Penumbra lunar eclipse observations reveal anomalous thermal performance of Lunakhod 2 reflectors

As the signal reflected by the corner-cube reflector arrays is very weak and easily submerged during the full moon,we analyze the influence of the thermal effect of corner-cube reflector arrays on the intensity of lunar laser ranging echo.Laser ranging measurements during the penumbra lunar eclipse verify suspected thermal deformation in the Lunakhod 2 reflectors.Signal levels vary over two orders of magnitude as the penumbra eclipse progresses.This can be explained by the change in the dihedral angle of the corner-cube reflectors caused by the temperature.The results show that when the dihedral angle errors reach 1,the energy is reduced by 100 times compared with the ideal corner-cube reflector.In the experiment,our findings suggest that when the corner-cube reflector arrays enter the penumbra of the earth,the effective echo signal level which reaches 0.18 photons/s far exceeds the historical level of the full moon.However,11 minutes after the penumbra lunar eclipse,the effective echo rate of Lunakhod 2 will drop two orders of magnitude.The mechanism can explain the acute signal deficit observed at full moon.

△T Derived From the Latest Textual Criticism of Timing Records of Lunar Eclipses in Ancient China

In abundant old observational records of lunar eclipses in ancient China, some with timing of lunar eclipse phase are significant to the study of secular variation and fluctuation of the Earth’s rotation.Among the over 700 observational records for about 400 lunar eclipses,133 observational times of eclipse phases about

TOTAL LUNAR ECLIPSE

A multiple exposure photograph taken on the evening of January 31 shows the moon during a total lunar eclipse in Dalian, northeast China＇s Liaoning Province. A super blue blood moon appeared in the sky across most of China for over an hour. An ancient Chinese tale tells of a celestial hound that bites the moon dudng a lunar eclipse.

Astral Actions on Allais’ Pendulum Apparently Inexplicable by Classical Factors: A Point of the Situation

1) The observation by Allais of the precession of pendulums from 1954 to 1960 highlighted regularities of astral origin an in-depth analysis of which showed that, apparently, no classical phenomenon can explain them. These regularities were diurnal waves whose periods are characteristic of astral influence (the main ones being 24 h and 24 h 50 min), annual and semi-annual components, and a multi-annual component of approximately 6 years, an influence of Jupiter being a very good candidate to explain it. 2) Allais had experimentally established that all these astral influences were expressed globally on the pendulum by an action tending to call back its plane of oscillation towards a direction variable in time, and which ovalized its trajectory. In 2019 the observation of 2 pendulums in Horodnic (Romania), thanks to the use of an automatic alidade, made it possible to identify the main mechanism that, very probably, acted on the pendulum to achieve this result. This perturbation model, called “linear anisotropy”, is characterized by its “coefficient of anisotropy” η, and by the azimuth of its “direction of anisotropy”. The composition of 2 linear anisotropies is always a linear anisotropy. 3) In the search for the phenomena which could be at the origin of all what precedes, the fact that they must create an ovalization immediately eliminates some of them. 4) We have calculated the values of η corresponding to the 24 h and 24 h 50 min waves both for the observations in Horodnic and the Allais observations. The order of magnitude (some 10−7) is effectively the same in both cases. 5) Mathematically, the regularities discovered may result of a new force field but also, as Allais proposes, from the creation, under the astral influences, of a local anisotropy of the medium in which the pendulum oscillates. In the first case the length of the pendulum is involved, in the second one not. The data available do not make it possible to decide. 6) The joint exploitation, in mechanics and optics, of Allais observations and of observations by other experimenters provides additional information: a) Allais, and after him several other scientists, discovered also marked anomalies in the precession of pendulums during certain eclipses, and maybe certain other syzygies. For the few eclipses for which both something was observed and sufficient data were available (one of them being a lunar eclipse for which nothing had been published until now), it was always the above perturbation model which acted on the pendulum, but sometimes with quite exceptional magnitude. b) There are quite possible links with optics. During the observation campaign of August 1958, which had implemented both two pendulums and an optical device, all the 24 h 50 min waves were almost in phase. In the precession of the Allais pendulum, in Miller’s interferometric observations in Mont Wilson, and in Esclangon’s observations in Strasbourg, a same peculiarity is found: the extrema of the annual influence are at the equinoxes, not at the solstices.