Metallurgical performance evaluation of space-weathered Chang’e-5 lunar soil

Space metallurgy is an interdisciplinary field that combines planetary space science and metallurgical engineering.It involves systematic and theoretical engineering technology for utilizing planetary resources in situ.However,space metallurgy on the Moon is challenging because the lunar surface has experienced space weathering due to the lack of atmosphere and magnetic field,making the mi-crostructure of lunar soil differ from that of minerals on the Earth.In this study,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses were performed on Chang’e-5 powder lunar soil samples.The microstructural characteristics of the lunar soil may drastically change its metallurgical performance.The main special structure of lunar soil minerals include the nanophase iron formed by the impact of micrometeorites,the amorphous layer caused by solar wind injection,and radiation tracks modified by high-energy particle rays inside mineral crystals.The nanophase iron presents a wide distribution,which may have a great impact on the electromagnetic prop-erties of lunar soil.Hydrogen ions injected by solar wind may promote the hydrogen reduction process.The widely distributed amorph-ous layer and impact glass can promote the melting and diffusion process of lunar soil.Therefore,although high-energy events on the lun-ar surface transform the lunar soil,they also increase the chemical activity of the lunar soil.This is a property that earth samples and tradi-tional simulated lunar soil lack.The application of space metallurgy requires comprehensive consideration of the unique physical and chemical properties of lunar soil.

Fast solution to the free return orbit's reachable domain of the manned lunar mission by deep neural network

It is important to calculate the reachable domain(RD)of the manned lunar mission to evaluate whether a lunar landing site could be reached by the spacecraft. In this paper, the RD of free return orbits is quickly evaluated and calculated via the classification and regression neural networks. An efficient databasegeneration method is developed for obtaining eight types of free return orbits and then the RD is defined by the orbit’s inclination and right ascension of ascending node(RAAN) at the perilune. A classify neural network and a regression network are trained respectively. The former is built for classifying the type of the RD, and the latter is built for calculating the inclination and RAAN of the RD. The simulation results show that two neural networks are well trained. The classification model has an accuracy of more than 99% and the mean square error of the regression model is less than 0.01°on the test set. Moreover, a serial strategy is proposed to combine the two surrogate models and a recognition tool is built to evaluate whether a lunar site could be reached. The proposed deep learning method shows the superiority in computation efficiency compared with the traditional double two-body model.

Damage constitutive model of lunar soil simulant geopolymer under impact loading

Lunar base construction is a crucial component of the lunar exploration program,and considering the dynamic characteristics of lunar soil is important for moon construction.Therefore,investigating the dynamic properties of lunar soil by establishing a constitutive relationship is critical for providing a theoretical basis for its damage evolution.In this paper,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)device was used to perform three sets of impact tests under different pressures on a lunar soil simulant geopolymer(LSSG)with sodium silicate(Na_(2)SiO_(3))contents of 1%,3%,5%and 7%.The dynamic stressestrain curves,failure modes,and energy variation rules of LSSG under different pressures were obtained.The equation was modified based on the ZWT viscoelastic constitutive model and was combined with the damage variable.The damage element obeys the Weibull distribution and the constitutive equation that can describe the mechanical properties of LSSG under dynamic loading was obtained.The results demonstrate that the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG has a marked strain-rate strengthening effect.Na_(2)SiO_(3) has both strengthening and deterioration effects on the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG.As Na_(2)SiO_(3) grows,the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG first increases and then decreases.At a fixed air pressure,5%Na_(2)SiO_(3) had the largest dynamic compressive strength,the largest incident energy,the smallest absorbed energy,and the lightest damage.The ZWT equation was modified according to the stress response properties of LSSG and the range of the SHPB strain rate to obtain the constitutive equation of the LSSG,and the model’s correctness was confirmed.

Fundamental Study on Response Properties of Structures Constructed on Lunar Regolith

The Artemis Program, for constructing the lunar base, is in progress. How to design and construct architectural and civil engineering structures in the lunar environment has become an important issue. The lunar surface is covered with soft sand, called regolith, and it is required to protect lunar bases and structures, as well as internal precision equipment, against vibrational disturbances such as moonquakes and meteorite collisions. Therefore, in this study, the static and cyclic triaxial compression tests of the regolith simulant were conducted. The reference strain and equivalent damping factor of the regolith simulant were smaller compared to sandy soil on Earth. In addition, a shaking table test using model specimens was conducted on the response properties of regolith ground alone and structures set on regolith ground. The buried foundation and pile foundation notably suppressed the horizontal response attributed to the rocking component compared to a direct foundation.

GE Lunar Prodigy双能X射线骨密度仪故障维修3例

介绍了GE Lunar Prodigy双能X射线骨密度仪的工作原理,分析了GE Lunar Prodigy双能X射线骨密度仪3例典型故障的原因及排除过程,并提出了预防性维护建议,为临床工程师排除相似故障提供了参考。

Selection and thermal physical characteristics analysis of in-situ condition preserved coring lunar rock simulant in extreme environment

With the increasing scarcity of Earth’s resources and the development of space science and technology,the exploration, development, and utilization of deep space-specific material resources(minerals, water ice, volatile compounds, etc.) are not only important to supplement the resources and reserves on Earth but also provide a material foundation for establishing extraterrestrial research bases. To achieve large depth in-situ condition-preserved coring(ICP-Coring) in the extreme lunar environment, first, lunar rock simulant was selected(SZU-1), which has a material composition, element distribution, and physical and mechanical properties that are approximately equivalent to those of lunar mare basalt. Second, the influence of the lunar-based in-situ environment on the phase, microstructure, and thermal physical properties(specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal expansion coefficient)of SZU-1 was explored and compared with the measured lunar rock data. It was found that in an air atmosphere, low temperature has a more pronounced effect on the relative content of olivine than other temperatures, while in a vacuum atmosphere, the relative contents of olivine and anorthite are significantly affected only at temperatures of approximately-20 and 200 ℃. When the vacuum level is less than100 Pa, the contribution of air conduction can be almost neglected, whereas it becomes dominant above this threshold. Additionally, as the testing temperature increases, the surface of SZU-1 exhibits increased microcracking, fracture opening, and unevenness, while the specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity,and thermal expansion coefficient show nonlinear increases. Conversely, the thermal diffusivity exhibits a nonlinear decreasing trend. The relationship between thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and temperature can be effectively described by an exponential function(R^(2)>0.98). The research results are consistent with previous studies on real lunar rocks. These research findings are expected to be applied in the development of the test and analysis systems of ICP-Coring in a lunar environment and the exploration of the mechanism of machine-rock interaction in the in-situ drilling and coring process.

月面原位水资源获取技术与发展趋势

随着深空探测活动的持续推进,月球探测已成为开展行星际探测的重要部分.月球原位资源利用是保障载人月球探测及月面长期驻留的关键技术途径,中国已将月面原位水获取方法列为月球探测的关键技术之一.月面原位水获取方法主要分为极区水冰勘探开采和月壤氢还原制水两种技术途径.现有勘探到的水冰资源主要位于月球极区,分布不均匀,开采难度大.目前研究提出了多种不同类型的极区水冰勘探开采方法,但实际效果有待月面原位试验验证.月壤加氢还原制水技术方法工作条件不受区域限制,应用范围较广,但仍存在反应条件要求高、能耗大等技术限制,未来需在节能和有效矿物成分富集等方面有所突破.

月球探测器鲁棒环形山检测及光学导航方法

针对月球探测器环形山检测方法受光照影响、鲁棒性差的问题,本文提出一种基于极大熵阈值三值化的鲁棒环形山检测算法。采用不同滤波核对图像进行去噪平滑,然后对处理后的图像进行极大熵阈值分割、将图像信息三值化,去除图像对光源的敏感性,同时最大程度保留图像信息;提出一种归一化多指标约束环形山匹配和拟合方法完成环形山提取,将环形山提取算法应用于光学导航中进行打靶实验验证算法实时性表现。仿真结果表明:与传统基于形态学或自适应边缘检测的方法相比,本文方法在较大尺度条件下提取出连续、光滑的环形山边缘,有效环形山数量提升35%以上,同时实时性更好、计算消耗降低40%;基于鲁棒环形山提取的光学导航算法实时性更好。

月球样品的中子活化分析技术研究

月球的起源是月球研究的核心问题。月球探测任务返回的数据和样品极大地提高了人类对地月系统的认知,同时也发现了更多未解之谜,亟待未来的探测任务和科学研究来解答。嫦娥五号月壤是我国首次地外天体采集返回的样品,也是继美国和苏联探月采样任务45年后人类再次获得的月球样品。鉴于月球样品的珍贵性和特殊性,利用先进技术开展其全元素含量的非破坏精准分析对于认识月球演化和月球资源就地开发利用具有重要的意义。依托大型核反应研究堆和加速器中子注量率优势,利用中子活化分析技术可实现月球样品中的全元素非破坏分析:1)仪器中子活化分析技术(INAA)可测量Na—U元素之间的60余种元素;2)瞬发γ中子活化分析技术(PGNAA)可补充测量INAA不适合测量的元素如H、B、C、N等;3)中子深度剖面分析技术(NDP)可测量样品近表面(微米级)聚变能源3He的浓度深度分布;4)缓发中子测量技术(DNC)可定量样品中痕量裂变核素如^(235)U和^(239)Pu,并结合INAA可测量238U/235U同位素比值;5)14 MeV快中子活化分析技术(FNAA)可测量INAA和PGNAA不灵敏或不适合测量的元素如O、Si、P等。因此,中子活化分析技术(NAA)可有效解决月球样品中全元素、非破坏和精准测量问题,为我国深空探测珍贵样品研究提供核分析技术支撑。

Simulation Research on the Effect of Spreading Process Parameters on the Quality of Lunar Regolith Powder Bed in Additive Manufacturing

Lunar surface additive manufacturing with lunar regolith is a key step in in-situ resource utilization.The powder spreading process is the key process,which has a major impact on the quality of the powder bed and the precision of molded parts.In this study,the discrete element method(DEM)was adopted to simulate the powder spreading process with a roller.The three powder bed quality indicators,including the molding layer offset,voidage fraction,and surface roughness,were established.Besides,the influence of the three process parameters,which are roller’s translational speed,rotational speed,and powder spreading layer thickness on the powder bed quality indicators was also analyzed.The results show that with the reduction of the powder spreading layer thickness and the increase of the rotational speed,the offset increased significantly;when the translational speed increased,the offset first increased and then decreased,which resulted in an extreme value;with the increase of the layer thickness and the decrease of the translational speed,the values for voidage fraction and surface roughness significantly reduced.The powder bed quality indicators were adopted as the optimization objective,and the multi-objective parameter optimization was carried out.The predicted optimal powder spreading parameters and powder bed quality indicators were then obtained.Moreover,the optimal values were then verified.This study can provide informative guidance for in-situ manufacturing at the moon in future deep space exploration missions.

月球资源开发利用的进展与展望

中国探月工程“绕、落、回”三步走圆满收官,后续将建立国际月球科研站,并进一步规划建立月球基地。月球探测任务由探测勘察进入到开发利用新阶段,月面资源的勘查、开发和利用是未来月球探测的重点任务。总结了月球资源开发利用方面的国内外重要进展,涉及月球资源勘探、水冰等挥发分分析、月球矿物冶炼与材料制备、月面建造与月壤3D打印等四个方面。同时,月球资源开发利用面临极端月面环境、独特月壤理化特性、全流程无人自主控制等重大挑战,为解决这些问题,提出了未来月球资源开发利用的重点任务和研究思路,可为后续科学研究和工程任务实施提供参考。

ESA月球村建造计划解析及启示

月球基地在未来具有重要的战略价值,可作为空间安全基地以及航天科学研究的平台。欧洲航天局(ESA)于2015年提出月球村的概念,并于2020年由其并行设施中心(CDF)发表了研究报告《月球村:月球栖息地概念设计》。本文基于该研究报告,首先,介绍了月球村的基本概念,包括其系统划分和总体布局,概述了月球村计划以建造月球栖息地为主要任务的具体实现方案。随后,本文解析了月球村计划的核心——月球栖息地的内部建筑设计与功能分区,并对月球栖息地刚性支撑框架+柔性充气外壳的混合结构特点进行了详细说明。最后,本文从电力、热控、辐射屏蔽三个角度分析了月球栖息地的维保系统设计,为未来的月球基地建造方案和计划提供参考。

冰晶石-月壤熔盐体系初晶温度的研究

冰晶石熔盐电解法可实现月壤原位利用制备金属和氧气,研究冰晶石-月壤熔盐体系的初晶温度对电解槽稳定运行具有重要意义。本文以火山渣和玄武岩复配的NEU-1月壤仿真样为原料,与冰晶石、CaF_(2)混合配置电解质,将其作为待测试样,利用差热分析法测量了不同月壤仿真样添加量、不同分子比的冰晶石熔盐体系的初晶温度。结果表明,当分子比为2.2时,随着月壤仿真样添加量从0%增加至24%,冰晶石熔盐体系的初晶温度从974.9℃降低至932.0℃;每添加1%的月壤仿真样,冰晶石熔盐体系的初晶温度降低约1.79℃;当月壤仿真样添加量为8%时,随着分子比从2.2升高至2.7,冰晶石熔盐体系的初晶温度从960.0℃升高至979.4℃。

月球基地用反应堆电源方案研究

针对月球基地反应堆电源应用需求及月球的特殊使用环境,提出了一种锂回路冷却快堆方案。采用MCNP程序对该方案的核特性进行深入研究,详细计算分析了反应性、燃耗、通量及功率分布等堆芯物理量,并对反应堆的掉落临界安全和屏蔽进行了详细的计算分析。研究结果表明:锂冷回路冷却快堆方案具有堆芯结构紧凑、质量轻、导热效率高、堆芯固有安全性高、功率输出性能好、停堆深度深等优点,适合用作月球探索活动的能量源。

月球站所的法律地位浅析

目前,月球活动正进入新的阶段——月球站所的筹备与建设。然而,现有相关国际法规范尚需完善,其中月球站所的法律地位是需首要考虑的问题。对月球站所法律地位问题的思考始于月球站所活动的特殊性:以人类社会的可持续发展为长远目标,开展于天体之上,将对天体表面固定区域进行使用且产生事实上的活动范围。合乎《外空条约》的月球站所建设是为全人类谋福利的自由探索和利用月球的活动,不存在既排他又永久地使用月球表面区域的情形,且在互惠基础上对他国开放。为此,建议在国际月球科研站活动中考虑“非排他”和“有时限”二者择一的规范路径以履行相应的国际法义务,并且明确国际月球科研站对他国开放的“互惠”前提与“参观”范畴。同时,需将月球站所的四个方面作为判断其法律地位的具体考量因素,即月球站所的使用目的与活动范围大小,月球站所的可移动性,月球站所的使用期限以及月球站所信息的通知、更新与公开。

月球导航星座轨道的地球GNSS可见性评估

随着月球探索进入一个新的时代,为确保未来月球任务的实时高精度定位,大幅提高登月航天器的自主性,且减少对地球基站的依赖,选取合适的轨道构建月球导航星座,并且实现月球导航星座与地球GNSS的通信链路同步尤为重要。为评估月球导航星座轨道中卫星接收GNSS信号的性能,首先对椭圆形月球冻结轨道(ELFO)、近直线晕轨道(NRHO)、顺行圆形轨道(PCO)和低月球轨道(LLO)4种轨道进行仿真。然后基于天线方向图等指标仿真了GNSS卫星信号,并依据主旁瓣波束宽度和载噪比等仿真结果评估了4种不同轨道卫星对GNSS的可见性。结果表明,NRHO和ELFO对GNSS星座有较好的可视效果,最高可见时间占比达99.57%,保障了绝大部分时间内能够稳定接收GNSS信号,有助于实现月球导航星座轨道卫星的轨道和时钟校正,并保证轨道的定位性能。

改性水玻璃固化模拟月壤抗压性能试验与分析

为探究改性水玻璃模数、质量分数、固化温度、固化时间及养护龄期等因素影响下模拟月壤抗压强度的变化规律,基于正交试验分析了上述因素对固化模拟月壤抗压强度的敏感度,并通过X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)扫描试验探讨了改性水玻璃对模拟月壤的固化机理。正交试验结果表明:合适的影响因素水平能提高模拟月壤的抗压强度,养护龄期为28 d、激发剂模数为1.8、质量分数为50%、固化温度为65℃、固化时间为9 h时,抗压强度达到极值。微观试验结果表明:在激发剂模数为1.8、质量分数为50%条件下,改性水玻璃能提高水化硅铝酸钙凝胶产量,充填试样内部孔隙,使结构更加紧密,故模拟月壤抗压强度得到提高。

月基磁悬浮旋转抛射返回系统新技术

月球资源开发与利用是深空探测由“探”到“用”发展的内生源动力,是全球深空探测的热点研究领域。月球具有丰富的3He、钛、稀土金属等珍稀资源,受限于传统月地返回方式技术复杂度高、规模庞大、重复性差、经济性差等因素,各国对月球资源开发与运返利用均停留在“探”的阶段,对如何实现高效的“用”,尚未形成经济可行的技术方案。基于现有的磁悬浮和旋转飞轮技术,提出以磁悬浮旋转抛射为核心的月地返回系统新技术。该技术充分利用月表低温、弱重力等环境因素,实现月球资源可被重复、低成本、高频次地运返地球。

面向月球科研站任务的地月准实时遥操作模拟验证系统设计与关键技术研究

针对月球科研站任务地月遥操作需求和特点,设计地月准实时遥操作模拟验证系统,对其中的关键技术海量多尺度遥感数据环境感知、空地协同高精度定位、基于混合现实的预测仿真等进行了研究。提出了基于海量多尺度遥感数据的联合处理方法,环境感知数据融合可处理米级至厘米级环境感知结果;设计基于空地多运动平台协同定位的原型软件,空地协同地标约束下,定位精度不低于轨道器影像1个像素;开发了带有力觉反馈的预测仿真验证平台,在2~3 s变时延约束下可在仿真环境下协同演示遥操作过程,真实还原从端的遥操作作业场景,提高遥操作的执行效率和安全性。为地面人员的方案设计、操作手训练、故障处置等提供实时支持,为我国未来实施月球科研站任务筑牢基础。

基于轻量化PASMnet神经网络的立体匹配方法

针对传统方法用于立体匹配、三维地形重建效果差,而深度学习的方法模型大、速度慢的问题,提出了一种轻量化PASMnet神经网络的立体匹配方法。首先,对PASMnet进行结构化剪枝,精化参数配置,减少模型参数数量,提升模型运行速度。然后对归一化后的图像进行极线校正,得到成像平面平行的立体影像,进行立体匹配任务。在KITTI2015数据集上进行验证,实验结果表明改进的模型参数量减少为原模型的1/6,运行时间为0.56 s。剪枝量化后的模型运行速度更快,推理时间缩短,并且可以用于月面影像的立体匹配,拓展了模型应用。