Ranking and rating individuals is a fundamental problem in multiple comparisons. One of the most well-known approaches is the Plackett-Luce model, in which the ordering is decided by the maximum likelihood estimator. ...Ranking and rating individuals is a fundamental problem in multiple comparisons. One of the most well-known approaches is the Plackett-Luce model, in which the ordering is decided by the maximum likelihood estimator. However, the maximum likelihood estimate(MLE) does not exist when some individuals are never ranked lower than others or lose all their races. In this note, we proposed a penalized likelihood method to address this problem. As the penalized parameter goes to zero, the penalized MLE converges to the original MLE. Further, there exists a critical point in which the penalized likelihood ranking is independent of the choice of the penalized parameter. Several numerical examples are provided.展开更多
This essay discusses the matricidal tradition in western culture and how Phyllis Nagy’s Butterfly Kiss(1994)rewrites this tradition and undermines the patriarchy.It suggests Nagy’s play questions the common dishones...This essay discusses the matricidal tradition in western culture and how Phyllis Nagy’s Butterfly Kiss(1994)rewrites this tradition and undermines the patriarchy.It suggests Nagy’s play questions the common dishonest plays at that time,which fea⁃tures mother and daughter friendly with each other,and avoids the prevalent antagonism between mother and daughter in the real society.It considers how the play addresses this issue of maternal hatred and how Lily’s reconstruction reveals her act of matricide is actually a loving act coming from the desire to save her mother.The essay argues that Lily’s matricide rewrites the matricidal tra⁃dition in western culture and through accounting the oppression they suffer in the patriarchal society,the mothers and daughters in the play hope for a real connection that involves intimacy,love and nurturance.展开更多
基金partially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(South-Central University for Nationalities(CZQ19010))by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11801576)+1 种基金by the Scientific Research Funds of South-Central University For Nationalities(No.YZZ17007)partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11871237)
文摘Ranking and rating individuals is a fundamental problem in multiple comparisons. One of the most well-known approaches is the Plackett-Luce model, in which the ordering is decided by the maximum likelihood estimator. However, the maximum likelihood estimate(MLE) does not exist when some individuals are never ranked lower than others or lose all their races. In this note, we proposed a penalized likelihood method to address this problem. As the penalized parameter goes to zero, the penalized MLE converges to the original MLE. Further, there exists a critical point in which the penalized likelihood ranking is independent of the choice of the penalized parameter. Several numerical examples are provided.
文摘This essay discusses the matricidal tradition in western culture and how Phyllis Nagy’s Butterfly Kiss(1994)rewrites this tradition and undermines the patriarchy.It suggests Nagy’s play questions the common dishonest plays at that time,which fea⁃tures mother and daughter friendly with each other,and avoids the prevalent antagonism between mother and daughter in the real society.It considers how the play addresses this issue of maternal hatred and how Lily’s reconstruction reveals her act of matricide is actually a loving act coming from the desire to save her mother.The essay argues that Lily’s matricide rewrites the matricidal tra⁃dition in western culture and through accounting the oppression they suffer in the patriarchal society,the mothers and daughters in the play hope for a real connection that involves intimacy,love and nurturance.
