Estrogen receptors as the novel therapeutic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer

Although a wide range of studies have addressed the relationship between estrogen receptor(ER) expression and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC), that relationship remains controversial. This is in large part because there is no consensus on the rate of ER expression in NSCLC or on the intracellular distribution of ER expression. This suggests that establishing the relationship between ER expression and prognosis will require standardization of the antibodies used as well as the definition of a positive response. For example, it is supposed from previous studies that ERs in the cytoplasm and nucleus have different relationships to prognosis than ERs in the cytoplasm. Moreover, ER signaling in NSCLC is known to be affected by aromatase, progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. However, there has been little functional analysis these mutants and subtypes. This review will focus on what is known about the role of ERs in NSCLC and whether ER can be a useful prognostic marker or therapeutic target in NSCLC.

Correlation and Significance of Midkine and Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

OBJECTIVE Midkine (MK),a new member of the heparin-binding growth factor family,was found recently to have a highexpression level in many carcinoma specimens,including thoseof the esophagus,gall bladder,pancreas,colorectum,breast andlung.Estrogen receptor beta (ER-β),a recently cloned estrogenreceptor subtype,was also found to be highly expressed in lungtumor tissue,in contrast to a lower level of expression in normallung tissue.However,few relevant studies on these proteins havebeen published.The aims of our study were to investigate theexpression of midkine and ER-β proteins in non-small cell lungcancer (NSCLC) and to examine the relationship between theirexpression and the clinicopathologic data as well as to analyse thecorrelation of their expression in NSCLC.METHODS By immunohistochemistry,MK and ER-β were ex-amined in 24 surgically resected cases of NSCLC with their corre-sponding paraneoplastic and normal lung tissues.RESULTS MK and ER-β were overexpressed in NSCLC.Thelevels of MK and ER-β expression in NSCLC were found to be sig-nificantly negatively correlated with the pathological classification(P=0.042 and 0.021,respectively),and their expression decreasedwith a raise in the classification.Spearman's correlation analysisshowed that the correlation of their expression in NSCLC wasstrong (correlation coefficient[r_s]= 0.535,P=0.007<0.01).CONCLUSION The expression levels of MK and ER-β to someextent reflect the malignant degree of NSCLC,and their combineddetection may be of great value in early diagnosis,treatments ofpatients with NSCLC and can predict the prognoses.

Increased Cellular Invasion and Proliferation via Estrogen Receptor after 17-<i>β</i>-Estradiol Treatment in Breast Cancer Cells Using Stable Isotopic Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC)

17-β-estradiol (estrogen) is a steroid hormone important to human development;however, high levels of this molecule are associated with increased risk of breast cancer primarily due to estrogen’s ability to bind and activate the estrogen receptor (ER) and initiate gene transcription. Currently, estrogen mechanisms of action are classified as genomic and non-genomic and occur in an ER-dependent and ER-independent manner. In this study, we examine estrogen signaling pathways, by measuring changes in protein expression as a function of time of exposure to estrogen in both ER-positive (MCF-7) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231) cell lines. Using a robust experimental design utilizing isotopic labeling, two-dimensional LC-MS, and bioinformatics analysis, we report genomic and non-genomic ER regulated estrogen responsive proteins. We find a little over 200 proteins differentially expressed after estrogen treatment. Cell proliferation, transcription, actin filament capping and cell to cell signaling are significantly enriched in the MCF-7 cell line alone. Translational elongation and proteolysis are enriched in both cell lines. Subsets of the proteins presented in this study are for the first time directly associated with estrogen signaling in mammary carcinoma cells. We find that estrogen affected the expression of proteins involved in numerous processes that are related to tumorigenesis such as increased cellular division and invasion in an ER-dependent manner. Moreover, we identified negative regulation of apoptosis as a non-genomic process of estrogen. This study complements gene expression studies and highlights the need for both genomic and proteomic analyses in unraveling the complex mechanisms by which estrogen affects progression of breast cancer.

Increased Midkine and Estrogen Receptor-β Expression in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Objective： Midkine （MK）, a new member of the heparin-binding growth factor family, has been found recently to have a high expression level in many tumor specimens including lung carcinoma. Estrogens may be involved in lung carcinogenesis, and estrogen receptors, mainly estrogen receptor-β （ER-β）, are present and functional in normal lung and tumor cell lines and tissues. In addition, estrogens and growth factors may promote the progression of human non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. Previously, we have immunohistochemically demonstrated that MK and ER-β proteins were overexpressed in NSCLC and their expression levels were both significantly negatively correlated with the pathological classification. The purpose of this study was to further verify their expression and its correlation with NSCLC. Methods： Taking NSCLC tissues and their corresponding paraneoplastic and normal lung as research objects, we further examined the expression of MK and ER-β by meas of RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and Western blot analyses at the levels of messenger RNA （mRNA） and protein, respectively. Results： The increased MK and ER-β mRNA expression was found in NSCLC by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization analyses. Furthermore, Western blot analysis also displayed increased expression of MK and ER-β proteins in NSCLC. Finally, their correlation analysis at the levels of mRNA and protein expression in NSCLC demonstrated that MK protein level was significantly correlated to estrogen receptor-β （P〈0.01, rs=0.535）; in spite of their correlation at the mRNA level, there was no remarkable difference between MK and ER-β （P〉0.05, rs=0.178）. Conclusion： All these results in the present study confirmed that MK and ER-β were overexpressed in human NSCLC.

Estrogen Receptor β of Host Promotes the Progression of Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis of an Orthotopic Mouse Model

Estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in the brain play critical roles in maintaining brain tissue homeostasis and in tissue repair after injury. Growth of cancer metastasis in the brain is a constant damaging process. The role of ERs of the host in the progression of cancer brain metastasis is unknown. To determine the role of ERβ of host in the progression of lung cancer brain metastasis, we used an isogenic murine lung cancer cell line, Lewis lung carcinoma cells (3LL), to produce orthotopic lung cancer brain metastases in wild type and ERβ knockout (ERβ-/-) mice. In the wild type mice, we found that ERα and ERβ appeared in the tumor associated reactive astrocytes at 24hr after injection of tumor cells, and ERβ remained thereafter while ERα disappeared after 1 week. The metastasis bearing ERβ-/- mice survived significantly longer than the wild type mice. To further test the role of ERβ of reactive astrocytes in the survival of cancer cells, we knocked down ERβ in cultured actrocytes using shRNA and performed 3D co-culture with 3LL cells in the presence/absence of chemotherapeutic agents, oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil. We found that loss of ERβ in astrocytes significantly reduced the survivability of 3LL cells co-cultured with astrocytes. It is concluded that ERβ of host, especially ERβ in reactive astrocytes, promotes the progression of lung cancer brain metastasis and ERβ might be a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer brain metastasis.

Current medical treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

Approximately 80% of breast cancers(BC) are estrogen receptor(ER)-positive and thus endocrine therapy(ET) should be considered complementary to surgery in the majority of patients. The advantages of oophorectomy, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy in women with advanced BC have been demonstrated many years ago, and currently ET consist of(1) ovarian function suppression(OFS), usually obtained using gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonists(Gn RHa);(2) selective estrogen receptor modulators or down-regulators(SERMs or SERDs); and(3) aromatase inhibitors(AIs), or a combination of two or more drugs. For patients aged less than 50 years and ER+ BC, there is no conclusive evidence that the combination of OFS and SERMs(i.e., tamoxifen) or chemotherapy is superior to OFS alone. Tamoxifen users exhibit a reduced risk of BC, both invasive and in situ, especially during the first 5 years of therapy, and extending the treatment to 10 years further reduced the risk of recurrences. SERDs(i.e., fulvestrant) are especially useful in the neoadjuvant treatment of advanced BC, alone or in combination with either cytotoxic agents or AIs. There are two types of AIs: type Ⅰ are permanent steroidal inhibitors of aromatase, while type Ⅱ are reversible nonsteroidal inhibitors. Several studies demonstrated the superiority of the third-generation AIs(i.e., anastrozole and letrozole) compared with tamoxifen, and adjuvant therapy with AIs reduces the recurrence risk especially in patients with advanced BC. Unfortunately, some cancers are or became ET-resistant, and thus other drugs have been suggested in combination with SERMs or AIs, including cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors(palbociclib) and mammalian target of rapamycin(m TOR) inhibitors, such as everolimus. Further studies are required to confirm their real usefulness.

Estrogen receptor alpha gene amplification in breast cancer:25 years of debate

Twenty-five years ago,Nembrot and colleagues reported amplification of the estrogen receptor alpha gene(ESR1) in breast cancer,initiating a broad and still ongoing scientific debate on the prevalence and clinical significance of this genetic aberration,which affects one of the most important genes in breast cancer.Since then,a multitude of studies on this topic has been published,covering a wide range of divergent results and arguments.The reported prevalence of this alteration in breast cancer ranges from 0% to 75%,suggesting that ESR1 copy number analysis is hampered by technical and interpreter issues.To date,two major issues related to ESR1 amplification remain to be conclusively addressed:(1) The extent to which abundant amounts of messenger RNA can mimic amplification in standard fluorescence in situ hybridization assays in the analysis of strongly expressed genes like ESR1,and(2) the clinical relevance of ESR1 amplification:Such relevance is strongly disputed,with data showing predictive value for response as well as for resistance of the cancer to anti-estrogen therapies,or for subsequent development of cancers in the case of precursor lesions that display amplification of ESR1.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the various views on ESR1 amplification,and highlights explanations for the contradictions and conflicting data that could inform future ESR1 research.

Xenoestrogens challenge 17β-estradiol protective effects in colon cancer

Several epidemiological,cellular,and molecular studies demonstrate the role of environmental chemicals with endocrine disrupting activities,typical of Westernized societies,in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including cancer.Nonetheless this information,the design and execution of studies on endocrine disruptors are not yet cognizant that the specific actions of individual hormones often change with development and ageing,they may be different in males and females and may be mediated by different receptors isoforms expressed in different tissues or at different life stages.These statements are particularly true when assessing the hazard of endocrine disruptors against 17β-estradiol(E2)actions in that this hormone is crucial determinant of sexrelated differences in anatomical,physiological,and behavioral traits which characterize male and female physiology.Moreover,E2 is also involved in carcinogenesis.The oncogenic effects of E2 have been investigated extensively in breast and ovarian cancers where hormone-receptor modulators are now an integral part of targeted treatment.Little is known about the E2preventive signalling in colorectal cancer,although this disease is more common in men than women,the difference being more striking amongst pre-menopausal women and age-matched men.This review aims to dissect the role and action mechanisms of E2 in colorectal cancer evaluating the ability of estrogen disruptors(i.e.,xenoestrogens)in impair these E2 actions.Data discussed here lead to define the possible role of xenoestrogens in the impairment and/or activation of E2signals important for colorectal cancer prevention.

Estrogen and its signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)

Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world. It is a highly lethal disease in women and men, and new treatments are urgently needed. Several studies have implicated a role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in lung cancer progression. This review will investigate the biological significance of estrogens in lung cancer cells, the expression and molecular mechanisms of estrogen receptors（ER α and ER β, elucidate the prognostic significance of estrogens and their receptors in lung carcinomas and provide new options for patients afflicted with lung malignancies.

Sensitivity Evaluation of Two Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines to Tamoxifen through Apoptosis Induction

Tamoxifen citrate (TAM) has been used to treat breast cancer in women for many years. The com-parative effects of TAM in inducing apoptosis were evaluated in estrogen receptor-positive (ER- positive MCF-7) and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-negative MDA-MB-231) human breast cancer cell lines in vitro in order to determine if these two cell lines differ in their sensitivity to TAM. Mi-tochondrial membrane permeability potential disruption was assessed in both cell lines by a lip-ophilic cationic dye (DePsipher assay, Trevigen, Inc.) utilizing fluorescence microscopy. Using this specific fluorochrome, we were able to associate mitochondrial membrane disruption to early, mid-, and late apoptotic cells. TAM induced cell death via apoptosis in both ER-positive and ER- negative cells, however, apoptosis induction was more pronounced in ER-positive MCF-7 compared to ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. These findings may have some therapeutic use in the treatment of estrogen dependent and estrogen independent breast cancer.

Microenvironment and endocrine resistance in breast cancer:Friend or foe?

Breast cancer affects one in eight women around the world. Seventy five percent of these patients have tumors that are estrogen receptor positive and as a consequence receive endocrine therapy. However,about one third eventually develop resistance and cancer reappears. In the last decade our vision of cancer has evolved to consider it more of a tissuerelated disease than a cell-centered one. This editorial argues that we are only starting to understand the role the tumor microenvironment plays in therapy resistance in breast cancer. The development of new therapeutic strategies that target the microenvironment will come when we clearly understand this extremely complicated scenario. As such,and as a scientific community,we have extremely challenging work ahead. We share our views regarding these matters.

Homocysteine as a Biomarker for Predicting Disease-Free Survival in Breast Cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women. Some biomarkers and clinical features are used for the diagnosis and prognosis of this tumor, but no prognostic or predictive marker is routinely available specifically for hormone receptor positive tumors. Homocysteine is well known as a risk factor in atherosclerotic vascular diseases, but its participation in cancer biology is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum Homocysteine and Cysteine as biomarkers of disease progression in breast tumor. As a secondary objective, the effect of a short course (one month) of hormonal treatment on Homocysteine, Cysteine and DNA methylation levels was also evaluated. Methods: Blood samples, tumor samples and normal adjacent tissue were collected during the initial biopsy (pre-treatment) and after one month of hormonal therapy (post-treatment). Serum Homocysteine and Cysteine were analyzed by HPLC and tissue global DNA methylation was determined by the Methylation-Sensitive Restriction Enzyme (MSRE) technique. Results: Variations in Homocysteine levels were significantly correlated with Disease-Free Survival. Cox proportional risk model demonstrated that nodal status and Homocysteine levels were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival (DFS). A significant difference was observed between pre-and post-treatment levels of Homocysteine and Cysteine in advanced tumors, suggesting a prognostic role in patients with poor clinical characteristics. Conclusion: Although more studies are needed to confirm these results, our research suggests that Hcy might be used as a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer.

槲皮素通过雌激素受体下调长非编码RNA MALAT-1并发挥抗乳腺癌的作用机制

目的探索槲皮素抑制乳腺癌细胞恶性生物学行为的分子机制。方法以乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7和MB231作为研究对象,用慢病毒LV-ERα、LV-MALAT-1转染乳腺癌MB231细胞和MCF7细胞,RT-qPCR检测MALAT-1表达,Western blot检测肿瘤细胞中ERα蛋白表达,CCK-8细胞实验、平板克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖能力,PI染色法检测细胞周期,通过mRFP-GFP-LC3荧光双标腺病毒转染检测自噬水平,观察槲皮素和雌二醇对乳腺癌细胞增殖能力的影响。结果17β-雌二醇(E2)可以促进乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的增殖,而5μmol·L^(-1)槲皮素可以明显逆转E2对增殖的促进作用(P<0.05)。槲皮素对不表达雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor-α,ERα)的乳腺癌细胞MB231不表现抑制作用;而过表达ERα后,槲皮素则抑制了E2对MB231-ERα的促进作用。同时槲皮素可以抑制E2激活的MALAT-1表达;并且其抑制作用被过表达MALAT-1所逆转,包括细胞增殖,细胞周期进展以及克隆形成能力。结论槲皮素依赖于ERα的表达对乳腺癌的增殖等恶性行为起抑制作用,并且很可能是通过抑制MALAT-1的表达来发挥作用。

NDRG2调控IRE1α-XBP1介导内质网应激逆转ER+乳腺癌他莫昔芬耐药

他莫昔芬(tamoxifen,TAM)作为雌激素受体阳性(estrogen receptor,ER+)乳腺癌的一线化疗药物使大多数患者受益,但原发性和继发性耐药问题严重影响临床治疗效果。深入研究ER+乳腺癌TAM耐药机制,改善治疗效果是当前亟待解决的问题。抑癌因子NDRG2(N-myc downstream regulated gene 2,NDRG2)在肿瘤发生发展中发挥重要作用,但是否参与ER+乳腺癌TAM耐药尚不清楚。本研究旨在探明NDRG2在ER+乳腺癌TAM耐药中发挥的作用和机制。通过RT-PCR与免疫印迹分析对比TAM敏感型和耐药型ER+乳腺癌细胞发现,NDRG 2的mRNA转录水平和蛋白质翻译水平在TAM耐药细胞中表达显著下调,且与耐药能力负相关(P<0.001);CCK-8细胞毒性实验和软琼脂克隆形成实验证实,在耐药细胞中过表达NDRG2可显著降低TAM药物半抑制浓度IC 50和软琼脂克隆形成率(P<0.001),逆转耐药表型。分子机制上,X-box结合蛋白1(X-box binding protein 1,XBP1)mRNA剪切实验与内质网相关降解(endoplasmic-reticulum associated degradation,ERAD)报告蛋白的结果显示,过表达NDRG2可增强耐药细胞中剪切型XBP1s mRNA转录与ERAD报告蛋白CD3ε-YFP表达(P<0.001),引发耐药细胞内质网强应激反应;免疫印迹检测结果显示,过表达NDRG2可显著提高耐药细胞中内质网应激感受器肌醇需要激酶1α(inositol requiring enzyme 1,IRE1α)的磷酸化水平及其下游因子,例如内质网EIP辅助因子(endoplasmic reticulum-localized DnaJ 4,ERdj4)、PKR蛋白激酶的细胞抑制剂(cellular Inhibitor of the PKR protein kinase,P58 IPK)、α甘露糖苷酶样应激蛋白(er degradation enhancingαmannosidase likeprotein,EDEM)和蛋白质二硫键异构酶家族A成员5(protein disulfide isomerase family a member 5,PDIA5)的表达水平(P<0.001)。小鼠异种移植瘤研究进一步证实,在耐药细胞中过表达NDRG2可增强TAM治疗效果,显著抑制耐药移植瘤生长(P<0.001)。以上研究结果表明,通过提高耐药细胞中NDRG2表达,增强TAM治疗引发的内质网强烈应激,可逆转ER+乳腺癌细胞耐药性,改善TAM治疗效果。研究结果为解决ER+乳腺癌TAM耐药问题提供了新的思路和有价值的潜在药物靶点。

Osteolytic effects of tumoral estrogen signaling in an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer bone metastasis model

Aim:Estrogen receptorα-positive(ER+)subtypes of breast cancer have the greatest predilection for forming osteolytic bone metastases(BMETs).Because tumor-derived factors mediate osteolysis,a possible role for tumoral ERαsignaling in driving ER+BMET osteolysis was queried using an estrogen(E2)-dependent ER+breast cancer BMET model.Methods:Female athymic Foxn1nu mice were inoculated with human ER+MCF-7 breast cancer cells via the left cardiac ventricle post-E2 pellet placement,and age-and dose-dependent E2 effects on osteolytic ER+BMET progression,as well as direct bone effects of E2,were determined.Results:Osteolytic BMETs,which did not form in the absence of E2 supplementation,occurred with the same frequency in young(5-week-old)vs.skeletally mature(16-week-old)E2(0.72 mg)-treated mice,but were larger in young mice where anabolic bone effects of E2 were greater.However,in mice of a single age and across a range of E2 doses,anabolic E2 bone effects were constant,while osteolytic ER+BMET lesion incidence and size increased in an E2 dose-dependent fashion.Osteoclasts in ER+tumor-bearing(but not tumor-naive)mice increased in an E2-dose dependent fashion at the bone-tumor interface,while histologic tumor size and proliferation did not vary with E2 dose.E2-inducible tumoral secretion of the osteolytic factor parathyroid hormone-related protein(PTHrP)was dose-dependent and mediated by ERα,with significantly greater levels of secretion from ER+BMET-derived tumor cells.Conclusion:These results suggest that tumoral ERαsignaling may contribute to ER+BMET-associated osteolysis,potentially explaining the greater predilection for ER+tumors to form clinically-evident osteolytic BMETs.

女性肺癌对雌、孕激素受体的依赖及受体与预后的关系─附57例临床病理研究

本文用免疫组化法（改良ＰＡＰ法），检测５７例女性肺癌组织，５例正常肺组织和５例肺炎性假瘤组织（对照组）的雌激素受体（ＥＲ）和孕激素受体（ＰＲ）。结果证实女性肺癌组织内存在ＥＲ和ＰＲ，其阳性率分别为４２．１％和５４．４％，而对照组未发现ＥＲ和ＰＲ。ＥＲ、ＰＲ阳性的女肺癌术后５年生存率较阴性者高（（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＥＲ、ＰＲ阳性的女性肺癌术后化疗效果较阴性者好（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＥＲ、ＰＲ的表达与肺癌的临床分期、瘤体大小、年龄、闭经与否无明显关系（Ｐ＞０．０５）。

男性肺癌患者癌组织中雌激素受体的表达与外周血性激素水平的关系

目的 探讨男性肺癌患者癌组织中雌激素受体的表达与外周血性激素水平的关系。方法 采用磁性微粒分离的免疫酶联分析测定方法检测 2 5例男性肺癌患者和 30例正常男性外周血血清中雌二醇(estradiol,E2 )、睾酮 (testosterone ,T)、卵泡刺激素 (folliclestimulatinghormone ,FSH )和黄体生成素 (lutenisinghormone ,LH )水平 ,同时应用免疫组织化学S P法检测 2 5例肺癌组织、癌旁组织及 11例肺良性病变中雌激素受体的表达。结果 2 5例男性肺癌患者外周血血清中E2 水平较正常男性明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,T明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,E2 /T明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ;2 5例肺癌组织中雌激素受体蛋白表达阳性率为 6 0 .0 % ( 15 / 2 5 ) ,阳性表达主要定位于细胞核内 ,而癌旁组织和肺良性病变组织中未见阳性表达 ;男性肺癌患者术前外周血雌激素水平与手术切除的肺癌组织雌激素受体表达水平呈显著正相关 (r =0 .916 7,P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 男性肺癌患者存在性激素水平的失衡和紊乱 ,且与雌激素受体表达密切相关 ;

药物性卵巢去势在绝经前转移性乳腺癌患者中的应用

目的探讨卵巢去势药物戈舍瑞林联合三苯氧胺(TAM)治疗雌激素受体(ER)阳性的绝经前转移性乳腺癌患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法将36例符合条件的乳腺癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组18例。两组患者治疗前均接受解救化疗。对照组患者应用三苯氧胺10 mg,2次/d口服至病情进展;观察组在对照组的基础上加用戈舍瑞林3.6 mg皮下注射,1次/28 d,连续用药至病情进展。所有患者按期评价疗效及不良反应。结果观察组的总有效率(CR+PR)为44.4%(8/18),疾病控制率(CR+PR+SD)为61.1%(11/18),中位生存期(OS)为38个月;对照组的总有效率(CR+PR)为11.1%(2/18),疾病控制率(CR+PR+SD)为27.8%(5/18),中位OS为24个月,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。戈舍瑞林联合三苯氧胺的不良反应以潮热、烦躁等卵巢去势引起的围绝经期症状为主,两组均未出现血液学毒性、消化系统毒性及外周神经病变等,均无严重不良事件发生。结论戈舍瑞林联合三苯氧胺治疗绝经前ER阳性的转移性乳腺癌患者疗效肯定,副作用小,值得临床推广。

山萘酚通过下调ERRα抑制非小细胞肺癌A549细胞的侵袭和迁移

目的:探讨山奈酚(kaempferol)对非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)A549细胞侵袭和迁移的影响及其作用机制。方法:A549细胞培养完成后,CCK-8法检测不同浓度山奈酚对A549细胞增殖的影响,Transwell和划痕实验检测A549细胞侵袭和迁移能力,Western blotting检测EMT相关蛋白的表达,qRT-PCR和Western blotting检测山奈酚对雌激素相关受体α(estrogen related receptor alpha, ERRα)mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。构建ERRα过表达载体pLV-ERRα转染A549细胞后,Transwell实验、划痕愈合实验和Western blotting检测A549细胞侵袭、迁移和EMT相关蛋白的表达情况。结果:山奈酚浓度依赖性抑制A549细胞增殖,选择5、10和20μmol/L山奈酚进行后续实验。经山奈酚处理后,A549细胞侵袭细胞数目显著减少、划痕愈合率显著降低、N-cadherin和Snail-2的表达显著下调,E-cadherin的表达显著上调,ERRa mRNA和蛋白水平显著降低(均P<0.01)。转染pLV-ERRα后,过表达ERRα的A549细胞的侵袭细胞数、划痕愈合率均显著增加,细胞中N-cadherin、Snail-2表达上调,而E-cadherin的表达下调(均P<0.05或P<0.01);该细胞再经山奈酚处理后,上述各指标均发生逆转变化(均P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:山奈酚通过抑制ERRα降低NSCLC A549细胞侵袭和迁移能力,并抑制其EMT,为肺癌的临床治疗提供了实验依据。

雌激素受体α和β及表皮生长因子受体的表达与非小细胞肺癌临床病理特点关系

目的:研究雌激素受体(ER)α和β与表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的表达情况及其与临床病理特点的关系。方法:收集有组织学病理诊断的164例非小细胞肺癌患者的肺癌组织及其相关临床资料,免疫组化方法检测ERα和ERβ与EGFR的表达情况,分析其表达与临床病理特点的关系。结果:164例非小细胞肺癌患者中,ERα表达阳性率为8.5%(14/164),ERβ表达阳性率89.0%(146/164),表皮生长因子受体阳性率为57.9%(95/164)。ERα的阳性表达与NSCLC患者的年龄和疾病的分期有关,<60岁的年轻患者(14.1%,P=0.043)和I、Ⅱ期的患者(17.3%,P<0.001)的表达率更高;ERβ的表达在年轻患者(95.3%,P=0.039)和疾病分期较晚的患者(95.2%,P=0.011)中有更高阳性率表达,在肺腺癌(67.6%,P=0.032)和高分化肺癌(83.3%,P=0.001)的患者ERβ(++)-(+++)高表达率更高;EGFR阳性率在女性(69.8%,P=0.033)和不吸烟的患者(68.9%,P=0.01)更高。结论:ERα、β和EGFR在非小细胞肺癌患者的表达情况与患者的临床病理特点具有相关性,提示雌激素受体的表达可能与非小细胞肺癌的发生、发展有着密切关系,有可能成为非小细胞肺癌治疗的新靶点。