspects:(1) low temperature and large temperature changes in the drilling area;(2) likely well leakage and drillstring-sticking in the snow layer, creep in the ice layer, ice chip gathering jamming in the warm ice layer, well wall collapse in the subglacial rock formations;(3) lack of infrastructure and difficulty in logistical support;(4) fragile environment and low carrying capacity. After years of development, progresses have been made on low-temperature drilling fluids for the Antarctic region. Low-temperature petroleum-based drilling fluid, ethanol/ethylene glycol-based drilling fluid, ester-based drilling fluid and silicone oil-based drilling fluid have been developed. However, these drilling fluids have problems such as insufficient low-temperature tolerance, low environmental performance and weak wellbore stability, etc. In order to meet the performance requirements of drilling fluid under low-temperature conditions in Antarctic region, the working mechanisms of low-temperature drilling fluid must be examined in depth;environment-friendly low-temperature base fluid of drilling fluid and related additives must be developed to prepare environmentally friendly low temperature drilling fluid systems;multi-functional integrated adjustment method for drilling fluid must be worked out to ensure well wall stability and improve cutting-carry capacity when drilling ice formations and ice-rock interlayers;and on-site support operation codes must be established to provide technical support for Antarctic drilling.

Simulation of a Freezing Rain and Snow Storm Event over Southern China in January 2008 Using RIEMS 2.0

The Regional Integrated Environmental Model System(RIEMS 2.0) with NCEP Reanalysis II is utilized to simulate the severe freezing rain and snow storm event over southern China in January 2008,which caused severe damage in the region.The relationships between the freezing rain process and the large-scale circulation,in terms of the westerly and low-level jets,water vapor transportation,and northerly wind area/intensity indices,were analyzed to understand the mechanisms of the freezing rain occurrence.The results indicate the following:(1) RIEMS 2.0 reproduced the pattern of precipitation in January 2008 well,especially for the temporal evolution of daily precipitation averaged over the Yangtze River valley and southern China;(2) RIEMS 2.0 reproduced the persistent trough in the South Branch of the westerlies,of which the southwesterly currents transported abundant moisture into southern China;(3) RIEMS 2.0 reasonably reproduced the pattern of frequencies of light and moderate rain,although it overestimated the frequency of rain in southern China.This study shows that RIEMS 2.0 can be feasibly applied to study extreme weather and climate events in East Asia.

Test of newly developed conceptual hydrological model for simulation of rain-on-snow events in forested watershed

A conceptual hydrological model that links the Xin＇anjiang hydrological model and a physically based snow energy and mass balance model, described as the XINSNOBAL model, was developed in this study for simulating rain-on-snow events that commonly occur in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The resultant model was applied to the Lookout Creek Watershed in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon, and its ability to simulate streamflow was evaluated. The simulation was conducted at 24-hour and one-hour time scales for the period of 1996 to 2005. The results indicated that runoffand peak discharge could be underestimated if snowpack accumulation and snowmelt under rain-on-snow conditions were not taken into account. The average deterministic coefficient of the hourly model in streamflow simulation in the calibration stage was 0.837, which was significantly improved over the value of 0.762 when the Xin＇anjiang model was used alone. Good simulation performance of the XINSNOBAL model in the WS 10 catchment, using the calibrated parameter of the Lookout Creek Watershed for proxy-basin testing, demonstrates that transplanting model parameters between similar watersheds can orovide a useful tool for discharge forecastin~, in un^au^ed basins.

THE FEATURES OF EAST ASIAN JET STREAM IN PERSISTENT SNOWSTORM AND FREEZING RAIN PROCESSES OVER SOUTHERN CHINA IN EARLY 2008

Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) daily reanalysis data and the upper-level objective analysis data provided by the Meteorological Information Comprehensive Analysis and Process System(MICAPS),the feature of the spatio-temporal variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) in persistent snowstorm and freezing rain processes over southern China in January 2008 have been investigated.Each of the storm events was closely linked with the extraordinarily abnormal variations of East Asian subtropical jet(EASJ) and East Asian polar front jet(EAPJ) at that time.The stronger EASJ with abnormally northward position of the jet axis corresponded to the more intense storm event with broader ranges and longer duration time.The heavy freezing-rain-and-snow event occurred over the region where a strong southerly wind of EASJ prevailed.Meanwhile,the westerly and northerly winds of the EAPJ were significantly intensified,which were also closely related to the beginning,enhancement,and ending of the heavy snowfall.The meridional component of the EAPJ was dominated by the northerly wind during the snowstorm.Thus,the intensification of the snowstorm was attributed to both the strengthening of the meridional wind of EAPJ and the southerly wind of EASJ.Further analysis indicated that wind speed and the zonal wind of the two jets exhibited precursory signals about half a month prior to this extreme event,and the precursory signals were found in the meridional components of the two jets about 20 days preceding the event.The sudden weakening of the meridional component of EASJ and the zonal component of EAPJ signified the ending of this persistent snowstorm.

The Effects of Power Control on Free-Space Optical Communications during Snowfall and Rainfall

Free-space optical (FSO) communication requires a line-of-sight connection between a transmitter and a receiver in which the information signal is modulated by an optical carrier that propagates in free space. The FSO channel is greatly affected by weather conditions such as fog, rain, and snow. In the literature, several adaptive techniques, such as power control (PC), have been suggested to mitigate channel link degradations. In this paper, we investigate the effects of snow and rain attenuation on the bit error rate (BER) of the FSO system using two types of modulations, the on-off keying (OOK) modulation and the pulse-position modulation (16-PPM). The effect of PC on the performance of FSO communications is also examined in this study. We evaluated the system’s performance with two types of snow, wet snow and dry snow, as well as with different rain regions. Results show that PC improves the BER of the FSO system;a high rate of improvement is found for wet snow and rain. PC has almost no effect with dry snow because of the high attenuation and the limitations on transmitted power. The BER for 16-PPM is better than that for OOK modulation.

The Utility of 1000 - 500 mb Thickness and Weather Type as a Rain-Snow Divide: A 30-Year Study at Albany, NY

Winter synoptic conditions that produce snowfall with bitterly cold temperatures create both social and economic hazards in the capital city of Albany, NY. Sometimes these systems are forecasted in error to produce rain or mixed precipitation. It is beneficial for meteorologists to better understand the commonly used 5400 and 1300 GPM line to better forecast rain versus snow events. Other studies have looked into the use of the 5400 GPM (540 dm) line but none have assessed the validity of this boundary with respect to weather type characterization at Albany. This study aims to determine the reliability of the widely referenced guides for depicting the rain-snow line, and improve forecast aids for the vertical atmosphere during winter precipitation events. The mean daily 500, 850, 925 and 1000 mb heights and weather type frequency of the Spatial Synoptic Classification between November and March of 1980 - 2012 are analyzed. Results indicate that the standard vertical boundaries are inaccurate indicators of a rain versus snow event in Albany. More reasonable rain-snow cut offs for the 1000 - 500 and 1000 - 850 mb thicknesses are 5222 and 1262 GPM. For the 1000 - 925 mb level, 606 GPM is a helpful aid of identifying the rain-snow boundary. Further scrutinizing by weather type indicates that the rain-snow boundary also varies depending on what air mass/weather type is present on a given day. For instance, when the most prominent weather type is observed over Albany (Dry Polar), at the 1000 - 850 mb and 1000 - 500 mb layers, a boundary of 1242 GPM and 5152 GPM is found to be most representative. Results indicate only for the rarest of winter weather types observed over Albany, Moist Tropical, are the standard cut offs useful. Determining the reliability of this precipitation indicator at a specific station, like Albany, could enable meteorologists in other regions of the country to draw parallels between weather type, precipitation, and thickness in their forecast zones.

我国南方西南和中东部区域两次持续性低温雨雪过程与关键环流系统的关系研究

利用NCEP再分析资料和国家气象信息中心提供的753站逐日气温和降水资料,对比分析了我国南方西南和中东部区域两次持续10 d以上的低温雨雪过程,结果表明:(1)两次过程中欧亚大陆中高纬东亚大槽均加深,但环流形势有差异。西南过程呈现"北高南低"形势,关键脊区在贝加尔湖,而中东部区域过程"北高南低"和"西高东低"形势共存,关键脊区从乌拉尔山延伸至贝加尔湖。两次过程异常的环流与北大西洋向东传播的波列有关。(2)西南过程关键脊区提前过程3 d发展并东移至贝加尔湖,形成稳定形势;而中东部区域过程关键脊区提前过程一周发展,在开始日达最强。两次过程均伴随蒙古高压东移南压使地面降温,500 hPa关键脊区超前蒙古高压2 d变化。西南过程降温主要受到冷平流和绝热冷却影响,而中东部区域过程主要受到冷平流的影响。(3)西南过程水汽来自孟加拉湾,只受南支槽支配。中东部区域过程水汽来自孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋,由南支槽和西太平副热带高压的共同影响。两次过程水汽正收支主要来自南边界。

西南地区一次典型冰冻雨雪复合极端灾害天气事件的环流特征及降水相态差异分析

在全球变暖气候背景下,复合型极端灾害天气事件频发。2008年以来我国南方冬季频发的雨雪冰冻,就是一种典型的复合型致灾极端天气事件。因此,本研究分析了西南地区一次典型大雪冻雨复合天气事件的大雪与冻雨期环流特征及降水相态差异,揭示了二者的关联特征。冻雨发生在贵州境内的云贵准静止锋锋面强斜压环境中,降雪主要发生在四川北部,位于静止锋以北的冷区。降雪区和冻雨区的垂直环流存在显著差异:降雪区以上升运动为主,温度基本随高度递减;冻雨区大气中低层存在逆温层,导致温度层结出现冷—暖—冷的分布,垂直运动呈两层环流模态,低层的上升运动受到中层下沉运动抑制,强上升运动不易发展。借助可综合表征环流特征和水汽相变的广义湿位涡理论,分别诊断大雪和冻雨发生发展时期的广义湿位涡分布特点,发现其斜压项的异常能更好体现准静止锋附近的大气斜压性,也可指示出大雪冻雨降水的落区及变化,可作为大雪冻雨区的动力识别特征量之一。通过气压扰动方程的计算分析,表明向下的扰动气压梯度力与浮力的平衡差异,是降雪与冻雨垂直环流特征差异的主要原因。本研究从环流特征入手开展雨雪冰冻复合极端灾害天气分析,可为复合降水相态预报和发电企业电力运行保障提供参考。

我国南方两次低温雨雪天气成因对比分析

2018年末和2021年末我国南方分别发生了一次大范围的低温雨雪天气,通过对比分析两次低温雨雪天气成因,结果表明:两次过程期间,对流层中层中高纬阻塞流场显著,阻高位于贝加尔湖西侧,脊前偏北气流在下游横槽后部堆积,使得西伯利亚高压强度增强。东传的Rossby波在阻高区域发生能量频散,利于阻高减弱、崩溃,横槽转竖引导槽后冷空气南下,导致地面强烈降温,同时在西伯利亚高压东侧和南侧,低频风温度平流是造成强降温的主要原因。低纬南支槽活跃,向北的暖湿空气与中高纬南下的冷空气汇合,造成我国南方大范围的低温雨雪、冻雨天气。与2018年过程相比,2021年过程持续时间较短,降水范围小,关键区域降温幅度更大,是因为2021年过程期间Rossby波能量频散更快,阻高维持时间较短,冷空气从中高纬地区直接南下侵袭我国,而2018年冷空气在贝加尔湖附近发生堆积、西折,向南渗透时势力减弱。

环境湿度影响人工催化消减雨效果的数值模拟研究

利用耦合了碘化银催化过程的WRF(Weather Research and Forecast)模式,对2014年8月16日南京青奥会开幕式当天实施的人工催化作业开展数值模拟,评估催化效果并通过敏感性数值试验调查低空环境干层对催化效果的影响。结果表明,催化作业产生了减雨效果,低空干区的存在是影响催化效果的关键。当低空存在深厚的相对湿度很小的干层时,催化导致减雨效果;当增加低层的相对湿度即弱化低空干层,催化减雨效果减弱甚至出现增雨效果。催化增强了雪的形成过程但减弱了雪的增长过程尤其是凝华增长,导致雪粒子浓度增加但粒径减小,融化产生更多的小雨滴增强了蒸发过程,最终导致地面降水减少。

雨雪量计及风速风向仪在南京地铁中的应用

为了充分发挥气象条件对城市轨道交通运输效率和运输安全的积极作用,文章以南京地铁为研究对象,详细阐述了气象监测系统建设的必要性和建设过程。应用中通过在各线路车辆基地和正线站点布设用于监测降水的雨雪量计监测站和风速风向监测站,对雨雪量和风速风向数据进行实时监测,并传输至应急指挥中心的数据中心站,实现数据的展示和分析,以及相应阈值报警功能,为南京地铁的安全稳定运行提供有力保障。

2024年2月大气环流和天气分析

2024年2月北半球大气环流主要特征表现为极涡呈偶极型,东半球极涡中心位于鄂霍次克海到勘察加半岛上空,较常年同期偏强,影响我国的冷空气路径偏东;中纬度环流呈三波型,位于西伯利亚的平均槽较常年偏强,西风带短波槽活动频繁;南支槽位置偏东,西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强。2月全国平均气温为-1.8℃,较常年同期(-1.3℃)偏低0.5℃;平均降水量为22.5 mm,较常年同期(16.3 mm)偏多38%。月内有3次主要冷空气过程,其中2月17—22日强寒潮造成剧烈降温和显著低温。受南下冷空气和强盛的西南暖湿气流共同影响,月内出现2次大范围持续性低温雨雪冰冻天气过程,冻雨强度大、范围广,降水量具有极端性,对春运造成严重影响。此外,2月还出现了年度首次沙尘和强对流天气过程。

北京一次罕见1月初雪过程的复杂降水相态成因分析

2023年1月12日的降雪为北京近42年来首次出现在1月上中旬的初雪,期间降水相态经历了复杂的变化。应用多种常规观测资料和云雷达、微雨雷达等新型探测资料以及ERA5再分析资料,对此次过程进行分析,并重点探讨相态变化成因。结果表明:850 hPa以下偏南暖湿急流输送了丰富的水汽,但动力抬升较弱导致降水量不大,而近地层冷垫的缺失不利于全市范围转雪和降雪的维持;0℃层高度的东西差异是北京西部为雪、东部为雨的主要原因,融化和蒸发过程引起的冷却效应导致0℃层高度快速降至500 m以下使得平原地区转雪,>0℃暖层增厚和融化层以上雪花尺度与密度的减小导致平原相态由雪转为雨;针对复杂的降水相态转换,确定性模式无法准确刻画融雪过程,而短期时效内集合预报可弥补确定性模式的短板;综合应用云雷达、微雨雷达和微波辐射计等探测资料,可提高对云中成雪和边界层融雪的判断准确性,有助于提升临近时段降水相态的预报准确率。

2024年2月我国两次大范围雨雪冰冻天气对比

2024年1月31日—2月7日(过程Ⅰ)和2月19—25日(过程Ⅱ)我国中东部地区先后出现两次大范围、持续性的雨雪冰冻天气过程,利用地面观测、再分析资料、双偏振雷达、雨滴谱等分析两次过程的雨雪冰冻实况、微物理特征、环流形势和层结特征,并对比二者异同。结果表明:两次过程的影响区域、持续时间和总降水量接近,但过程Ⅰ积冰更厚、积雪更深,过程Ⅱ影响范围更广、降雪量更大。过程Ⅰ降水粒子从上到下呈3层结构特征,即冰晶层-融化层-液态层,过程Ⅱ呈4层结构特征,即冰晶层-融化层-液态层-再冻结层,导致过程Ⅰ冻雨更明显、积冰更厚,过程Ⅱ冰粒更多、积雪深度较浅、积冰厚度较薄。环流形势和层结特征显示两次过程均为西伯利亚高压和南支系统的协同作用,但过程Ⅱ低层急流强度和地面西伯利亚高压更强,导致过程Ⅱ中层暖层和低层冷层的强度均强于过程Ⅰ,而冷层更强是过程Ⅱ冰粒更明显的直接原因。

2013—2023年铜鼓雨雪天气回波特征分析

为了研究铜鼓县冬季雨雪天气背景和雷达回波特征,文章使用铜鼓地面资料、天气图和雷达回波等资料,对铜鼓雨雪天气过程进行分析。结果表明:1957—2023年,铜鼓国家基本气象站观测到雪深≥0.1 cm的频次有62次,≥1.0 cm的有18次,其中2022-02-22T20:00/2022-02-23T08:00降雪深度最大,为24 cm;铜鼓降雪天气系统有500 hPa槽前,200 hPa出流区,700 hPa或850 hPa有切变线,850 hPa有西南急流和东风气流;铜鼓雨雪天气雷达拼图典型特征是回波强度最大为35 dBZ,一般在25 dBZ左右;回波结构均匀,呈东北—西南走向条带状结构;铜鼓降雪的回波顶高都在3 km~5 km,回波强度在15~30 dBZ。研究结果为铜鼓雨雪天气的预报预警提供了分析依据。

2018年1月杭州市连续雨雪过程中雨雪转换气象条件分析

利用2018年1月下旬杭州及周边地区各气象观测站的逐小时地面气象要素观测资料、ERA-Interim逐6 h再分析资料,以及同时期微波辐射计、风廓线雷达和双偏振雷达资料,采用等熵位涡分析、物理量诊断等方法,分析了杭州市一次长时间连续雨雪过程的天气成因,并讨论了雨雪转换前后的气象要素特征。天气背景分析表明,200 hPa脊后辐散区和强西风急流提供了强上升运动,500 hPa倒“Ω”阻塞形势和以295 K等熵面高位涡值代表的低层冷空气提供了持续冷源。分析雨雪转换前后的气象要素发现,当700 hPa温度在-1℃以下,850—925 hPa为东北风,冷层温度低于-4℃时,杭州以降雪为主,反之将出现雨雪转换。不同的暖层和冷层厚度是造成27日降水相态不同的原因。温度高于-1℃暖层和温度低于-3.5℃冷层的厚度,可作为雨雪相态的判断指标。微波辐射计和风廓线雷达探测资料分析结果表明,雪转雨时,温度的变化开始于700 hPa高度,并逐渐向下传导,700 hPa温度的变化时间较850—925 hPa的提前约4~6 h,待低层冷层强度明显减弱后由降雪转为降雨。双偏振雷达差分反射率(Z_(DR))、零阶滞后相关系数(CC)和相态识别产品(HCL)分析结果表明,25日、27日两次雪转雨过程中25日层结温度较27日的低,冷层强度也较27日的强,是25日未出现纯雨的原因。通过分析雷达产品可大致分辨层结气温分布特征,并判断降水相态。

贵州省2008年与2022年年初低温雨雪冻雨天气过程对比分析

为了解贵州2008年与2022年年初低温雨雪天气过程差异,该文选取常规气象观测资料以及NCEP再分析资料,采用时空分布统计,环流背景、相关性分析等方法,对2008年和2022年年初贵州省低温雨雪冻雨天气过程进行对比分析。结果表明:2022年低温雨雪与2008年相比偏轻,气温偏低程度和冻雨、降雪站数与2008年相比均偏低偏少,尤其是冻雨站数与2008年相比明显偏少,但2022年最大雪深超过2008年。2008年和2022年低温雨雪期间,副高异常增强、阻塞高压形势稳固,北极明显升温,孟加拉湾和南海持续的水汽输送以及逆温层的存在,拉尼娜事件的影响,为这2次雨雪冰冻灾害提供重要的环流背景。2008年低温雨雪过程中副高位置比2022年偏北偏西,持续时间长,海平面气压高压中心强度更大;2022年副高最强强度指数和面积指数较2008年偏强,但持续时间短,鄂霍次克海低涡强度和逆温与2008年相比偏弱。

可移动式一体化人工雨雪冰营造系统的研制

为了测试列车等交通工具在降雨、飘雪和玻璃结冰环境下的适应能力,国际标准规范CEN-TR 16251提出对列车进行相关试验,但是市面上仅仅存在功能单一的产品和设备,所以集成降雨、飘雪等多功能测试设备的研制迫在眉睫。设计了一种可移动式一体化人工雨雪冰营造系统,并进行了实验室验证测试。结果表明:本系统营造的环境能够满足最新国际铁路环境标准,例如平均降雨强度5.99 mm/min、玻璃上积雪平均厚度25.6 mm以及结冰平均厚度2.94 mm等。本系统集降雨、飘雪和制冰三种功能于一体的可移动式智能化操作平台,能够提供多功能、多场景实验测试,具有方便、高效、实用性好等优点。此外,本系统为列车营造相关试验环境条件,提前对列车进行测试,从而预防交通事故的发生。

1951—2020年中国南方地区低温雨雪冰冻危险性评估

基于1951—2020年中国南方12个省(市、区)258个气象站的平均温度和降水量日数据,提取低温雨雪冰冻事件及其过程负积温、累积降水量及日最大降水量等指标,表征不同重现期下(5 a、10 a、30 a、50 a)的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害危险性分布,再依据交通线路数据评估暴露风险。结果表明,发生次数较多地区集中在海拔较高的贵州、湖北、安徽、江苏等。平均持续时间的空间分布呈条带状,高值区边界较清晰,其中持续时间较长的区域在贵州和湖南。50 a一遇下的低温、雨雪、冰冻的负积温最低值为−78.2℃,累积降水量最大值为83.2 mm,日降水量最大值为38.9 mm。湖北、湖南、贵州、安徽及江西等地危险性较高,上述高危险区均存在高风险路段。