Orderly coexistence and accumulation models of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons in Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation,Mahu sag,Junggar Basin

By using the latest geological,seismic,drilling and logging data,this article studies the basic conditions for the formation of the total petroleum system and the orderly coexisting characteristics and accumulation models of conventional&unconventional reservoirs in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Junggar Basin.Controlled by thermal evolution,hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process of the high-quality source rocks in alkaline lake as well as the characteristics of multi-type reservoirs(conglomerate,sandstone,dolomite and shale),conventional structure-lithologic reservoirs and tight oil and shale oil reservoirs controlled by source-reservoir structure have been formed.On the plane,mature conventional reservoirs,medium-high mature tight oil,and medium-high mature shale oil reservoirs coexist orderly from the slope area around Mahu sag to the sag.Based on the orderly coexisting characteristics of conventional and unconventional reservoirs in the Fengcheng Formation,it is clear that oil and gas in the Fengcheng Formation accumulate continuously over a large area in three accumulation models:integrated source-reservoir,source-reservoir in close contact,and separated source-reservoir model.The three accumulation models differ in relationship between source-reservoir structure,reservoir lithology and spatial distribution,hydrocarbon migration,oil and gas type.It is pointed out that the conventional&unconventional oil and gas should be explored and developed as a whole to achieve an overall breakthrough of the total petroleum system.This study is expected to enrich the geological theory of oil and gas enrichment in continental basins and to provide an analogy for exploration and research in other hydrocarbon-rich sags.

Oncolites of the Lower Permian ChuanshanFormation in South China and Their Geologicaland Economic Significance

Abstract: A large amount of oncolites popularly named “Chuanshan balls” occur universally in the Lower Permian Chuanshan Formation in South China. These kinds of oncolites have the following characteristics: wide distribution, huge quantities, large sedimentary thickness and similar characters, which constitute a specific “fashion facies” in geological history. The authors consider that these kinds of oncolites were due to the intense differentiation of the global climate at that time, which resulted in a universal descent of the sea level and breeding of a large amount of algae in sea water over low-latitude areas. According to the distribution and characteristics of the oncolitic, relative relationships between different tectonic blocks may be inferred, diagenetic strength indicated and diagenetic history recovered, and more important, oncolites serve as a favourable reservoir rock, so their study is of great theoretical and economic significance.

Roof Shale Flora of Coal Seam 6 from the Asselian(Lower Permian) Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield,Inner Mongolia and Its Ecostratigraphic Significance

Roof shale floras help understand the transition of vegetational landscapes from a peat–forming environment to a clastic one, but are seldom investigated in the Cathaysian province（typical present day China and East Asia）. Here the roof shale flora of Coal Seam 6 from the lower Permian Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, is systematically described and its ecostratigraphic and phytogeographic implications are discussed. The flora is composed of seven plant groups, including Lepidodendrales, Medullosales, Gigantopteridales, Peltaspermales, Noeggerathiales, Cordaitales and Cycadales. Many of these taxa are also documented in Euramerica, and the floral composition indicates a more intimate relationship between Cathaysia and Euramerica during the Cisuralian than previously thought. However, there are few genera and species in common with those of the underlying peat–forming flora. Moreover, the flora is hardly comparable with the commonly known flora of the Taiyuan Formation. Such assemblage differences are very likely due to changes of taphonomic and environmental phases, rather than evolutionary floral succession. For a full and more precise understanding of the floral composition, succession and the floristic discrepancy in different depositional environments, an ecostratigraphic investigation on the Late Palaeozoic of Cathaysia is advocated.

Sequence-lithofacies paleogeographic characteristics and petroleum geological significance of Lower Permian Qixia Stage in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas,SW China

Through the analysis of logging,field outcrops,cores and geochemical data,and based on the study of the relationships between sea level changes,sequence filling,paleo-geomorphy and lithofacies,the sequence lithofacies paleo-geography and evolution process of the Lower Permian Liangshan-Qixia Formation(Qixia Stage for short)in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas are restored.The Qixia Stage can be divided into three third-order sequences,in which SQ0,SQ1 and SQ2 are developed in the depression area,and SQ1 and SQ2 are only developed in other areas.The paleo-geomorphy reflected by the thickness of each sequence indicates that before the deposition of the Qixia Stage in the Early Permian,the areas surrounding the Sichuan Basin are characterized by“four uplifts and four depressions”,namely,four paleo-uplifts/paleo-lands of Kangdian,Hannan,Shennongjia and Xuefeng Mountain,and four depressions of Chengdu-Mianyang,Kangdian front,Jiangkou and Yichang;while the interior of the basin is characterized by“secondary uplifts,secondary depressions and alternating convex-concave”.SQ2 is the main shoal forming period of the Qixia Formation,and the high-energy mound shoal facies mainly developed in the highs of sedimentary paleo-geomorphy and the relative slope break zones.The distribution of dolomitic reservoirs(dolomite,limy dolomite and dolomitic limestone)has a good correlation with the sedimentary geomorphic highs and slope break zones.The favorable mound-shoal and dolomitic reservoirs are distributed around depressions at platform-margin and along highs and around sags in the basin.It is pointed out that the platform-margin area in western Sichuan Basin is still the key area for exploration at present;while areas around Chengdu-Mianyang depression and Guangwang secondary depression inside the platform and areas around sags in central Sichuan-southern Sichuan are favorable exploration areas for dolomitic reservoirs of the Qixia Formation in the next step.

Formation and Evolution of a Paleosol across the Lower Silurian-Lower Permian Boundary in Zunyi District,Northern Guizhou,China and Its Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate Implications

This paper presents a set of bulk geochemical and mineralogical data from a paleoweathering profile located in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China. It was formed at the top of the Hanjiadian Formation of the Lower Silurian. A truncated, argillic, gleyed, kryptic paleospodosol is recognized in the paleoweathering profile. Ratios of immobile elements（Ti/Zr, Ti/Al） and their binary（e.g., Nb vs. Zr/TiO_2 and Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc）, triangular diagrams（La-Th-Sc, Th-ScZr/10, Zr-Cr-Ga） reflect that the Gaojiayan paleosol is the product of in-situ weathering of gray-green silty mudstone of the underlying Hanjiadian Formation. Mass balance calculations indicate K enrichment and Na enrichment in the upper and lower portions of paleosol, respectively. These findings both are the results of transgression, which brings substantial concentrations of such elements as K, Na, and Sr. In particular, K enrichment is achieved by the illitization of kaolinite. The biological processes of terrestrial vascular plants also enhance K concentration, especially at the top of the paleosol. Na enrichment is a consequence of albitization and/or adsorption by clay minerals through cation exchange. The mass distributions and relative mass changes of rare earth elements（REEs） in the studied profile display characteristics of vertical zonation. Three peaks in total REEs content are observed, indicating two paleoclimatic or paleoenvironmental changes. Mineralogical characteristics indicate that the paleoclimate changed first from warm and humid to cold and dry and later, to dry and lightly warmer. The corresponding soil environment varies from weakly acidic to strongly alkaline and later, to weakly acidic. Mass translocation characteristics of REEs and several transition metals suggest that the Gaojiayan paleosol may have undergone top erosion.

Lower Permian formations of different geodynamic environments in A'nyemaqen ophiolitic zone (Buqingshan Mts., eastern Kunlun, Qinghai Province, China)

Lower Permian formations within the Buqingshan Mountains (A'nyemaqen ophiolitic zone, eastern sector of the eastern Kunlun) were formed in the following paleogeodynamic environments (from north to south): ( 1 ) shelf and slope of a passive continental margin in a marginal sea; (2) partially Permian metamorphic rocks of subduction-accretion complexes and volcanogenic rocks of an ensimatic island arc, of the age limited from above by the Asselian - Sakmarian;and (3) an island arc slope and oceanic trench. Subduction-accretion complexes and the island arc volcanites are overlain with a sharp angular unconformity by a carbonate-conglomerate sequence, which presents as local molasse of the Early Permian age. Based on fusulinids from the basal limestone, the age of the local molasse is first defined as the Yakhtashian-Bolorian, i.e. Artinskian-Kungurian (?). The thorough investigations revealed that the initial closure of the eastern Paleotethys within the eastern Kunlun corresponded to the Sakmarian-Yakhtashian (Artinskian) boundary, whereas in the western Paleotethys sector (Northern Pamirs) the closure occurred considerably earlier, prior to the Late Bashkirian.Thus, the idea that the Paleotethys in the eastern Kunlun reached its maximum width in the Permian, is highly questionable.During the Early Permian the A'nyemaqen branch of the Paleotethys intensely decreased. Beginning from the Bolorian (Kungurian) and up to the end of the Permian this branch represented its relict in the form ora marginal sea depression. It may be suggested that the Paleotethys closure in the A'nyemaqen took place gradually from the west to the east and covered a long period from the Late Carboniferous to the terminal Early Permian.

AGE OF THE LONGYIN FORMATION IN SOUTHWEST GUIZHOU PROVINCE——A DISCUSSION ABOUT THE CORRELATION OF THE LOWER PERMIAN BETWEEN SOUTH CHINA AND THE URAL OF USSR

The Permian Artinskian age of the Longyin Formation is indicated by the appearanceof the ammonoid Popanoceras fauna at its lowermost part. The upper Maping Formationin South China should include all the Sakmarin deposit at least.

The relationship between dolomite textures and their formation temperature: a case study from the Permian-Triassic of the Sichuan Basin and the Lower Paleozoic of the Tarim Basin

Study of dolomite texture can contribute to understanding the process of dolomitization.This research reports textures and homogenization temperatures of dolomites from the Permian-Triassic strata in the Sichuan Basin and the Lower Paleozoic strata in the Tarim Basin,which provided insights into relationships between dolomite textures and their formation temperatures.Our results are summarized as follows：1） dolomites with well-preserved texture indicate low dolomitization temperature.However,in certain diagenetic environments,the hydrothermal dolomitization may completely or partially preserve the original texture of dolomites.2） The formation temperatures of non-planar dolomites are always higher than those of planar dolomites.3） The formation temperatures of dolomite cements are generally higher than those of replacive dolomites.4） Although the formation temperatures of saddle dolomite cements have a wide range,they show higher values than those of the planar subhedral to euhedral dolomite cements.Thus,saddle dolomites could generally be an indicator of high precipitation temperature.5） The fluid Mg/Ca ratio is another element controlling dolomite morphology.Micritic dolomites,which precipitate from hypersaline fluids with a high Mg/Ca ratio in a subaerial environment could also have features of non-planar anhedral crystal shape because of rapid nucleation and crystallization during dolomitization.

Research on Outcrop Sequence Stratigraphy of Permian in Middle-Lower Yangtze Region

According to the latest International Chronostratigraphic Scheme (ICS, 2000), the Permian in the Middle Lower Yangtze region of South China can be divided into three series and nine stages relevant to the traditional six stages of South China. From Assellian to Changxingian of Permian, 44 Ma in age range, the strata are composed of 14 third order sequences, each of which is 3.14 Ma in average age range. There is one third order sequence of Zisongian, equivalent to middle and upper Chuanshan Formation or equal to Asselian and two thirds of Sakmarian. There are two third order sequences, corresponding to Liang shan Formation or Zhenjiang Formation and upper Chuanshan Formation, which are assigned to Longlingian, coinciding with Artinskian and one third of Sakmarian. In addition, three third order sequences, equal to Qixia Formation, are attributed to Chihsian, corresponding to Kubergandian and one third of Roadian. Four third order sequences, comprising Gufeng, Maokou, Yanqiao, Yinping and Wuxue formations, are assigned to Maokouan, equivalent to two thirds of Roadian, Wordian and Capitanian. Two third order sequences, equal to Longtan Formation or Wujiaping Formation, are included in Wuchiapingian. Other two third order sequences, corresponding to Changxing Formation or Dalong Formation, are assigned to Changhsingian. In brief, these above third order sequences can be incorporated into 4 sequences sets.

Ternary analytic porosity-reduction model of sandstone compaction trend and its significance in petroleum geology: A case study of tight sandstones in Permian Lower Shihezi Formation of Shilijiahan area, Ordos Basin, China

The tight sandstones in the Permian Lower Shihezi Formation of Shilijiahan area in the Ordos Basin was taken as study object in this research to quantitatively determine the effects of burial depth, burial time and compaction strength on porosity during densification of reservoir. Firstly, sandstone compaction profiles were analyzed in detail. Secondly, the theoretical study was performed based on visco-elasto-plastic stress–strain model. Thirdly, multiple regression and iterative algorithm were used respectively to ascertain the variation trends of Young's modulus and equivalent viscosity coefficient with burial depth and burial time. Accordingly, the ternary analytic porosity-reduction model of sandstone compaction trend was established. Eventually, the reasonability of improved model was tested by comparing with thin-section statistics under microscope and the models in common use. The study shows that the new model can divide the porosity reduction into three parts, namely, elastic porosity loss, visco-plastic porosity loss and porosity loss from cementation. And the results calculated by the new model of litharenite in He 2 Member are close to the average value from the thin-section statistics on Houseknecht chart, which approximately reveals the relative magnitudes of compaction and cementation in the normal evolution trend of sandstone porosity. Furthermore, the model can more exactly depict the compaction trend of sandstone affected little by dissolution than previous compaction models, and evaluate sandstone compaction degree and its contribution to reservoir densification during different burial and uplift processes.

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部下二叠统太原组灰岩沉积特征与沉积模式

下二叠统太原组灰岩在鄂尔多斯盆地中东部广泛分布,已有多口井试气后相继获得了工业气流,勘探潜力较大,但目前对该组灰岩沉积微相类型与沉积模式的研究尚不够成熟。基于对鄂尔多斯盆地中东部下二叠统太原组大量钻井岩心、薄片的详细描述,综合测井资料,从岩石类型、沉积相类型、典型沉积序列、沉积模式等方面,深入分析了盆地中东部太原组灰岩的沉积特征与沉积过程。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地中东部太原组由海相碳酸盐岩、混积岩及陆源碎屑岩3大类15小类岩石类型构成,其中海相碳酸盐台地相可进一步划分为生屑滩、滩间海、潮上带(泥坪)、潮间带(泥灰坪)等7种沉积微相。依据地层剖面精细刻画,共识别出海陆过渡环境下的6个典型序列,其中序列1、2、3为海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列,序列4、5、6为陆相三角洲沉积序列。综合分析认为,鄂尔多斯盆地中东部早二叠世太原组沉积时期经历了由陆相三角洲(碎屑沉积)→海陆过渡相(混积沉积)→海相碳酸盐台地(碳酸盐沉积)的沉积演化,受沉积期地貌影响,整体具有“北砂南灰,上覆泥煤”的沉积充填模式。研究成果不仅丰富了对鄂尔多斯盆地中东部太原组的沉积地质认识,也为后续太原组天然气勘探提供了重要的理论依据。

准噶尔盆地中央坳陷西部下二叠统风城组天然气勘探潜力与重点领域

基于准噶尔盆地中央坳陷西部下二叠统风城组烃源岩有机地球化学、天然气组分和稳定碳同位素组成等分析数据,结合区域沉积环境与生烃演化模拟实验,评价风城组烃源岩的生气潜力,刻画规模有效源灶分布,厘定天然气成因来源,优选有利勘探领域。结果表明:(1)风城组为1套倾油型烃源岩,但滞留液态烃有利于晚期裂解成气,具有生气潜力大、晚期规模成藏的特点;(2)风城组烃源岩最大厚度可达900 m,盆1井西凹陷和沙湾凹陷已进入规模生气阶段,生气强度大于20×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2)的面积约6 500 km^(2);(3)环中央坳陷西部发现的碳同位素组成较轻的天然气主要为来自风城组烃源岩的高熟油型气,其他则为来自于石炭系煤系烃源岩的煤成气;(4)中央坳陷西部天然气勘探需重点关注源边构造型、源边地层型、源内页岩气型和源内构造型4种类型的有利勘探领域,其勘探潜力值得期待。

Identification and evaluation of shale oil micromigration and its petroleum geological significance

Taking the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation shale in Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin,NW China,as an example,core observation,test analysis,geological analysis and numerical simulation were applied to identify the shale oil micro-migration phenomenon.The hydrocarbon micro-migration in shale oil was quantitatively evaluated and verified by a self-created hydrocarbon expulsion potential method,and the petroleum geological significance of shale oil micro-migration evaluation was determined.Results show that significant micro-migration can be recognized between the organic-rich lamina and organic-poor lamina.The organic-rich lamina has strong hydrocarbon generation ability.The heavy components of hydrocarbon preferentially retained by kerogen swelling or adsorption,while the light components of hydrocarbon were migrated and accumulated to the interbedded felsic or carbonate organic-poor laminae as free oil.About 69% of the Fengcheng Formation shale samples in Well MY1 exhibit hydrocarbon charging phenomenon,while 31% of those exhibit hydrocarbon expulsion phenomenon.The reliability of the micro-migration evaluation results was verified by combining the group components based on the geochromatography effect,two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,and the geochemical behavior of inorganic manganese elements in the process of hydrocarbon migration.Micro-migration is a bridge connecting the hydrocarbon accumulation elements in shale formations,which reflects the whole process of shale oil generation,expulsion and accumulation,and controls the content and composition of shale oil.The identification and evaluation of shale oil micro-migration will provide new perspectives for dynamically differential enrichment mechanism of shale oil and establishing a“multi-peak model in oil generation”of shale.

天然气运移轻烃地球化学示踪--以鄂尔多斯盆地东胜气田为例

基于天然气中轻烃化合物组成分析和区域性对比,结合组分和甲烷碳同位素组成特征,揭示轻烃地球化学特征对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜气田上古生界天然气运移和水溶及逸散等示踪作用,探讨运移作用对特定轻烃指标的关联效应。研究表明:①东胜气田二叠系下石盒子组天然气C5−7异构烷烃含量高于正构烷烃,C6−7轻烃组成呈链烷烃优势分布且芳香烃含量明显偏低(小于4.0%),C7轻烃主体呈甲基环己烷优势分布,整体表现出煤成气特征且受到了水溶等作用影响;②东胜气田天然气经历了自南向北的游离相运移,并在充注后发生不同程度的水溶作用,其中泊尔江海子断裂以北什股壕地区天然气在聚集后具有明显的散失;③长距离的游离相运移导致天然气C7轻烃中甲基环己烷相对含量和甲苯/正庚烷值降低、正庚烷/甲基环己烷值和庚烷值增大,水溶作用导致轻烃异庚烷值增大,天然气散失导致什股壕地区天然气中C5−7正构烷烃相对异构烷烃含量增加。

页岩油微运移识别、评价及其石油地质意义

以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组页岩为例,综合岩心观察、测试分析、地质剖析和数值模拟等方法,识别页岩层系石油微运移现象,采用自主研发的排烃潜力法定量评价页岩油微运移烃量并进行了可靠性验证,指出页岩油微运移评价的石油地质意义。研究表明:页岩层系富有机质纹层和贫有机质纹层之间存在明显的页岩油微运移,富有机质纹层生烃能力强,生成烃类的重质组分优先与干酪根溶胀或吸附滞留,轻组分以游离态运移到与其互层的长英质或碳酸盐贫有机质纹层富集;玛页1井风城组69%的页岩存在外来运移烃的充注,31%的页岩发生了排烃作用。综合基于地质色层效应的族组分、二维核磁共振以及无机锰元素在烃类运移过程中的地球化学行为等分析,验证了微运移评价结果的可靠性;微运移是连接页岩层系各个油气聚集要素的桥梁,贯穿页岩油从生成、排出到富集的全过程,影响页岩油的含量和组分。页岩油微运移识别与评价结果,将为揭示页岩油动态差异富集机制、建立页岩“多级生油高峰”模式提供新视角。

准噶尔盆地克拉美丽气田及周缘天然气成因来源再认识与勘探启示

克拉美丽气田石炭系气藏已探明天然气地质储量832.4×10^(8) m^(3),是准噶尔盆地已发现的最大天然气田。为了进一步探索、评价、深化对克拉美丽气田及其周缘天然气气源潜力认识,推动发现新气田,对5套地层、38口井、65个天然气样品进行分析,并基于天然气组分和天然气稳定碳同位素组成,系统研究了其成因、来源和遭受的次生改造作用,提出了新的天然气勘探领域。研究结果表明:(1)克拉美丽气田及其周缘存在4种不同成因来源的天然气,第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类天然气为煤成气,第Ⅲ类天然气为浅埋藏期伴生原油发生生物降解形成的次生生物成因气(混合热成因气),第Ⅳ类天然气为油型气;(2)部分天然气样品Δδ^(13)C(C_(3)—C_(2))和i-C_(4)/n-C_(4)值异常增加,其重烃气组分遭受了细菌的选择性降解;(3)石炭系滴水泉组烃源岩较巴塔玛依内山组烃源岩分布更广,连续性更好,规模更大,二叠系平地泉组烃源岩在盆地南部已普遍达到高成熟—过成熟阶段,滴水泉组和平地泉组2套烃源岩形成的含油气系统有望成为盆地深层—超深层天然气规模勘探的新领域;(4)次生生物成因气埋藏浅,甲烷浓度高,开采成本低,建产快,且在准噶尔盆地广泛分布,是浅层天然气高效勘探的重要领域。结论认为,天然气成因来源的再认识深化了准噶尔盆地克拉美丽气田及其周缘天然气资源的认识,揭示了盆地深层—超深层和浅层天然气是天然气勘探战略接替领域,对推动盆地实现以石油勘探为主向“油气并举”的重大转变提供了重要技术参考。

安徽中南部大隆组沉积环境及油气潜力特征

晚二叠世下扬子地区沉积了一套以硅质岩、硅质页岩、碳质页岩为主的“黑色岩系”,其分布广泛,被认为具有良好的油气勘探开发前景。文章基于实测剖面和有机地化测试资料探究安徽中南部大隆组的沉积环境及油气潜力。结果表明:大隆组在巢南、安庆—铜陵、泾县、宁国等沉积凹陷周缘厚度可达40~70 m,并向南北两侧逐步减薄;大隆组表现为一套较为完整的海侵—海退沉积序列,早期形成深水盆地相沉积,晚期则转变为潜水陆棚相沉积,区域上自西北部至东南部依次为深水盆地相、浅水陆棚相和开阔碳酸盐岩台地相沉积组合。大隆组的总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)质量分数为1.46%~15.80%,R o值高于2.00%,属于优质烃源岩,热演化处于过成熟早期阶段,沉积凹陷边缘区是页岩气勘探需重点调查对象。

川西北下二叠统茅口组古构造演化与控藏作用

利用钻井、测井、岩心、野外剖面和地震等资料,开展川西北二叠系茅口组成藏期古构造恢复及控藏作用研究。研究表明:川西北茅口组台缘滩和台内滩发育,寒武系和二叠系烃源岩在区内分布较广;晚二叠世茅口组顶古构造整体呈“南高北低”格局,发育NW—SE向的低幅隆起;早中三叠世该古构造转变为“西高东低”格局,剑阁地区形成了面积较大的古构造圈闭;早侏罗世该古构转变为“东高西低”格局,构造高点向东迁移至九龙山地区,后经喜山期调整为盆地边缘高,中部地区凹陷的格局。流体包裹体均一温度的分析表明,茅口组存在4期油气运移。结合区域生烃演化史,研究认为:晚二叠世茅口组台缘带是原油运移的有利区,早中三叠世形成的剑阁地区古圈闭能够较好地捕获油气,晚三叠世天然气主要向NE方向的剑阁、九龙山和元坝地区形成的低幅度背斜圈闭运移,喜山期天然气进一步向高部位聚集并调整形成现今气藏。剑阁—柘坝场的台缘带与烃源岩和古构造的匹配关系好,具有较大的天然气勘探潜力。

下扬子中二叠统孤峰组热液硅质岩地球化学约束及其意义

【目的】下扬子地区中二叠世沉积了一套富含有机质的孤峰组黑色硅质岩,热液硅质岩的分析是该区硅质岩与异常高有机质富集关系研究的关键,进而为该区页岩气勘探提供理论依据。【方法】利用主量、微量和稀土元素地球化学结合岩相学特征分析,安徽铜陵叶山和巢湖平顶山地区孤峰组硅质岩的成因及其构造背景。【结果】巢湖地区孤峰组黑色薄层硅质岩中富含硅质海绵骨针以及放射虫,而铜陵地区孤峰组青灰色硅质岩中几乎不含硅质生物,由微晶石英组成。热液活动指标Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Eu/Eu^(*)、Al-Fe-Mn三角图、Lu_(N)/La_(N)比值指示铜陵地区孤峰组青灰色硅质岩为热液成因,巢湖地区孤峰组黑色薄层硅质岩为生物成因。微量和稀土元素La-Th-Sc三角图以及La/Sc与Ti/Zr交会图指示铜陵地区孤峰组沉积期为洋岛弧构造背景,而巢湖地区为陆岛弧和主动大陆边缘背景。【结论】铜陵地区孤峰组硅质岩为原生热液硅质沉积,是斜坡带活跃的构造裂陷活动带来的热液硅酸沉积而成。下扬子地区孤峰组黑色层状硅质岩虽然为生物成因,但其硅的来源与斜坡带的热液活动有关。下扬子地区孤峰组富有机质沉积可能与热液活动带来大量的营养物质造成浮游生物的繁盛有关。

山西太原西山下二叠统太原组鳞木属化石研究

华夏植物群是晚古生代全球四大著名植物群之一,鳞木属(Lepidodendron)广泛分布于四大植物群中。华夏植物区鳞木属因叶痕较大、叶痕下无通气道痕而被视为地域特征显著的东方型鳞木,区别于具有通气道痕的欧美植物区鳞木属。山西太原西山地区是华夏植物群的重要分布地之一,本文对太原西山地区下二叠统太原组的4块东方型鳞木化石进行鉴定和描述。结果表明,它们分属三种鳞木属叶座化石,即Lepidodendron oculus-felis、Lepidodendron cervicisum和Lepidodendron cf.aolungpylukense。根据鳞木属的大化石记录和相似属的研究成果,推测该属可能在晚泥盆世晚期起源于华南板块,跨洋流到达土耳其小亚细亚一带后开始分化,一支向西北到达欧洲西部并扩散至美洲北部,另一支从土耳其一带向北扩散至西伯利亚,最终散布到东欧、中亚地区。